School building in Lake Alfred, with children playing in front.

School

School building in Lake Alfred, with children playing in front.

Drawing its name from the widing of its bill towards the tip, the spoonbill frequents coastal and marshy areas, feeding on shellfish, marine animals, small snails, and fish.

Roseate Spoonbill

Drawing its name from the widing of its bill towards the tip, the spoonbill frequents coastal and marshy…

Students learning how to measure liquids.

Measuring

Students learning how to measure liquids.

Fort Plain block-house. There is considerable confusion in the accounts concerning Fort Plain, for which there is no necessity. There was a stockade about two miles southwest of Fort Plain, called Fort Clyde, in honor of Colonel Clyde, an officer in the Tryon county militia; and another about the same distance northwest, called Fort Plank, or Blank, from the circumstance that it stood upon land owned by Frederic Blank. The latter and Fort Plain have been confounded. Mr. Stone erroneously considered them as one, and says, in his <em>Life of Brant</em> (ii., 95), "The principal work of defense, then called Fort Plank, and subsequently Fort Plain, was situated upon an elevated plain overlooking the valley, near the site of the village still retaining the name of the fortress." Other writers have regarded the block-house as the fort, when, in fact, it was only a part of the fotifications. The drawing here given is from one published in Stone's Life of Brant, with a description from the Fort Plain Journal of December 26th, 1837. Mr. Lipe considered it a correct view, except the lower story, which, it was his impression, was square instead of octagonal, and had four port-holes for heavy ordinance.

Fort Plain

Fort Plain block-house. There is considerable confusion in the accounts concerning Fort Plain, for which…

Caldwell's monument. The following are the inscriptions upon the Caldwell monument: East Side: "This monument is erected to the memory of the Rev. James Caldwell, the pious and fervent Christian, the zealous and faithful minister, the eloquent preacher, and a prominent leader among the worthies who secured the independence of his country. His name will be cherished in the church and in the state so long as Virtue is esteemed and Patriotism honored." West Side: "Hannah, wife of the Rev. James Caldwell, and daughter of Johnathan Ogden, of Newark, was killed at Connecticut Farms by a shot from a British soldier, June 25th, 1780, cruelty sacrificed by the enemies of her husband and of her country." North Side: "The memory of the just is blessed. Be of good courage- and let us behave ourselves valiant for our people, and for the cities of our God, and let the Lord do that which is good in his sight. The glory of children are their fathers." South Side: "James Caldwell. Born in Charlotte county, in Virginia, April, 1734. Graduated at Princeton College, 1759. Ordained pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Elizabethtown, 1762. After serving as chaplain in the army of the Revolution, and acting as commissary to the troops in New Jersey, he was killed by a shot from a sentinel at Elizabethtown Point, November 24th, 1781."

Caldwell's Monument

Caldwell's monument. The following are the inscriptions upon the Caldwell monument: East Side: "This…

The Red House. The "Red House" is situated upon the street in Wilkesbarre next the river, and about seventy-five rods below the bridge. It is the place where John Franklin was arrested. On his return from a political tour down the valley, he came up by the way of Hanover to Wilkesbarre. While standing near the ferry, an acquaintance came up to him and said, "A friend at the Red House wishes to speak to you." Franklin walked to the house, where a person caught him from behind, and attempted to pinion his hands. He was a powerful man, and shook off his captors; but, a noose being thrown over his head, he was secured. They then attempted to get him on horseback, when he cried out, "Help, help! William Slocum! where is William Slocum?" and, drawing his pistols, discharged one, but without effect. He was felled by a blow, and laid almost senseless. It was seeding time, and nearly all the men were in the fields. But the Yankee blood of Mrs. Slocum (the mother of the "lost sister") was up, and, seizing a gun, she ran to the door, exclaiming, "William! Who will call William? Is there no man here? Will nobody rescue him?" Colonel Pickering's dwelling was near the "Red House." It is still standing, but so modernized that its original character is lost.

Red House

The Red House. The "Red House" is situated upon the street in Wilkesbarre next the river, and about…

"American Floating Battery. I am indebted to the kindness of Peter Force, Esq., of Washington city (editor of 'The American Archives'), for this drawing of one of the American floating batteries used in the siege of Boston. It is copied from an English mauscript in his possession, and is now published for the first time. I have never met with a description of those batteries, and can judge of their construction only from the drawing. They appear to have been made of strong planks, pierced, near the water-line, for cars; along the sides, higher up, for the light and musketry. A heavy gun was placed in each end, and upon the top were four swivels."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Floating Battery

"American Floating Battery. I am indebted to the kindness of Peter Force, Esq., of Washington city (editor…

"Society of the Cincinnati, member's certificate. This engraving is a fac simile of a certificate, about one fourth the size of the original, which is thirteen inches and a half in breadth, and twenty inches in length. The originals are printed on fine vellum. The plate was engraved in France by J. J. le Veau, from a drawing by Aug. le Belle. I am indebted to the late James G. Wilson, son of Ensign Wilson, named in the certificate, for the use of the orginal in making this copy. The former was engraved on copper; this is engraved on wood. The design represents American liberty as a strong man armed, bearing in one hand the Union flag, and in the other a naked sword. Beneath his feet are British flags, and a broken spear, shield, and chain. Hovering by his side is the eagle, our national emblem, from whose talons the lightning of destruction is flashing upon the British lion. Britannia, with the crown falling from her head, is hastening toward a boat to escape to a fleet, which denotes the departure of British power from our shore. Upon a cloud, on the right, is an angel blowing a trumpet, from which flutters a loose scroll."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Society of the Cincinnati

"Society of the Cincinnati, member's certificate. This engraving is a fac simile of a certificate, about…

"The Walnut Street Prison. This edifice was erected in 1774, and taken down in 1836. The beautiful new Athenaeum occupies a portion of the ground on Sixth Street, and the remainder is covered by elegant dwellings. It is a singular fact that the architect who constructed it was the first person incarcerated in it. He was a Whig, and, having incurred the displeasure of the British, he was locked up in that prison. The <em>Public Ledger</em> of June 26th, 1837, gives an account of an armorial drawing, representing, in bold relief, a cuirass, casque, gorget, and Roman battle-ax, with radiating spears, which was made upon an arch of one of the second story cells, by Marshall, an English engraver, who was confined there for many years for counterfeiting the notes of the United States Bank. He was the son of the notorious 'Bag and Hatchet Woman,' of St. Giles's, London, who followed the British army in its Continental campaigns, and gathered spoils from the slain and wounded on the field of battle. Those who were dead, were readily plundered, and the wounded as readily dispatched. This woman and son were master-spirits in the purlieus of St. Giles's, among robbers and counterfeiters. The gang were at length betrayed, and the parent and child fled to this country, bringing with them considerable wealth in money and jewels. They lived in splendid style in Philadelphia, riding in a gorgeous cream-colored phaeton, drawn by richly-caparisoned horses, driven tandem. Their means were soon exhausted, when the son married, and commenced business as an engraver. He counterfeited notes of the United States Bank, was detected, and in 1803 was sentenced to eighteen years' confinement and hard labor in the Walnut Street Prison, then the State Penitentiary. While he was in prison, his mother, who had wondered away from Philadelphia in poverty and destitution, was executed in another state for a foul murder and arson."—Lossing, 1851

Walnut Street Prison

"The Walnut Street Prison. This edifice was erected in 1774, and taken down in 1836. The beautiful new…

"Boone's Fort. This sketch is from a drawing by Colonel Henderson, and published in Collin's <em>Historical Collections of Kentucky</em>, page 417. It was composed of a number of long-houses disposed in the form of an oblong square. Those at each corner, intended particularly for block-houses, were larger and stronger than the others. The length of the fort was about two hundred and fifty feet, and the width about one hundred and fifty feet."—Lossing, 1851

Boone's Fort

"Boone's Fort. This sketch is from a drawing by Colonel Henderson, and published in Collin's Historical

"Ramses II was a powerful sovereign, called Sesostris by the Greeks, identified by many with the Pharaoh who oppressed the children of Israel."—Colby, 1899

Ramses II in Profile

"Ramses II was a powerful sovereign, called Sesostris by the Greeks, identified by many with the Pharaoh…

"Gustavus Adolphus entered Germany at the head of 16,000 men. Among some of the Protestants there was a reluctance to cooperate with this new ally; for they distrusted his motives, especially in regard to northern Germany, where it was known that he had dreams of making himself the master of the Baltic Sea. Nevertheless, many of the hesitating Protestants rallied to his side after the siege and sack of Magdeburg, in 1631. The taking of this city by the troops of Tilly was marked by the most brutal massacre and pillage. Women and children were murdered; and the town was burned to the ground. It is said that some 30,000 people perished at this time. Saxony now joined the side of the Swedish king, who, in 1631, encountered Tilly on the battlefield of Lepzig. Here Gustavus completely overthrew his enemy, and when Tilly again tried to check his advance into southern Germany, Gustavus won another battle, in which Tilly was slain. The successes of Gustavus led the emperor to restore Wallenstein to the command (1632), and Wallenstein accepted the leadership on condition that he was to have absolute control of the army."—Colby, 1899

Gustavus Adolphus

"Gustavus Adolphus entered Germany at the head of 16,000 men. Among some of the Protestants there was…

"A western emigrant train. The occupation of the west. With every year the line of settlements was pushed farther westward. Along the great highways, and by trails across the prairies, one might see long emigrant trains. Covered wagons contained the family goods and carried the women and children; the men marched behind or rode on horseback; they drove the sheep and cattle which they were taking to the new homes. These emigrants often formed large parties for better protection against Indians and wild beasts. They camped at night by streams of water when they could. They built their camp fires and kept guard all night, for they could hear the howling of wolves and sometimes see Indians stealing toward them. As they moved on, they would meet men and wagons coming from the opposite direction. Already the great West was sending back produce and droves of cattle and pigs to the Eastern markets."&mdash;Scudder, 1897

Western Train

"A western emigrant train. The occupation of the west. With every year the line of settlements was pushed…

"An optical toy consisting of a vertical cylindrical mirror which gives a correct image of a distorted picture drawn at the base on a plane at right angles to axis of the mirror."-Whitney, 1902

Anamorphoscope

"An optical toy consisting of a vertical cylindrical mirror which gives a correct image of a distorted…

"A method of drawing which gives a distorted image of the object represented when it is viewed from directly or nearly so, but a natural image when it is viewed from a certain point, is reflected by a curved mirror, or is seen through a polyhedron."-Whitney, 1902

Anamorphosis

"A method of drawing which gives a distorted image of the object represented when it is viewed from…

An abacus is denoted primarily a square tablet of any description, and was hence employed in the following significations: 1. A table, or side-board, chiefly used for the display of gold and silver cups, and other kinds of caluable and ornamental utensils. The use of abaci was first introduced at Rome from Asia Minor after the victories of Cn. Manlius Vulso, B.C. 187, and their introduction was regarded as one of the marks of the growing luxury of the age; 2. A draught-board or chess-board; 3. A board used by mathematicians for drawing diagrams, and by arithmeticians for the purposes of calculation; 4. In architecture, the flat square stone which constituted the highest member of a column, being placed immediately under te architrave.

Abacus

An abacus is denoted primarily a square tablet of any description, and was hence employed in the following…

"The act of reclining at meals. The Greeks and Romans were accustomed, in later times, to recline at their meals; but this practice could not have been od great antiquity in Greece, since Homer always describes persons as sitting at their meals; and Isidore of Seville, an ancient grammarian, also attributes the same custom to the ancient Romans. Even in the time of the early Roman emperors, children in families of the highest rank used to sit together, while their fathers and elders reclined on couches at the upper part of the room. Roman ladies continued the practice of sitting at table, even after the recumbent position had become common with the other sex. It appears to have been considered more decent, and more agreeable to the severity and purity of ancient manners for women to sit, more especially if many persons were present. But, on the other hand, we find cases of women reclining, where there was conceived to be nothing bold or indelicate in their posture. Such is the case in the following woodcut, which seems intended to represent a scene of matrimonial felicity. The husband and wife recline on a sofa; their two sons are in front of them; and several females and a boy are performing a piece of music for the entertainment of the married pair." — Smith, 1873

Accubatio

"The act of reclining at meals. The Greeks and Romans were accustomed, in later times, to recline at…

Jan flying a kite in the story, "The Wind's Work."

Jan with Kite

Jan flying a kite in the story, "The Wind's Work."

Adults talking from the story, "The Little Gray Pony."

Adults talking

Adults talking from the story, "The Little Gray Pony."

Little boy with the swan in "The Little Traveler."

Boy with Swan

Little boy with the swan in "The Little Traveler."

Fleet and Mrs. Muffet in "The Open Gate."

Fleet and Mrs. Muffet

Fleet and Mrs. Muffet in "The Open Gate."

The Giant Energy and Fairy Skill in "The Giant Energy."

Giant Energy and Fairy Skill

The Giant Energy and Fairy Skill in "The Giant Energy."

Mother and child from "Search for a Good Child."

Mother with Child

Mother and child from "Search for a Good Child."

Little Daughter from "The Closing Door."

Little Daughter

Little Daughter from "The Closing Door."

Harmonius in "The Minstrel's Song"

Harmonius

Harmonius in "The Minstrel's Song"

Minnie Grey and the dwarfs in "Dust Under the Rug."

Minnie Grey

Minnie Grey and the dwarfs in "Dust Under the Rug."

Gretchen and her Christmas gift in "The Story of Gretchen."

Gretchen

Gretchen and her Christmas gift in "The Story of Gretchen."

Little Carl and his mother in "The King's Birthday."

Little Carl

Little Carl and his mother in "The King's Birthday."

The tin soldier from "The Brave Tin Soldier."

Tin Soldier

The tin soldier from "The Brave Tin Soldier."

Children with the Tin Solder in "The Brave Tin Soldier."

Children

Children with the Tin Solder in "The Brave Tin Soldier."

Dancer in "The Brave Tin Soldier."

Dancer

Dancer in "The Brave Tin Soldier."

Princess from "The Princess and the Pea."

Princess

Princess from "The Princess and the Pea."

The queen putting a pea in the princess' bed, from "The Princess and the Pea."

Queen with Pea

The queen putting a pea in the princess' bed, from "The Princess and the Pea."

Prince in "The Swineherd."

Prince

Prince in "The Swineherd."

Prince and Princess in "The Swineherd."

Prince and Princess

Prince and Princess in "The Swineherd."

Scene from "The Swineherd."

Swineherd

Scene from "The Swineherd."

Shepherdess and Chimney-Sweep from "The Shepherdess and Chimney-Sweep."

Shepherdess and Chimney-Sweep

Shepherdess and Chimney-Sweep from "The Shepherdess and Chimney-Sweep."

Shepherdess and Chimney-Sweep from "The Shepherdess and Chimney-Sweep."

Shepherdess and Chimney-Sweep

Shepherdess and Chimney-Sweep from "The Shepherdess and Chimney-Sweep."

Soldier and Witch from "The Tinder-Box."

Soldier and Witch

Soldier and Witch from "The Tinder-Box."

The King from "The Tinder-Box."

King

The King from "The Tinder-Box."

The Soldier with the Princess and dog in "The Tinder-Box."

Soldier and Princess

The Soldier with the Princess and dog in "The Tinder-Box."

Mother Stork from "The Storks."

Mother Stork

Mother Stork from "The Storks."

Storks carrying babies, from "The Storks."

Storks with babies

Storks carrying babies, from "The Storks."

Scene where the children are with the Storks, from "The Storks."

Children with the Storks

Scene where the children are with the Storks, from "The Storks."

Ole Luk-Oie telling a story to a child in bed, from "Ole Luk-Oie."

Ole Luk-Oie

Ole Luk-Oie telling a story to a child in bed, from "Ole Luk-Oie."

"The bow used for shooting arrows, is one of the most ancient of all weapons, but is characteristic of Asia rather than of Europe. In the Roman armies it was scarcely ever employed except by auxiliaries; and these auxiliaries, called sagittarii, were chiefly Cretans and Arabians. When not used the bow was put into a case which was made of leather, and sometimes ornamented. This image shows a drawing the bow." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Arcus

"The bow used for shooting arrows, is one of the most ancient of all weapons, but is characteristic…

Ole Luk-Oie telling a story to a children in bed, from "Ole Luk-Oie."

Ole Luk-Oie

Ole Luk-Oie telling a story to a children in bed, from "Ole Luk-Oie."

Ole Luk-Oie and the stork, from "Ole Luk-Oie."

Ole Luk-Oie and Stork

Ole Luk-Oie and the stork, from "Ole Luk-Oie."

A scene with mice, from "Ole Luk-Oie."

Mice

A scene with mice, from "Ole Luk-Oie."

A scene of Ole Luk-Oie and Swans, from "Ole Luk-Oie."

Ole Luk-Oie and Swans

A scene of Ole Luk-Oie and Swans, from "Ole Luk-Oie."

A scene of Ole Luk-Oie and Dolls, from "Ole Luk-Oie."

Ole Luk-Oie and Dolls

A scene of Ole Luk-Oie and Dolls, from "Ole Luk-Oie."

A scene of Ole Luk-Oie and a mouse, from "Ole Luk-Oie."

Ole Luk-Oie and Mouse

A scene of Ole Luk-Oie and a mouse, from "Ole Luk-Oie."

"The Raven is a large bird of the crow family. The raven has played an important part in mythology and folk-lore. It is the first bird mentioned by name in the Old Testament; by the ministry of ravens Elijah was fed, and they were to be the ministers of vengeance on unruly children. The raven was the bird of Odin, and in classic mythology was of ill-omen, a character often attributed to it by the early English dramatists. Marlowe calls it the 'sad presageful raven.' and Shakespeare repeatedly refers to the belief that its appearance foreboded misfortune. This belief, which is widespread, probably arose from the preternaturally grave manner of the bird, its sable plumage, and the readiness with which it learns to imitate human speech."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Raven

"The Raven is a large bird of the crow family. The raven has played an important part in mythology and…

A scene from "The Ugly Duckling."

Ugly Duckling

A scene from "The Ugly Duckling."

A scene from "The Ugly Duckling."

Ugly Duckling

A scene from "The Ugly Duckling."

Big Claus and his horses, from "Little Claus and Big Claus."

Big Claus

Big Claus and his horses, from "Little Claus and Big Claus."

A scene from "Little Claus and Big Claus."

Little Claus and Big Claus

A scene from "Little Claus and Big Claus."

Children reading a book.

Children Reading

Children reading a book.

Gerda from "The Snow Queen."

Gerda

Gerda from "The Snow Queen."

Gerda and the Snow Queen, from "The Snow Queen."

Gerda and the Snow Queen

Gerda and the Snow Queen, from "The Snow Queen."