A curved, usually wooden device which is thrown. A boomerang spins as it flies through the air, and can travel long distances.

Australian Boomerang

A curved, usually wooden device which is thrown. A boomerang spins as it flies through the air, and…

The quagga is an extinct subspecies of the plains zebra, which was once found in great numbers in South Africa's Cape Province and the souther part of the Orange Free State.

Quagga

The quagga is an extinct subspecies of the plains zebra, which was once found in great numbers in South…

The first free-swimming larval stage of crustaceans.

Zoea

The first free-swimming larval stage of crustaceans.

This illustration shows the invasion of Kansas during the controversial period of time with free and slave states.

Invasion of Kansas

This illustration shows the invasion of Kansas during the controversial period of time with free and…

A bridge which may be drawn up or let down to admit or hinder communication, or to leave a transverse passage free.

Draw Bridge

A bridge which may be drawn up or let down to admit or hinder communication, or to leave a transverse…

A fish with a blunt snout and fins free of spines. Color is uniformly blueish above without dark bands or black on the vertical fins, and silvery or golden on the sides.

Common Pompano

A fish with a blunt snout and fins free of spines. Color is uniformly blueish above without dark bands…

"The Pyralidina are a group of small moths readily distinguished by their long slender bodies and large forewings. One of these, Pyralis vitis, is very destructive to vines, and another, Pyralis farinalis, feeds upon meal and flour. The Galleridae, a family of Pyralidine moths, deposit their eggs in the hives of bees, where the caterpillars, enclosed in silken cases, devour the wax; but the Hydrocampidae, which also belong to this section, are probably the most wonderful of all Lepidopterous insects, their larva being aquatic, living and feeding in the water, and many of them beathing by gills similar to those of caddisworms." — Encyclopedia Britanica; 1893

Pyralidina

"The Pyralidina are a group of small moths readily distinguished by their long slender bodies and large…

"The Pyralidina are a group of small moths readily distinguished by their long slender bodies and large forewings. One of these, Pyralis vitis, is very destructive to vines, and another, Pyralis farinalis, feeds upon meal and flour. The Galleridae, a family of Pyralidine moths, deposit their eggs in the hives of bees, where the caterpillars, enclosed in silken cases, devour the wax; but the Hydrocampidae, which also belong to this section, are probably the most wonderful of all Lepidopterous insects, their larva being aquatic, living and feeding in the water, and many of them beathing by gills similar to those of caddisworms." — Encyclopedia Britanica; 1893

Pyralidina

"The Pyralidina are a group of small moths readily distinguished by their long slender bodies and large…

"The Pyralidina are a group of small moths readily distinguished by their long slender bodies and large forewings. One of these, Pyralis vitis, is very destructive to vines, and another, Pyralis farinalis, feeds upon meal and flour. The Galleridae, a family of Pyralidine moths, deposit their eggs in the hives of bees, where the caterpillars, enclosed in silken cases, devour the wax; but the Hydrocampidae, which also belong to this section, are probably the most wonderful of all Lepidopterous insects, their larva being aquatic, living and feeding in the water, and many of them beathing by gills similar to those of caddisworms." — Encyclopedia Britanica; 1893

Pyralidina

"The Pyralidina are a group of small moths readily distinguished by their long slender bodies and large…

"The Pyralidina are a group of small moths readily distinguished by their long slender bodies and large forewings. One of these, Pyralis vitis, is very destructive to vines, and another, Pyralis farinalis, feeds upon meal and flour. The Galleridae, a family of Pyralidine moths, deposit their eggs in the hives of bees, where the caterpillars, enclosed in silken cases, devour the wax; but the Hydrocampidae, which also belong to this section, are probably the most wonderful of all Lepidopterous insects, their larva being aquatic, living and feeding in the water, and many of them beathing by gills similar to those of caddisworms." — Encyclopedia Britanica; 1893

Pyralidina

"The Pyralidina are a group of small moths readily distinguished by their long slender bodies and large…

"The Pyralidina are a group of small moths readily distinguished by their long slender bodies and large forewings. One of these, Pyralis vitis, is very destructive to vines, and another, Pyralis farinalis, feeds upon meal and flour. The Galleridae, a family of Pyralidine moths, deposit their eggs in the hives of bees, where the caterpillars, enclosed in silken cases, devour the wax; but the Hydrocampidae, which also belong to this section, are probably the most wonderful of all Lepidopterous insects, their larva being aquatic, living and feeding in the water, and many of them beathing by gills similar to those of caddisworms." — Encyclopedia Britanica; 1893

Pyralidina

"The Pyralidina are a group of small moths readily distinguished by their long slender bodies and large…

"A black insect, with brilliant metallic blue or purple reflections on the under side, and well known as "wheeling its drowsy flight" during fine evenings. This it does in search of a patch of cow-dung, through which it makes its way until reaching the ground, where it bores a perpendicular tunnel about 8 inches deep, and as wide as a man's finger; then ascending to the surface it conveys a quantity of dung to the bottom, and on this it proceeds to deposit an egg; another layer of the same material and another egg follow until the entire shaft is filled." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Dung Beetle

"A black insect, with brilliant metallic blue or purple reflections on the under side, and well known…

"A black insect, with brilliant metallic blue or purple reflections on the under side, and well known as "wheeling its drowsy flight" during fine evenings. This it does in search of a patch of cow-dung, through which it makes its way until reaching the ground, where it bores a perpendicular tunnel about 8 inches deep, and as wide as a man's finger; then ascending to the surface it conveys a quantity of dung to the bottom, and on this it proceeds to deposit an egg; another layer of the same material and another egg follow until the entire shaft is filled." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Dung Beetle

"A black insect, with brilliant metallic blue or purple reflections on the under side, and well known…

"A black insect, with brilliant metallic blue or purple reflections on the under side, and well known as "wheeling its drowsy flight" during fine evenings. This it does in search of a patch of cow-dung, through which it makes its way until reaching the ground, where it bores a perpendicular tunnel about 8 inches deep, and as wide as a man's finger; then ascending to the surface it conveys a quantity of dung to the bottom, and on this it proceeds to deposit an egg; another layer of the same material and another egg follow until the entire shaft is filled." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Dung Beetle

"A black insect, with brilliant metallic blue or purple reflections on the under side, and well known…

"The instrument is supported on a strong tripod, fitted with levelling screws; to this tripod is fixed the azimuth circle and a long vertical steel axis. Fitting on this axis is a hollow axis which carries on its uper end a short transverse horizontal axis. This latter carries the telescope, which, supported at the center of its length, is free to rotate in a vertical plane. The telescope is thus mounted excentrically with respect to the vertical axis around which it revolves." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Zenith Telescope

"The instrument is supported on a strong tripod, fitted with levelling screws; to this tripod is fixed…

A musical instrument consisting essentially of one or more graduated sets of smll free reeds of metal, which are sounded by streams of air set in motion by a bellows, and controlled from a keyboard like tha of a pianoforte.

Reed Organ

A musical instrument consisting essentially of one or more graduated sets of smll free reeds of metal,…

"Muscular cells of medusae (Lizzia). The uppermost is a purely muscular cell from the sub-umbrella; the two lower are epidermo-muscular cells from the base of a tentacle; the upstanding nucloated portion forms part of the epidermal mosaic on the free surface of the body." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Muscular Cells

"Muscular cells of medusae (Lizzia). The uppermost is a purely muscular cell from the sub-umbrella;…

"A, a hydriform person giving rise to medusiform persons by budding from the margin of the disc; B, free swimming medusa (Steenstrupia of Forbes) detached from the same, with manubrial genitalia (Anthomedusae) and only one tentacle." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Corymorpha

"A, a hydriform person giving rise to medusiform persons by budding from the margin of the disc; B,…

"Diagram of a colony of Campanularia, showing four forms of persons. A, portion of a fixed colony; a, hydriform person; b, bud-bearing hydriform person (blastostyle); B, free-swimming colony, being sexless medusiform person (blastoscheme of Allmen), with modified medusiform persons budding from its radiating canals, as sporosacs." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Campanularia

"Diagram of a colony of Campanularia, showing four forms of persons. A, portion of a fixed colony; a,…

"a, the osseous septum grooved for the passage of the cochlear nerve b, which terminates by a free end inside the chamber c, along the floor of which it lies for a short distance; d, d are the two layers of the membranous septum. Lying in contact with the end of the nerve is the enlarged extremity of a rod e, which is connected in a flail-like manner by the hinge f to another rod, which is fixed at g." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Auditory Nerve

"a, the osseous septum grooved for the passage of the cochlear nerve b, which terminates by a free end…

"A glass tube about 33 inches in length, open at one end, is completely filled with mercury, and being firmly closed by the thumb, is inverted and placed vertically in a cup containing mercury. When the thumb is removed, the mercury sinks in the tube till it stands, generally, about 30 inches above the level of the mercury in the cup, leaving in the upper part a space free of air, which receiveds the name of the Torricellian vacuum." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Barometer

"A glass tube about 33 inches in length, open at one end, is completely filled with mercury, and being…

"Four stages in the development of the trilobite Agnostus nudus. A, Youngest stage with no mesosomatic somites; B and C, stages with two mesosomatic somites between the prosomatic and telsonic carapaces; D, adult condition, still with only two free mesosomatic somites." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Agnostus Nudus

"Four stages in the development of the trilobite Agnostus nudus. A, Youngest stage with no mesosomatic…

"Five stages in the development of the trilobite Sao hirsuta. A, Youngest stage. B, Older stage with distinct pygidial carapace. C, Stage with two free mesosomatic somites between the prosomatic and telsonic carapaces. D, Stage with seven free intermediate somites. E, Stage with twelve free somites; the telsonic carapace has not increased in size. a, Lateral eye. g, So-called facial "suture" (not really a suture). p, Telsonic carapace." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Sao Hirsuto

"Five stages in the development of the trilobite Sao hirsuta. A, Youngest stage. B, Older stage with…

"Comparison of the sixth prosomatic limb of a recent scorpion (B), of Palaeophonus (C), and of Limulus (A), showing their agreement in the number of segments; in the existence of a movable spine, Sp, at the distal border of the fifth segment; in the correspondence of the two claws at the free end of the limb of Scorpio with two spines similarly placed in Limulus; and, lastly, in the correspondence of the three talon-like spines carried on the distal margin of segment six of recent scorpions with the four larger but similarly situated spines of the leg of Limulus; s, groove dividing the ankylosed segments 4 and 5 of the Limulus leg into two." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Prosomatic Limb

"Comparison of the sixth prosomatic limb of a recent scorpion (B), of Palaeophonus (C), and of Limulus…

"Road-racer. A full roadster would have the handles a little higher relatively to the saddle, and would be provided with mud-guards, free-wheel and sometimes a gear-case and variable speed gear." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Road-Racer

"Road-racer. A full roadster would have the handles a little higher relatively to the saddle, and would…

"A ball-bearing hub with outward cups. The hub-shell H is turned out of mild steel, and the cups C are forced into the ends of the hub-shell and soldered thereto. A thin washer W is then spun into the end, for the purpose of retaining oil, and a thin internal tube T unites the two cups, and guides the oil fed in at the middle of the hub to the balls. The projecting flanges S are for the attachment of the tangent spokes used to build the hub into the wheel. The spindle A has the two cones screwed on it, one C, against the shoulder, the other C, adjustable. The-spindle ends are passed through the back-fork ends and are there adjusted in position by the chain-tension adjusters. After adjustments the nuts N clamp the spindle securely between the fork-ends. The chain-wheel or free-wheel clutch is screwed on the end of the hub-shell with a right-hand thread." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Ball-bearing Hub

"A ball-bearing hub with outward cups. The hub-shell H is turned out of mild steel, and the cups C are…

"Stevenson's louvre-boarded box for the thermometers, which is now very widely used for temperature observations. The box is made of wood, and louvred all round so as to protect the thermometers inside from radiation, and at the same time secure as free a circulation of air as is consistent with a satisfactory protection from radiation. The box is painted white, both inside and outside, and screwed to four stout wooden posts, also painted white, firmly fixed in the ground. The posts are of such a length that when the thermometers are hung in position the bulbs of the minimum thermometer and hygrometer are exactly at the same height of 4 feet above the ground, the maximum thermometer being hung immediately above the minimum thermometer." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Thermometer Box

"Stevenson's louvre-boarded box for the thermometers, which is now very widely used for temperature…

A kind free-falling tool

Free-Falling

A kind free-falling tool

Flax-flower in section; the parts all free,-hypogenous.

Flax-Flower

Flax-flower in section; the parts all free,-hypogenous.

Pistil of a Sandwort, with vertical and transverse section of the ovary: free central placenta.

Pistil of Sandwort

Pistil of a Sandwort, with vertical and transverse section of the ovary: free central placenta.

The females deposit their eggs, which are small, oval, and black, on twigs and bark in the autumn; the insect is hatched out the next spring, and feeds upon the sap of the tree. The first broods are all females, which in a short time, without any intercourse with the males, give birth to living young by the process of gemmation. These also produce other young ones, which are all females as long as the summer lasts, and it is only in the autumn that males are produced, which, uniting with the females, become the parents of the eggs for the following spring brood, thus bearing living young all the summer, and laying eggs which can withstand the frosts of the winter in autumn for the following spring season, while the parent insects in winter are destroyed by the wet and cold weather and alternate freezing and thawing.

Apple Plant Louse

The females deposit their eggs, which are small, oval, and black, on twigs and bark in the autumn; the…

The females deposit their eggs, which are small, oval, and black, on twigs and bark in the autumn; the insect is hatched out the next spring, and feeds upon the sap of the tree. The first broods are all females, which in a short time, without any intercourse with the males, give birth to living young by the process of gemmation. These also produce other young ones, which are all females as long as the summer lasts, and it is only in the autumn that males are produced, which, uniting with the females, become the parents of the eggs for the following spring brood, thus bearing living young all the summer, and laying eggs which can withstand the frosts of the winter in autumn for the following spring season, while the parent insects in winter are destroyed by the wet and cold weather and alternate freezing and thawing.

Apple Plant Louse

The females deposit their eggs, which are small, oval, and black, on twigs and bark in the autumn; the…

Three suspended concentric circles free to move independently of each other at right angles.

Gyroscope

Three suspended concentric circles free to move independently of each other at right angles.

A simple complete joint, one type of movable articulation. The synovial membrane is represented by dotted lines. They have a secreting membrane placed between their opposing surfaces, which keeps them well lubricated and capable of free movement one upon the other.

A Simple Complete Joint

A simple complete joint, one type of movable articulation. The synovial membrane is represented by dotted…

The larynx as seen by means of the laryngoscope in different conditions of the glottis. Labels: A, while singing a high note; b, in quiet breathing; C, during a deep inspiration; l, base of tongue; e, upper free edge of epiglottis; e', cushion of the epiglottis; ph, part of anterior wall of pharynx; cv, the true vocal cords; cvs, the false vocal cords; tr, the trachea with its rings; b, the two bronchi at their commencement.

The Larynx in Different Conditions of the Glottis

The larynx as seen by means of the laryngoscope in different conditions of the glottis. Labels: A, while…

Ciliated epithelium from the human trachea, highly magnified. Labels: a, large ciliated cell; d, cell, with two nuclei."In ciliated epithelium the cells, which are generally columnar in shape, bear at their free extremities little hair-like processes which are agitated incessantly with a lashing or vibrating motion. These minute and delicate processes are named cilia, and may be regarded as active prolongations of the cell-protoplasm." —Kimber, 1907

Ciliated Epithelium Cells

Ciliated epithelium from the human trachea, highly magnified. Labels: a, large ciliated cell; d, cell,…

"Grasp one end of a straight spring made of hickory or steel in one end of a vise, as shown. Pluck the free end of the spring so as to produce a vibratory motion. If the spring is long enough, the vibrations may be seen. Lower the spring in the vise to shorten the vibrating part of the rod, and pluck it again. The vibrations are reduced in amplitude, and increased in rapidity. Continued shortening of the spring will render the vibrations invisible and audible; the are lost to the eye, but revealed to the ear." -Avery 1895

Sound due to Vibrations

"Grasp one end of a straight spring made of hickory or steel in one end of a vise, as shown. Pluck the…

"In a body free to move, the center of gravity will lie in a vertical plumb-line drawn through the point of support. Therefore, to find the position of the center of gravity of an irregular solid, as the crank, Fig 8, suspended it at some point, as B, so that it will move freely. Drop a plumb line from the point of suspension and mark its direction. Suspend the body at another point, as A, and repeat the process. The intersection C of the two lines will be directly over the center of gravity." —Hallock 1905

Center of Gravity of a Solid

"In a body free to move, the center of gravity will lie in a vertical plumb-line drawn through the point…

"The vessel a is fitted with a wooden bock of the same size as, and free to move in, the cylinder; the vessel b is filled with water, whose depth is the same as the length of the wooden block in a. When a pressure is applied to a, the pressure will be transmitted to the bottom unchanged. However, when the same pressure is applied to b, the pressure is transmitted everywhere, as the molecules of water are free to move." —Hallock 1905

Water versus Wood Pressure

"The vessel a is fitted with a wooden bock of the same size as, and free to move in, the cylinder; the…

Torso of the Statue known as Venus of Melos (left) and New York Fashion, 1898 (right). "Since abdomen and chest alternately expand and contract in healthy breathing, anything which impedes their free movement is to be avoided. The tight lacing which is still indulged [in 1900] by those who think a distorted form beautiful, seriously impedes one of the most important functions of the body, and leads not only to shortness of breath and an incapacity for muscular exertion, but in many cases to actual deformity or disease." — Newell, 1900.

Effect of Corset Use on Respiration

Torso of the Statue known as Venus of Melos (left) and New York Fashion, 1898 (right). "Since abdomen…

Torso of the Statue known as Venus of Melos (left) and New York Fashion, 1898 (right). "Since abdomen and chest alternately expand and contract in healthy breathing, anything which impedes their free movement is to be avoided. The tight lacing which is still indulged [in 1900] by those who think a distorted form beautiful, seriously impedes one of the most important functions of the body, and leads not only to shortness of breath and an incapacity for muscular exertion, but in many cases to actual deformity or disease." — Newell, 1900.

Effect of Corset Use on Respiration

Torso of the Statue known as Venus of Melos (left) and New York Fashion, 1898 (right). "Since abdomen…

The larynx viewed from its pharyngeal opening. The back wall of the pharynx has been divided and its edges (11) turned aside. Labels: 1, body of hyoid; 2, its small, and 3, its great, horns; 4, upper and lower horns of thyroid cartilage; 5, mucous membrane of front of pharynx, covering the back of the cricoid cartilage; 6, upper end of gullet; 7, windpipe, lying in front of the gullet; 8, eminence caused by cartilage of Santorini; 9, eminence caused by cartilage of Wrisberg -- both lie in, 10, the aryteno-epiglottidean fold of mucous membrane, surrounding the opening (aditus laryngis) from pharynx to larynx; a, projecting tip of epiglottis; c, the glottis -- the lines leading from the letter point to the free vibrating edges of the vocal cords; b' the ventricles of the larynx -- their upper edges, marking them off from the eminences b, are the false vocal cords.

Larynx

The larynx viewed from its pharyngeal opening. The back wall of the pharynx has been divided and its…

Meibomian glands (glandulae tarsales), which are sebaceous glands embedded in grooves in the inner surface of the tarsal plates, about 30 in the upper eyelid, less in the lower one. Their ducts open on the inner edge of the free margin of the lids by minute foramina, through which their secretion is furnished to prevent the lids adhering to each other.

Meibomian Glands

Meibomian glands (glandulae tarsales), which are sebaceous glands embedded in grooves in the inner surface…

The Organ of Corti (organon spirale), also known as the Papilla Spiralis. It is situated on the inner surface of the membrana or lamina basilaris, is overlapped by the free edge of the membrana tectoria, and appears s a papilla winding spirally throughout the length of the membranous cochlea.

The Organ of Corti

The Organ of Corti (organon spirale), also known as the Papilla Spiralis. It is situated on the inner…

The peritoneum is a large serous membrane, which forms in the male a closed sac, the parietal layer of which lines the abdominal walls, its visceral layer being reflected more or less completely over all the abdominal and pelvic viscera. It's free surface is covered with endothelium, and is smooth, moist, and shining. Its attached surface is connected to the viscera and the parietes of the abdomen by the sub-peritoneal tela or areolar tissue. In the female it is not a closed sac, the free extremities of the Fallopian tubes opening directly into the cavity. The peritoneum is divided by a constricted portion of its tissue, at the foramen of Winslow into 2 sacs, the Greater Sac and the Lesser Sac.

The Peritoneum

The peritoneum is a large serous membrane, which forms in the male a closed sac, the parietal layer…

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