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"Advance of General Rosecrans's division through the forests of Laurel Hill to attack the Confederate intrenchments at Rich Mountain. General McClellan's plan for attacking the Confederates under General Garnett in Western Virginia and driving them beyond the Alleghanies involved the surprise of a large body strongly intrenched at Rich Mountain, in a position commanding the turnpike over Laurel Hill. He detailed General Rosecrans to surprise them. This in turn involved a circuitous march through the dense forests of Laurel Hill, over a wild nd broken country. General Rosecrans's column of 1,600 men was guided by a woddsman named David L. Hart, who described the march as follows: "We started at daylight, and I led, accompanied by Colonel Lander, through a pathless wood, obstructed by bushes, laurels, fallen timber and rocks, followed by the whole division in perfect silence. It ended in the utter rout and final capture of the Confederates under Colonel Pegram, with a loss of 150 killed and 300 wounded." — Frank Leslie, 1896

Laurel Hill

"Advance of General Rosecrans's division through the forests of Laurel Hill to attack the Confederate…

"The Battle of Cross Keys- opening of the fight- the federal troops, under General Fremont, advancing to attack the Confederate army under General Jackson, June 8th, 1862. By one of those singular chances which have made the conventional day of rest the day of famous battles, on the morning of Sunday, June 8th, 1862, the advance of General Fremont's army came up with the Confederate forces at cross Keys, about six miles to the south of Harrisonburg." — Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Cross Keys

"The Battle of Cross Keys- opening of the fight- the federal troops, under General Fremont, advancing…

"Colonel Cross, born in Lancaster, N. H., April 22nd, 1832, died near Gettysburg, Pa., July 22nd, 1863. In 1860 he held a lieutenant colonel's commission in the Mexican Army, but when the news of the attack on Fort Sumter reached him he at once resigned and offered his services to the Governor of New Hamshire; organized the Fifth New Hampshire Regiment and was commissioned as its colonel; distinguished himself in many important engagements. He was mortally wounded at Gettysburg while leading the First Division of the Second Army Corps." — Frank Leslie, 1896

Colonel E. E. Cross

"Colonel Cross, born in Lancaster, N. H., April 22nd, 1832, died near Gettysburg, Pa., July 22nd, 1863.…

"Storming of Fort Donelson- decisive bayonet charge of the Iowa Second Regiment on the Confederate intrenchments at Fort Donelson, February 15th, 1862, resulting in the capture of the works on the following morning. The Iowa Second Regiment led the charge, followed by the rest in their order. The sight was sublime. Onward they sped, heedless of the bullets and balls of the enemy above. The hill was so steep, the timber cleared, that the Confederates left a gap in their lines of rifle pits on this crest of hill. Through this gap they were bound to go. Right up they went, climbing upon all fours, their line of dark-blue clothing advancing regularly forward, the white line of smoke from the top of the works opposed by a line of the Federal troops. "They reach the top. Numbers fall. The surprise was breathless. See, they climb over the works- they fall- they are lost! Another group, and still another and another, close up the gap. All is covered in smoke. The lodgment is made; the troops swarm up the hillside, their bright bayonets glittering in the sun. The firing slackens. Close behind the brigade Captain Stone's batery of rifled 10-pounders was tugging up the hill, the horses plunging, the riders whipping. Upward they go, where never vehicle went before- up the precipitous and clogged sides of the hill. No sooner on the crest than the guns were unlimbered, the men at their posts. Percussion shells and canister were shot spitefully from the Parrott guns at the flying enemy. The day was gained, cheers upon cheers rent the air, and in a few minutes all was hushed."" — Frank Leslie, 1896

Storming of Fort Donelson

"Storming of Fort Donelson- decisive bayonet charge of the Iowa Second Regiment on the Confederate intrenchments…

"Skirmishing between the pickets of the two armies near Munson's Hill- the hill in the distance. Munson's Hill is about five miles from the Chain Bridge, on the northern side of the Leesburg Turnpike, about one mile from Bailey's Crossroads, where our pickets were stationed, and about three miles this side of Falls Church, which was in full possession of the enemy. In this neighborhood they had strong pickets, which frequently came into collision with those sent out upon the Federal side from Ball's Roads." — Frank Leslie, 1896

Munson's Hill

"Skirmishing between the pickets of the two armies near Munson's Hill- the hill in the distance. Munson's…

"Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., fought March 6th, 7th and 8th, 1862, between the Federal forces, 13,000 strong, under Generals Curtis, Sigel, and Asboth, and the combined Confederate army of the Southwest, 25,000 strong, under Generals Van Dorn, Price and McCulloch- total defeat of the Confederates. The official report of this battle by General Curtis is as follows: "On Thursday, March 6th, the enemy commenced an attack on my right wing, assailling and following the rear guard of a detachment under General Sigel to my main lines on Sugar Creek Hollow, but ceased firing when he met my re-enforcements about 4 P.M. Early on the 7th I ordered an immediate advance of the cavalry and light artillery, under Colonel Osterhaus, with orders to attack and break what I supposed would be the re-enforced line of the enemy. This movement was in progress when the enemy commenced an attack on my right. The fight continued mainly at these points during the day, the enemy having gained the point held by the command of Colonel Carr at Cross Timber Hollow, but was entirely repulsed, with the fall of the commander, McCulloch. At sunrise on the 8th my right and centre renewed the firing, which was immediately answered by the enemy with renewed energy. I immediately ordered the centre and right wing forward, the right turning the left of the enemy and cross firing on his centre. This final position of the enemy was in the arc of a circle. A charge of infantry extending throughout the whole line completely routed the entire Confederate force, which retired in great confusion, but rather safely through the deep, impassable defiles of cross timber."" — Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Pea Ridge

"Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., fought March 6th, 7th and 8th, 1862, between the Federal forces, 13,000…

"A cross between an old english hound and the greyhound. It is from twenty-two inches to two feet in height, and of middle size. The head and fur are of great beauty, the scent exquisite, and the speed great - equal to the swiftest horse." —Goodrich, 1885

Fox Hound

"A cross between an old english hound and the greyhound. It is from twenty-two inches to two feet in…

"The size is that of the common fox, the fur exceedingly long, soft, and rich; and, although presenting great variety in the different species, is generally silvery black, sometimes with a chocolate tinge, the tip of the tail always white. The frontal part of the cranium has a peculiar lyre-shape, distinguishing it from every other species." —Goodrich, 1885

American Cross Fox

"The size is that of the common fox, the fur exceedingly long, soft, and rich; and, although presenting…

"Colonel Pilson's Battery shelling the rear guard of the Confederate General Jackson's Army, at the Crossing of the Shenandoah River, Tuesday, June 3rd, 1862. As soon as colonel Pilson could bring up his guns they were unlimbered on either side of the road and opened on the Confederate batteries. Beyond the river stretched a broad plain, the further end of which sloped gradually up into an irregular eminence, along which the enemy had placed its artillery on its further side, and in the neighboring woods its troops were quietly encamped, out of range, and with the Shenandoah River in their rear were safe for the night, as they supposed. It was soon found that the distance was too great for the guns. Colonel Albert, chief of staff, was in advance, and reconnoitring the position, with a soldier's eye saw that the river bent suddenly half a mile beyond the bridge, and sent Schirmer's battery to a hill on this side, which flanked the confederate camp, and at once forced them to withdraw to a more secure position." —Leslie, 1896

Crossing of Shenandoah River

"Colonel Pilson's Battery shelling the rear guard of the Confederate General Jackson's Army, at the…

"Battle at Willis Church, Monday, June 30th, 1862- the Federal forces, under General Heintzelman, engaged with the enemy. This desperate battle between the Confederates on one hand and the divisions of General Heintzelman and Franklin on the other was fought on the morning of Monday, June 30th, 1862, at Willis Church, a place midway between the White Oak Swamp Bridge and Turkey Bend, where, later in the day, another fierce fight raged, the week of combat being closed next day by the deadly but drawn battle of Malvern Hill. Our sketch represents the position of part of the Federal army at ten o'clock in the morning, just as the battle was commencing. The baggage train is in the foreground, and the enemy is advancing upon the Federal lines, and covering the advance with a heavy shower of shells. Willis Church is on the left of the illustration, being what most of the Southern places of worship were, mere wooden barns." —Leslie, 1896

Battle at Willis Church

"Battle at Willis Church, Monday, June 30th, 1862- the Federal forces, under General Heintzelman, engaged…

"Battle of Malvern Hill, near Turkey Bend, James River, Va., fought Tuesday, July 1st, 1862. The battle of Malvern Hill commenced with the advance of a large body of Confederates, extending quite across the country, with cavalry on each flank. The Federals at once jumped up wearily, and waited their appraoch, while all the signal officers, on their several stations, waved their cabalistic muslin. The Federal column was formed with General Couch, of General Keyes's corps, on the extreme left; Franklin and Heintzelman took up the centre, and on the right were the remnants of Porter and Sumner. Burns's brigade, being ordered to charge, advanced with the sixty-ninth Pennsylvania Regiment (Irish), Colonel Owen, and being gallantly seconded by Dana's, Meagher's and French's brigades, they dashed within fifty yards of the enemy and opened a splendid fire of musketry. The left of the line was now advanced, and the troops of General Couch really behaved wonderfully, facing the enemy wherever he appeared, and pouring volleys into him all the time. After fighting two hours, with a loss of about 400, the night fell, and having moved across Turkey Island Creek, they broke up the bridge, and soon the whole army closed up at and near Harrison's Bar, twenty-seven miles from Richmond." —Leslie, 1896

Battle of Malvern Hill

"Battle of Malvern Hill, near Turkey Bend, James River, Va., fought Tuesday, July 1st, 1862. The battle…

"Battle of Cross Keys, Sunday June 8th, 1862- centre and front of the Federal army in the engagement. We illustrated the opening of this battle on page 159, and now add a sketch of the centre and front of the Federal army in the engagement, described by our correspondent, as follows: "General Melroy had the centre, and pressed steadily forward from the ground where he first took position, planting his guns each time nearer the enemy's batteries. His artillery delivered its fire with a precision truly remarkable. The ground where the enemy's guns were planted was furrowed with our shot and shell as with a plow, and where one battery stood I counted twelve dead horses. General Melroy's infantry deployed through the woods, taking advantage of a deep gully to cross a wheatfield, where they were exposed, and charged gallantly up the hill, where one of the opposing batteries was planted, cutting down the gunners with their fire. Had they been supported they would have captured a battery. They made the crest of the hill too hot to hold on the part of the enemy, and held their position until recalled." —Leslie, 1896

Battle of Cross Keys

"Battle of Cross Keys, Sunday June 8th, 1862- centre and front of the Federal army in the engagement.…

"The Confederate forces under General Jackson advancing upon the Rapphannock Station at the river. Federal batteries replying to the Confederate artillery, August 23rd, 1862, being the commencement of the battles ending at Bull Run, August 30th. Our correspondent reported as follows: "The fight was opened by our batteries in front of the hill and woods on the centre and left. It was immediately replid to by the enemy's batteries in the orchard and along the crest of the hill, about three-quarters of a mile distant. After the artillery fighting had lasted some time, our infantry attacked the enemy's left flank. The fighting, however, was very severe. Huge columns of yellow smoke rolled up from the roads. The faint rattle and roll of distant musketry came across the open fields, interrupted occasionally by the boom of a heavy gun. Meanwhile, the enemy was making a very serious attempt to turn our left. Part of General McDowell's corps was sent to drive them back. They moved in solid column across the field from the right, while the enemy in overpowering force was pushing our small number back. The fighting was terriblly fierce at this point, the enemy throwing all their force on this flank. Our men retired across the field in the foreground and into the woods. On the right the enemy was driven from its position." —Leslie, 1896

Commencement of Bull Run

"The Confederate forces under General Jackson advancing upon the Rapphannock Station at the river. Federal…

"General Porter, born at Portsmouth, N. H., June 13th, 1822, was graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1845, and assigned to the Fourth Artillery, in which he became second lieutenant, June 18th, 1846. He served in the Mexican War, was commissioned first lieutenant on May 29th, and received the brevet of captain, September 8th, 1847, for services at Molino del Rey, and that of major for Chapultepec. On May 14th, 1861, he became colonel of the Fifteenth Infantry, and on May 17th, 1861, he was made brigadier general of volunteers, and assigned to duty in Washington. In 1862 he participated in the Virginia Peninsula campaign, at Yorktown, Gaines's Mill and Malvern Hill, and received the brevet of brigadier general in the regular army for gallant conduct at the battle of Chickahominy, Va., June 27th, 1862. On November 27th, 1862, General Porter was arraigned before a court-martial in Washington, charged with disobeying orders at the second battle of Bull Run, and on January 21st, 1863, he was cashiered. A bill for his relief was signed by President Cleveland, and he was restored to the United States Army as colonel, August 7th, 1886." —Leslie, 1896

General Fitzjohn Porter

"General Porter, born at Portsmouth, N. H., June 13th, 1822, was graduated from the United States Military…

"Battle of White Oak Swamp Bridge, Monday June 30th, 1862- Ayres's, Mott's and Randall's batteries checking the advance of the Confederates. After the battle of Savage's Station the Federals continued on their retreat, and by eight o'clock on the morning of June 30th, 1862, they had crossed White Oak Swamp and Creek, after destroying the bridge over the latter and warding off the repeated attacks to which they were subjected throughout the night. After crossing White Oak Creek the Federals had quickly formed a new line of battle at Willis Church, General Hancock's forces being on the extreme right, while Porter's occupied the left, and Heintzelman's and Sumner's the intervening space. Jackson's advance was checked by the destruction of the bridge, and when he reached the creek, at about noon, he found the approaches well defended by artillery. Jackson opened upon Hancock's troops, and made repeated efforts to rebuild the bridge under cover of his heavy artillery, but he was every time repulsed. While this was going on Longstreet and Hill had come upon a Federal force at a place two miles away, called Frazier's Farm. Here stood Sumner and Hooker, on the extreme right, McCall somewhat in advance toward the centre and Kearny on the extreme left. When Longstreet found this force arrayed against him he waited for re-enforcements to come up, and it was four o'clock when he commenced the attack. McCall's left was first assailed by Kenper's brigade, which was met by the Pennsylvania Reserves under Colonel Simmons, who, after a bitter conflict, drove the Confederates into the woods with a loss of 250 killed and wounded and about 200 prisoners. Fresh troops then enabled the Confederates to drive back the Federals, who in turn lost heavily. Longstreet and Hill now pressed on, and the conflict became a severe one along the entire front. One point, then another, was vainly tried in the determined effort to break the Federal line. At length Wilcox's Alabama Brigade rushed across an open field upon McCall's left, directly against Randall's battery, which centered upon the Confederates a most galling fire. Nothing daunted, they moved on, and finally engaging in a desperate hand-to-hand fight, first captured Cooper's battery, and afterward Randall's battery, which had been doing such terrible execution. A charge was then ordered for the recapture of the guns. The Confederates bravely met the severe attacks that followed. A still more desperate hand-to-hand struggle took place for the possession of the lost batteries, which were finally recaptured. By dark the Confederates had retired into the woods, and the Federals remained on that portion of the field which they had lost earlier in the action. The Federal loss was about 1,800 killed and wounded, whilst that of the Confederates was over 2,000. Colonel Simmons and General Meade were both severely wounded, while General McCall was a made prisoner." —Leslie, 1896

Battle of White Oak Swamp Bridge

"Battle of White Oak Swamp Bridge, Monday June 30th, 1862- Ayres's, Mott's and Randall's batteries checking…

"Battle of Munfordville, Ky., Sunday, September 14th, 1862- the Confederates charging through the abatis in front of the fortifications near Green River. Our correspondent reports of this battle: 'At five o'clock the Confederates were seen forming in front of our rifle pits, and soon, from the cover of the woods and abatis, began the engagement by a rapid fire of musketry. It was plainly seen that a disposition of our men was being made by Colonel Wilder to repel the attack anticipated on the left, and, thinking it a favorable hour, the Confederate force made a desperate assault on our right. This was made by a Mississippi and a Georgia regiment. The assault was led by the colonel of the Mississippi regiment, and he died for his daring. The major of the same regiment was wounded and taken prisoner. The newly formed Confederate right marched from the woods in splendid order, with ranks apparently full. When they appeared over the brow of the hill it was at a double-quick; all pushed on with desperate courage, to meet resistance not the less desperate. With grape from the artillery and a shower of balls from the musketry they were met and moved down; but they never faltered; and it was only when they sprang on the breastworks and were met with the bayonet that they fell back, leaving the field strewn with their dead and dying. After a momentary struggle on the breastworks the whole Confederate force broke into disorder and fled from the field.'" —Leslie, 1896

Battle of Munfordville

"Battle of Munfordville, Ky., Sunday, September 14th, 1862- the Confederates charging through the abatis…

Jack and Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of water. Jack fell down and broke his crown, and Jill came tumbling after.

Jack and Jill

Jack and Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of water. Jack fell down and broke his crown, and Jill…

Jack and Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of water. Jack fell down and broke his crown, and Jill came tumbling after.

Jack and Jill

Jack and Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of water. Jack fell down and broke his crown, and Jill…

"Battle of Antietam, Md. Burnside's division carrying the bridge over the Antietam Creek and storming the Confederate position, after a desperate conflict of four hours, Wednesday, September 17th, 1862. On the left, during the afternoon, Burnside carried the bridge, after an obstinate contest of four hours' duration and a loss of about five hundred killed and wounded. Hawkins's Zouaves then crossed, and finding the enemy ready drawn up under cover of the hills, advanced in line of battle on their new position, about half a mile distant. The ground over which they advanced was open clover and plowed fields, the latter very difficult and fatiguing to march in, owing to the softness of the ground. The enemy's guns, fourteen in number, kept up a terrible fire on the advancing line, which never wavered, but slowly toiled along, receving shelter, however, when they were in the hollows. They were halted a few moments to rest in the hollow nearest the enemy's position, and then were ordered to charge with a yell. As they came up the hillin front of the enemy's batteries they received a heavy volley from a large force of infantry behind a stone wall about two hundred feet in front of the enemy's batteries. The Federals, though terribly decimated, gave them a volley in return, and then went on with the bayonet. The enemy did not stay to contest the ground, and although two to one, broke and ran, leaving their guns." — Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Antietam

"Battle of Antietam, Md. Burnside's division carrying the bridge over the Antietam Creek and storming…

"Advance of the Army of the Potomac. Occupation of Winchester, VA., and the abandoned Confederate Fortifications, by a detachment of General Banks's Deivision of the Federal Army, consisting of the brigades of Generals Hamilton and Williams, March 12th, 1862. Our sketch represents the advance of the Federal troops upon the City of Winchester, and is thus described by our correspondent: 'A portion of General Banks's Division, under General Gorman, occupied the town of Berryville, VA., on the 11th. There were five hundred of the Confederate cavalry in the place, but upon the Third New York Cavalry, properly supported by artillery and infantry, charging them, they fled in confusion toward Winchester. During the night the pickets of General Gorman came in contact with a portion of Colonel Ashby's Confederate cavalry, and were compelled to fall back, but the general made a reconnoissance in force to within two miles of Winchester, and, charging upon the Confederates dispersed them, taking several prisoners, and killing or wounding four of the Confederates. This reconnoissance sealed the fate of Winchester. The enemy were blinded and misled by the movement of our troops, and they commenced the evacuation of the place on the afternoon of the 12th. General Hamilton advanced from Bunker hill, the Michigan Cavalry heading the column. The Confederate Cavalry, one thousand two hundred strong, and supported by a section of artillery, gave battle at five o'clock in the afternoon. Our cavalry was supported by the First maryland Infantry, and a battery of artillery. The fight was a short one. The Confederates fled, leaving their guns behind them, and at daylight on the 12th our troops entered the city as the rear guard of the enemy was flying out of it.'"— Frank Leslie, 1896

Army of the Potomac

"Advance of the Army of the Potomac. Occupation of Winchester, VA., and the abandoned Confederate Fortifications,…

"'The Forlorn Hope.' Volunteers storming party, consisting of portions of the Seventh Michigan and Nineteenth Massachusetts crossing the Rappahannock in advance of the Grand Army, to drive off the Confederate riflemen who were firing upon the Federal pontioniers, Wednesday, December 10th, 1862. We illustrate one of those numerous acts of daring which have raised the character of the Federal soldier to the highest position in the military world. When the fire of the enemy from the rifle pits on the south side of the Rappahannock became so deadly that the pontoniers could not carry on their work, General Burnside called for 100 volunteers to cross and dislodge, at the bayonet's point, the concealed sharpshooters. Thousands sprang forward, but only the number required was chosen. These consisted of men from the Seventh Michigan and Nineteenth Massachusetts Regiments. With the utmost alacrity this gallant 'forlorn hope' sprang into the boats, and, on reaching the other side, drove the Confederates from their posts at the point of the bayonet, capturing 39 prisoners. Only one man was killed and give wounded in this desperate duty. The bridge was soon finished, and a sufficient force passed over to hold the town."— Frank Leslie, 1896

The Forlorn Hope

"'The Forlorn Hope.' Volunteers storming party, consisting of portions of the Seventh Michigan and Nineteenth…

"Federal Hill, Baltimore, taken from the North side basin, occupied by the Federal Troops."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Federal Hill

"Federal Hill, Baltimore, taken from the North side basin, occupied by the Federal Troops."— Frank…

"Battle of Antietam, Burnside's Division, left wing- brilliant and decisive bayonet charge of Hawkins's Zouaves on the Confederate battery on the hill, right bank of Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg, September 17th, 1862, utter route of the Confederates. This brilliant and decisive charge was made about five o'clock in the afternoon of Wednesday, September 17th. Our correspondent thus described the charge: 'On the left, during the afternoon, Burnside carried the bridge after an obstinate contest of several hours duration, and a loss of about five hundred killed and wounded. Hawkins's Zouaves then crossed and found the enemy ready drawn up under cover of the hills, and advanced in line of battle on the enemy's new position, about a half a mile distant. The ground over which they advanced was open clover and plowed fields, the latter very difficult and fatiguing to march in, owing to the softness of the ground. The enemy's guns, fourteen in number, kept up a terrible fire on our advancing line, which never wavered, but slowly toiled along, receiving shelter, however, when they were in the hollows. They were halted a few moments to rest in the hollow nearest the enemy's position, and then were ordered to charge with a yell. As they came up the hill in front of the enemy's batteries, they received a heavy volley from a large force of infantry behind a stone wall, about two hundred feet in front of the enemy's batteries. Our men, though terribly decimated, gave a volley in return, and then went on with the bayonet. The enemy did not stay to contest the ground, and, although two to one, broke and ran, leaving their guns.'"— Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Antietam

"Battle of Antietam, Burnside's Division, left wing- brilliant and decisive bayonet charge of Hawkins's…

"Confederate cavalry driving stragglers and skulkers back to their duty at the Battle of Antietam. One of the greatest evils in a volunteer army is the practice of straggling. This decreases under the elevating process of discipline; but all our artists agree in declaring that they have seen nearly one-fourth of a regiment, including officers, dropping off one by one at convenient opportunities. In some cases this may have proceeded from sheer exhaustion, but generally it was for the purpose of cooking their rations, taking a nap, or for shirking a battle. Federal discipline was very lax in this respect, and more stringent regulations were imperatively demanded. The Confederate generals, whom no consideration of humanity ever restrained from making the most cruel examples, treated stragglers without mercy, and hundreds of these miserable men were cut down or shot by their own officers in their attempts to evade the stern necessity of battle. The result was that the Confederate troops very often fought with a desperation unknown in the modern warfare. Our artist, who from a hill at Antietam had a capital view of the field of battle, saw many instances in which some mounted Confederate officers rode amid a body of stragglers and drove them back into the conflict. Our sketch illustrates this peculiar mode of Southern drilling."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Confederate Cavalry

"Confederate cavalry driving stragglers and skulkers back to their duty at the Battle of Antietam. One…

"As I was going up Pippin Hill, Pippin Hill was dirty. There I met a pretty miss, And she dropped me a curtsey."

Pippin Hill

"As I was going up Pippin Hill, Pippin Hill was dirty. There I met a pretty miss, And she dropped me…

"Battle of Baker's Creek, May 16th, 1862- Defeat of the Confederates under Pemberton, by General Grant. On the 12th General Grant overtook General Gregg at Raymond, and after a stubborn fight defeated him, Gregg retreating with a loss of 7,000 men. Having been joined by reinforcements under General Walker, Gregg made a stand the next day at Mississippi Springs, but Grant again defeated him. On the 14th, in a still warmer engagement, he utterly defeated Gregg, who lost 400 men and 17 cannon, and fled through Jackson, firing the Capitol and many depots, storehouses and dwellings. On the 16th he met General Pemberton, with the whole garrison of Vicksburg, at Baker's Creek, and defeated him, driving him back toward Vicksburg, with a loss of 29 pieces of artillery and 4,000 men, and cutting him off from all hopes of relief. Pressing rapidly on, Grant, on the 17th, overtook Pemberton at Big Black River Bridge, and again defeated him, with a loss of 2,600 men and 17 guns. Pemberton then retired into the city, which Grant invested."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Baker's Creek

"Battle of Baker's Creek, May 16th, 1862- Defeat of the Confederates under Pemberton, by General Grant.…

"General Warren, born in Cold Spring, N. Y., January 8th, 1830, died in Newport, R. I., August 8th, 1882, was graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1850, and assigned to the Topographical Engineers as brevet second lieutenant. At the beginning of the Civil War he entered active service as lieutenant colonel of the Fifth New York Volunteers, of which regiment he became colonel on August 31st, 1861. His regiment was ordered to Fortress Monroe, and he took part in the battle of Big Bethel. During the remainder of the year he was stationed at Baltimore, where he constructed the fort on Federal Hill. In the spring of 1862 he joined the Army of the Potomac, serving in the Peninsular campaign and at Yorktown. He was given a brigade in the Fifth Army Corps in May, with which he covered the extreme right of the army and took part in the capture of Hanover Courthouse, the pursuit of Confederate cavalry under Stuart, the battle of Gaines's Mill, the affair at Malvern Hill and subsequent battle, and the skirmish at Harrison's Landing. His brigade was then sent to re-enforce General Pope, and he participated in the battle of Manassas, was engaged at Antietam and the battle of Fredericksburg. On September 26th, 1862, he was appointed brigadier general of volunteers for his services at Gaines's Mill. On March 3rd, 1863, he was appointed chief of engineers of the Army of the Potomac, and during the Chancellorsville campaign he took part in the action on Orange Pike, the storming of Marye's Heights and the battle of Salem. He continued as chief of engineers under Meade, and was engaged at Gettysburg, where he seized Little Round Top. On August 11th, 1863, he was made major general of volunteers. He participated in the battles of the Wilderness campaign and those around Petersburg. He received the successive brevets in the United States Army up to major general."— Frank Leslie, 1896

General Gouverneur K. Warren

"General Warren, born in Cold Spring, N. Y., January 8th, 1830, died in Newport, R. I., August 8th,…

"General Peck, born at Manlius, N. Y., January 4th, 1821, died at Syracuse, n. Y., April 28th, 1978, was graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1843, and commissioned a brevet second lieutenant of artillery. Served in the Mexican War, and distinguished himself at the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Contreras and Churubusco. On August 9th, 1861, he was made a brigadier general, and at the time of the Virginia Peninsula campaign, in April and May, 1862, was given the command of a brigade in the Fourth Corps under General Couch. He was appointed a major general in July, 1862, and afterward commanded at Suffolk, Va. He stormed Hill's Point, capturing it, and thus ending the siege. Here he was severely wounded. He was mustered out of the service August 24th, 1865."— Frank Leslie, 1896

General John James Peck

"General Peck, born at Manlius, N. Y., January 4th, 1821, died at Syracuse, n. Y., April 28th, 1978,…

"Battle of Stone River, Tenn. The decisive charge of General Negley's division across the river- the Confederates flying in confusion. We question if a more spirited sketch was ever published than our double-page engraving representing the final charge of General Negley's division, on the afternoon of Friday, January 2nd, 1863, at the battle of Murfreesborough, or Stone River. About four o'clock in the afternoon General Rosecrans, seeing that the critical moment had arrived, gave orders for General Negley to cross the river and drive the enemy from his position. This was done in a manner worthy of the most disciplined troops in the world. The Eighteenth Ohio Regiment dashed into the river, the Nineteenth Illinois and Twenty-first Ohio following close behind. Our artist reported: 'The scene was grand in the extreme. It was indeed a momentous battle on a miniature scale. Nothing could resist our gallant men; on they rushed; the Confederates met the shock then wavered, and then were driven back at the bayonet's point, step by step, for some half mile, when they broke and fled, ever and anon rallying to check our too hasty pursuit. Night fell on the scene, and the victors and vanquished rested from their strife. Thus was won the great battle of Stone River, in which, if ever men met foemen worthy of their steel, they met them then.'"— Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Stone River

"Battle of Stone River, Tenn. The decisive charge of General Negley's division across the river- the…

"Siege of Vicksburg- the fight in the crater of Fort Hill after the explosion, June 27th, 1863. Our sketch shows the crater in its relative position to the surrounding works, and the city of Vicksburg in the distance. The entire crest, with the exception of this point, was held by the Confederates, although unable to use artillery on it in consequence of the bearing of the Federal guns upon it, as shown by the effect of two shots to right and left of the crater. The sharpshooters were protected by gabions filled with earth, on top of which were placed heavy logs, with small portholes, through which they kept up a continuous fire. This decided the siege. The key of the Confederate works had been arried, and Pemberton, after a fruitless endeavor to obtain terms, surrendered on the 4th of July."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Siege of Vicksburg

"Siege of Vicksburg- the fight in the crater of Fort Hill after the explosion, June 27th, 1863. Our…

"Battle of Gettysburg, Cemetery Hill during the attack of the Confederates, Thursday evening, July 2nd, 1863. No attack was made until about half-past three o'clock, when Lee ordered a simultaneous advance against each flank of the Federal army, while demonstrations were being kept up against the centre. The attacks were not, however, made simultaneously, as Lee had intended. Longstreet began by sending Hood's force against Sickles's extreme left, then held by General Ward, of Birney's division, whose three brigades extended their line from the Round Top across the Devil's Den, to and beyond the Peach Orchard, along the Emmittsburg Road. Ward's force was driven back after a bitter contest, and before De Trobriand, who stood next in line, could give him any assistance. Upon turning Ward's left Hood fell upon De Trobriand's flank and rear, leading part of his force between that portion of the field and the Round Top, while McLaws, with Anderson's support, was assaulting De Trobriand's centre. The attack was made with such vigor that Sickles called for re-enforcements, and Burling's brigade of Humphreys's division, as well as the two brigades of Barnes's division, under Tilton and Sweitzer, were therefore sent him. A terrible struggle followed, and the ground was contested bitterly at all points."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Gettysburg

"Battle of Gettysburg, Cemetery Hill during the attack of the Confederates, Thursday evening, July 2nd,…

"Battle of Chancellorsville, Va. Attack on General Sedgwick's Corps. on Monday, May 4th, 1863, at 5 P.M., as seen from Falmouth Heights. After General Sedgwick had carried the fortifications on Sunday, May 3rd, he pushed along the Gordonsville Plank Road in pursuit till night stopped his advance. Before morning the enemy threw a heavy force in his rear, cutting him off from his small force at Fredericksburg on the rear, and began to mass troops on his front and left flank. About half-past five o'clock in the afternoon they began the attack, and columns poured from behind the breastworks and marched down the hill to the plain above the town and opposite Falmouth, receiving, as they came in range, a brisk fire from the Federal artillery beyond the river. Unchecked by this, however, they rushed on Sedgwick's line, which repeatedly repulsed them, falling back, however, gradually to Banks's Ford, which they crossed in the morning on pontoons. In the sketch the breastworks captured on Sunday are seen, with the Confederates passing between them and the river in columns to attack Sedgwick's troops, which are the continuous line in the distance."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Chancellorsville

"Battle of Chancellorsville, Va. Attack on General Sedgwick's Corps. on Monday, May 4th, 1863, at 5…

"Siege of Vicksburg. Life in the trenches- bivouac of Leggett's Brigade- McPherson's Corps at the White House. Our illustration shows the life led by the besieging troops. The deep ravine is studded with the rude huts, or quarters, burrowed in the earth. Here, at the White House, well riddled with Confederate shell, were bivouacked Leggett's Brigade of McPherson's Seventeenth Army Corps. To the left of the house an opening in the bank shows the entrance to the covered way by which the Confederate works were approached. The operation of mining the enemy's works is here shown. This was conducted by Captain Hickenloper, Chief Engineer of General McPherson's Staff. The sketch was made in the sap, within fifteen feet of the Confederate Fort Hill, behind which lay the Confederate sharpshooters, held at bay by Coonskin and other riflemen eagerly on the lookout for a Confederate head."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Siege of Vicksburg

"Siege of Vicksburg. Life in the trenches- bivouac of Leggett's Brigade- McPherson's Corps at the White…

"Battle of Gettysburg- charge of the Confederates on Cemetery Hill, Thursday evening, July 2nd, 1863. The odds against the Federals were great, but in face of heavy losses they fought with a bravery rarely equaled. The Confederates were at last beaten back from the face of the hill, but, passing along the ravines they penetrated between both the Round Tops, thus flanking the Federals. The conflict was renewed more bitterly than before. The Federal ammunition again gave out, but the bayonet was once more made to play such an effective part, that at nightfall the Confederates had entirely withdrawn from Little Round Top. What Warren justly deemed to be, and what really was, at that juncture, the most important position in the field, had thus been successfully maintained, though at a frightful cost of life. While Johnson was operating against Culp's Hill, Early made an attempt to carry Cemetery Hill, after opening upon it with his artillery from Brenner's Hill. He was beaten back and compelled to seek his original position before darkness had fairly set in."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Gettysburg

"Battle of Gettysburg- charge of the Confederates on Cemetery Hill, Thursday evening, July 2nd, 1863.…

"Siege of Vicksburg, attack on the Confederate Works, May 22nd, 1863. Our sketch represents the terrible but fruitless assault made on Pemberton's last line of defense around the city of Vicksburg. On May 22nd, 1863, a tremendous assault was made on the grass-covered fortifications held by the Confederate army. These works consisted of a chain of forts about eight hundred yards apart, connected by deep intrenchments and extending for seven miles. Lawler's brigade rushed up amid a cross fire, and with heavy loss planted the Stars and Stripes on the edge of a parapet; but the enemy gathered there, and the Federals were overpowered. Landrum's brigade came to the relief, but faltered. McClernand ordered up Benton and Burbridge on the right. Sherman and McPherson also advanced, and at point after point the old flag fluttered for awhile on the works. On the extreme right Steele's division, with Blair on his left, advanced as Pemberton fell back, and, like the others, could only display the bravery of the men. Covered by the ravines which intersected the ground the Federal troops would get near the works and make a gallant rush onward, reach the parapet, yet when the edge of the fort was gained the interior was swept by a line of the rifle pits in the rear and a partition breastwork, so that the Federals, even when in the fort, were almost as far from victory as before. In one case a party of twelve Iowans led by a youth named Griffiths, took and held a fort, but all finally fell under the fire of their assailants except Griffiths, who, with musket and revolver, captured fourteen Confederates when had discharged their pieces, and brought them off. The Confederates used for almost the first time hand grenades, which they rolled down the sides of the works on the assaulting party in the ditch or clinging to the side. This dreadful day swept away thousands of gallant Federals. The siege now began in earnest. No army could stand such losses. Closer were the lines drawn around the enemy. Siege guns were mounted. The mines began their work, and the fortifications were assailed from beneath."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Attack on Confederate Works

"Siege of Vicksburg, attack on the Confederate Works, May 22nd, 1863. Our sketch represents the terrible…

"Siege of Vicksburg-the Twenty-third Indiana and Forty-fifth Illinois Regiments, Leggett's Brigade, Logan's Division, McPherson's Corps, storming Fort Hill, after the explosion of the mine, June 26th, 1863."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Siege of Vicksburg

"Siege of Vicksburg-the Twenty-third Indiana and Forty-fifth Illinois Regiments, Leggett's Brigade,…

"Fredericksburg, Va., and the Confederate batteries and pickets, as seen from Falmouth Heights, headquarters of General Burnside. Our picture of Fredericksburg gives of course but a very small portion of the famous city, in sight of which our great founder was born, the family homestead being about two miles east of Falmouth where the view was taken. Here stood the famous cherry tree which the infant George cut and confessed to when his indignant father questioned him about it. About a mile to the north of the Rappahannock there is a short range of hills, called Falmouth Heights, which gradually slope to a point where the gully commences, in the centre of which runs the stream, which in dry weather is easy fordable."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Confederate Batteries

"Fredericksburg, Va., and the Confederate batteries and pickets, as seen from Falmouth Heights, headquarters…

"Battle of Gettysburg, Thursday evening, July 2nd, 1863, as seen from Rocky Hill, on Meade's left. Our illustration shows the fight on Thursday evening, July 2nd, 1863, and we almost may say on Friday evening, from Rocky Hill, on the left of General Meade's position, where the Fifth Corps was posted. The lines of the enemy can be seen coming over the hill and out of the woods, in their fierce onset on the Federal line in the rocky field. The fire that met the Confederates at the foot of the ridge was so hot that the entire line of the now fairly exhausted Confederates for a moment wavered and then recoiled. Seeing this, Meade ordered a general advance, in which the remainder of Doubleday's force participated. After another spirited contest it succeeded just before sunset in driving back the Confederates nearly up to their line of reserves, and in taking some of the guns that had been previously captured. Thus ended the engagement on the left centre. A new line was then formed with the divisions of Doubleday and Robinson, and by part of the Twelfth Corps, then under General Williams, who had taken Slocum's place when the latter assumed command of the entire right wing. Contrary to Lee's expectation, Ewell on the extreme left did not advance until quite a while after Longstreet had attacked Birney's division. Johnson's force crossed Rock Creek, and with its extreme right moved against Wadsworth and Green, the latter being the only brigade of Geary's division left at Culp's Hill. Geary's other brigades, under Colonel Charles Candy and George Cobham, had previously been ordered away by Meade toward Little Round Top."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Gettysburg

"Battle of Gettysburg, Thursday evening, July 2nd, 1863, as seen from Rocky Hill, on Meade's left. Our…

"The Federal siege works on Bogue Island, N. C., erected for the reduction of Fort Macon. Our sketch represents the covering of the working parties while constructing Captain Morris's Parrot-gun siege batteries on Bogue Island. Our correspondent said: 'Colonel White sometimes beguiles his leisure moments by throwing shells promiscuously about the sand spit upon which our works are located, doubtless to ascertain the exact position of the batteries and to annoy the working parties. The proceedings on such occasions are of the serio-comic order. At the word 'drop,' given by the sentinel in the 'rat hole' at the top of the sand hill upon seeing the flash from the gun at the fort, every man makes a bee-line at the double quick for the nearest cover, assuming a position as near the horizontal as possible. This gives comparative immunity from danger, and up to this time nobody has been hurt, except by falling pieces of shells which have exploded overhead.'"— Frank Leslie, 1896

Bogue Island

"The Federal siege works on Bogue Island, N. C., erected for the reduction of Fort Macon. Our sketch…

"View from Loudon Heights, Va., showing Harper's Ferry, Maryland Heights, Bolivar, etc. Harper's Ferry, immortalized by the pen of Jefferson, became too often the scene of stirring events during the Civil War to require a long description, and we give a fine engraving of it to enable our readers to understand fully the operations that took place there. The view shows Maryland Heights, and on the other side Harper's Ferry, with the railroad and pontoon bridges. The place in the foreground is Bolivar, and the river runs in the gorge between it and Maryland Heights. This sketch was made by an artist who spent several days examining the neighborhood so as to give the best possible view of a point deemed so strategically important."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Loudon Heights

"View from Loudon Heights, Va., showing Harper's Ferry, Maryland Heights, Bolivar, etc. Harper's Ferry,…

"Recruiting in Philadelphia, Pa., for the Bucktail Pennsylvania Regiment, August, 1862. This famous regiment suffered so much that recruiting became necessary. As it was a Pennsylvania pet regiment, Philadelphia was all alive with the resounding music of the horns, calling upon all who had killed a buck in fair combat to accept an invitation to their supper of glory. Our artist has, however, told more with a few dashes of his pencil than we can in a column. The Bucktails were a splendid set of fellows, and deserved the reputation they achieved. The fight at Dranesville, the Valley of the Shenandoah and the battle of Cross Keys have been consecrated by their valor. It will be remembered that when Colonel Sir Percy Wyndham of the First New Jersey Cavalry fell into an ambuscade the gallant Bucktails volunteered to his rescue, and were terribly cut up."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Bucktail Recruit

"Recruiting in Philadelphia, Pa., for the Bucktail Pennsylvania Regiment, August, 1862. This famous…

"General Grover, born in Bethel, Me., July 24th, 1829, died in Atlantic City, N. J., June 6th, 1885, was graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1850, entered the First Artillery, and served on frontier duty till 1853. He was promoted to first lieutenant March 3rd, 1855, and captain of the Tenth Infantry on September 17th, 1858, serving at various Western stations. He became brigadier general of volunteers April 14th, 1862, and was transferred to the Army of the Potomac, with which he took part in many battles, serving with distinction at the battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks and Bull Run. Being transferred to the Department of the Gulf, he took command of a division of the nineteenth Corps from December 30th, 1862, till July, 1864; was in command of the right wing of the army besieging Port Hudson, La., in May, 1863; and commanded a division in the Shenandoah campaign from August to December, 1864. He was wounded at the battle of Cedar Creek, on October 19th, 1864, and brevetted major general of volunteers on the same day for gallantry at Winchester and Fisher's Hill. On March 13th, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier general, United States Army, and major general, United States Army. He was mustered out of volunteer service August 24th, 1865."— Frank Leslie, 1896

General Cuvier Grover

"General Grover, born in Bethel, Me., July 24th, 1829, died in Atlantic City, N. J., June 6th, 1885,…

"Battle of Chickamauga, Ga., September 19th-20th, 1863, between Generals Rosecrans and Bragg. Our sketch of this most important battle shows General Thomas and his staff anxiously looking for re-enforcements as his gallant troops from their temporary breastwork of loggs and knapsacks, are repulsing the retreated assaults of the overpowering Confederate forces and saving the whole Army of the Cumberland from destruction. After skirmishing on Thursday and Friday, September 17th and 18th, General Rosecrans on Saturday formed his line, with General Thomas on the left, having under him Brannan, Baird and Reynolds; Negley and Wood held the extreme right at Owen's Ford and Gordon's Mill. Crittenden's corps, consisting of Palmer's and Van Cleve's divisions, formed the centre, with part of McCook's on each side. The line generally followed the Chickamauga, though on the left it took the course of the Lafayette Road. Between ten and eleven A. M. Cranston's brigade, of Brannan's division, met the first attack, and in a few moments the whole division was forced back, Thomas then ordered his entire line to advance, and Longstreet was driven back with slaughter, losing the ground and cannon he had gained, and his corps was fast melting under the blows of Thomas, when Polk and Hill threw their corps with impetuosity on Crittenden, and after a fierce struggle routed him, and drove to the right, in similar disorder, Davis's division, of McCook's corps, leaving a wide gap in the line and exposing Thomas to a heavy flank attack. Back then his victorious troops returned to meet the new enemy, and Thomas, with Negley and Wood, from the right, rallying some of the routed centre, drove the enemy back. Before the deadly fire of this new line the Confederates everywhere retired, and before sunset Rosecrans's army held its old line. During the night Rosecrans fell back to a new line, resting Negley with his right on Missionary Ridge, Van Cleve, Wood and Sheridan on the left, and Thomas more in the centre. The fight commenced on the extreme left, and the Confederates, about ten in the morning, attacked Negley with all their strength, and Longstreet again rolled his verterans on Thomas, and again a bitterly contested fight took place. At last General Reynolds began to give way, and Wood was sent to his relief. As Davis moved to fill Wood's place the Confederates took them in flank, and routing them, severed Rosecrans's line, leaving him, with Sheridan, Davis and Wilder, cut off entirely from the mass of his army. Thomas gathered up the other portion of the army in a strong line on Missionary Ridge, and prepared to resist the last Confederate attack, made with all the inspiration of victory; but his men stood firm, and a cloud of dust to the left soon showed a line advancing on the Lafayette Road. Every eye was strained; a moment would tell whether the day's disaster must close in irreparable ruin or there was yet hope of repulsing the foe. It was General Granger with two fresh brigades, which, fresh for battle, now rushed on the enemy and drove them from a hill which they had gained; and thus aided, Thomas repulsed the enemy, and fell back, unmolested, to Rossville."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Chickamauga

"Battle of Chickamauga, Ga., September 19th-20th, 1863, between Generals Rosecrans and Bragg. Our sketch…

"Gallant charge of the Sixth Michigan cavalry over the enemy's breastworks, near falling Waters, Md., July 14th, 1863. The exploits of the Federal cavalry in Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania in 1863 would fill a volume in themselves. Among the many gallant charges there are few more brilliant than that of the Sixth Michigan at Falling Waters, where they rode, without drawing rein, right over the Confederate breastworks, scattering all before them. The cavalry were not more than sixty at most, but they charged up a steep hill in the face of a terrific fire; and though they lost in killed and wounded nearly two-thirds of their number, they captured almost the entire force of the enemy, with three regimental battle flags."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Falling Waters

"Gallant charge of the Sixth Michigan cavalry over the enemy's breastworks, near falling Waters, Md.,…

"General Stonewall Jackson, born in Clarkesburg, W. Va., January 21st, 1824, died at Chancellorsville, Va., May 10th, 1863, was graduated from the United States Military Academy, in 1846. He was ordered to Mexico, became a lieutenant in Magruder's battery, and took part in General Scott's campaign from Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico. He was twice brevetted for good conduct at Churubusco and Chapultepec. He resigned from the army in 1851, on his election as professor of philosophy and artillery tactics in Virginia Military Institute. A few days after the secession of Virginia he took command of the troops that were collecting at Harper's Ferry, and when Virginia joined the Confederacy, a few weeks later, he was relieved by General Joseph E. Johnston, and then became commander of a brigade in Johnston's army, which rank he held at the battle of Bull Run. For his conduct on that occassion he was made major general, and in November, 1861, was assigned to the command of the district that included the Shenandoah Valley and the portion of Virginia northwest of it. In 1862 Jackson defeated Banks at Front Royal and Winchester, Fremont and McDowell at Cross Keys, Shields at Port Republic, Fitzjohn Porter at Gaines's Mill, Banks at Cedar Run and Pope at the second Bull Run. He invested and captured Harper's Ferry with 13,000 prisoners, and joined Lee at Antietam. He defeated Hooker at Chancellorsville, where he received his death wounds, accidentally, at the hands of his own men."— Frank Leslie, 1896

General Thomas J. Jackson

"General Stonewall Jackson, born in Clarkesburg, W. Va., January 21st, 1824, died at Chancellorsville,…

"The war in Tennessee. Hooker's Battle above the clouds, and capture of the Confederate position on Lookout Mountain, November 24th, 1863. The wild mountains of Tennessee, where nature reveals in producing the most fantastic forms, and piling rocks upon rocks, forms one of the mightiest ridges on the land, have been the scene of one of the most extraordinary battles in history; a battle fought with the mists and clouds rolling beneath the combatants, the flash and the roar of the guns appearing to the spectators in the plain below like the lightning and the thunder of heaven. By eight o'clock on Tuesday, November 24th, Hooker's column was moving up Lookout Valley, and, to the surprise of the enemy, disappeared in the woods south of Wauhatchie. But here, filing his troop to the left, General Hooker began the difficult task of the ascent of the mountain. The head of the column, having reached the palisades, went into line of battle facing to the north, and with the right resting against the palisades stretched down the mountain. Geary's division formed the front, with Greene's brigade of New York troops on the right. General Hooker then formed a second line of the two brigades of the Fourth Corps which had been sent him, placing Whittaker on the right and Grose on the left. General Osterhaus formed a third line, and held himself in readiness to aid any part of the line which might need it. Thus arranged, the corps was ordered forward, with a heavy line of skirmishers thrown out, and marching along the slope of the ridge, soon came upon the rear of the enemy, who were taken completely by surprise. Before those at the foot of the hill could comprehend the situation Colonel Ireland's skirmishers had penetrated far toward the point of the mountain, and got in a heavy fire upon the enemy, who were now trying to escape up the hill, while the Federals assaulted them from above. At the same time the Federal batteries on the Moccasin Point and those of the Confederates on Lookout Mountain opened a heavy fire upon each other, and soon the whole mountain was hid from the view in Chattanooga by the cloud of smoke which rose above and around it. The enemy made but little organized resistance, yet their skirmishers for a long time kept up a heavy fire from behind jutting rocks and from trees. Holding Ireland's right well against the palisades, Geary threw Kennedy forward on the left, and he, after being re-enforced by Grose, the enemy on the point of the mountain gradually gave way and fell back in some disorder to the line of breastworks on the east slope of the mountain, at Craven's House. General Geary swung around until his line was parallel with that of the enemy, and again advanced, but being met by organized and well-directed resistance, for a time recoiled. The enemy were now in strong position, Craven's House being the centre of a line of heavy breastworks; but they lacked numbers to man them, having lost severely. They were compelled to expose their right flank. Hooker then sent the Eighty-fourth and Seventy-fifth Illinois to hold the road across the mountain, and advanced on the enemy, with Geary on the right, Osterhaus on the left. Whittaker and Grose in the centre. Geary turned their left, as Osterhaus did the enemy's right, and then, with one charge of the whole line, Hooker carried the position."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Hooker's Battle

"The war in Tennessee. Hooker's Battle above the clouds, and capture of the Confederate position on…

"The operations near Washington, scene of the fight in front of Fort Stevens, July 12th-13th, 1864. When news of the Confederate invasion reached Grant he sent up to City Point the old Sixth Corps, that had so long battled under Sedgwick, whence they embarked for Washington. They went perhaps enjoying the scare of the Washington people, little suspecting that they were to have a brilliant little battle of their own under the eyes of the President. About six o'clock on the 12th the Confederates showed themselves coming down a declivity on both sides of Seventh Street road (Brookville Turnpike) into a little valley running across the road about a mile north of Fort Stevens. General Wright ordered a small brigade of infantry to clear out the enemy from his front. The dwelling on the hill opposite, shelter for sharpshooters, were preliminarily emptied by shells, which set them on fire- shells sent from Forts Massachusetts and Slocum. Then the Federal infantry rose, and, with a fanlike spreading to the right and left, dashed with hurrahs of delight at the two positions on each side of the Seventh Street road. The Confederates slid out of their rifle pits and leaped from behind their fences and trees, and raced. They did not stand a moment. A regiment of cavalry issued from a wood, seemingly Blair's, to the succor of their flying infantry and sharpshooters. The Federals halted to receive the troopers' charge, fired into them at close quarters, checked them, fired again, and kept firing. In three minutes neither Confederate cavalry nor infantry was in sight. The Federals double-quicked in line of battle over the crest of the heights, and disappeared in pursuit, with hurrahs and laughter, on the other wise, driving Rodes's and Gordon's divisions of Ewell's corps in headlong flight before them."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Fort Stevens

"The operations near Washington, scene of the fight in front of Fort Stevens, July 12th-13th, 1864.…

"The war in Louisiana. General Banks's army, in the advance on Shreveport, crossing Cane River, March 31st, 1864. Our sketch represents the Army of the gulf, under General Franklin, crossing Cane River by bridge and pontoons, on March 31st, 1864. The point sketched is about fifty-four miles above Alexandria. The battle at Cramps' Hill which followed is thus described by our correspondent: 'On the 2nd of April our cavalry advancing on Shreveport came upon the Confederates in force at Cramp's Hill, twenty-two miles from Nachitoches, where the roads to Manny and Pleasant Hill branch off. Major Bassford, being in the advance of Lucas's brigade, skirmished with the Confederates, who made a stand eight times, but could not hold their ground. The first line of our skirmishers was dismounted and the second mounted. After their repulse here the Confederates retired up the Manny road, pursued by Major Bassford. They made a stand and opened with artillery, but Rawles's battery silenced their guns and routed De Bray's Texas cavalry in confusion."— Frank Leslie, 1896

War in Louisiana

"The war in Louisiana. General Banks's army, in the advance on Shreveport, crossing Cane River, March…

"Sherman's Campaign in Georgia- the attack of the Fourteenth, Sixteenth and Twentieth Army Corps on Kenesaw Mountain, June 22nd, 1864. Kenesaw Mountain, a second Lookout among its fellows, is about four miles in length and some four hundred feet high, difficult of ascent, with spurs on the flanks, and presenting a most dignified appearance. Sherman resolved to flank it, and on June 22nd the corps of the right and left of his army advanced, the centre maintaining its position around and upon the base of the mountain in the teeth of a very heavy artillery fire from the Confederate batteries. The Twentieth and Twenty-third wheeled on the left to hem in the Confederates between the Federal line and the railroad. The Fourteenth Kentucky met the enemy first, who charged furiously to check the movement. Schofield and Hooker were, however, ready. Williams's division drove back the enemy with artillery alone, without the employment of a musket. Batteries I and M of the First New York had second position, which gave them a cross fire upon the Confederates as they advanced over an open field, and it proved entirely too hot for them. Again, about six o'clock, they made the same attempt, and were driven back still more rapidly by a combined fire of artillery and musketry, which must, from the openness of the ground, have proved very destructive. The Federal losses were slight. They did not exceed two hundred killed and wounded during the day, and one-quarter of this loss was suffered by the Fourteenth Kentucky."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Sherman's Campaign

"Sherman's Campaign in Georgia- the attack of the Fourteenth, Sixteenth and Twentieth Army Corps on…

"The war in Virginia- Sheridan's Great Battle with J. E. B. Stuart at Yellow Tavern, May 11th, 1864- the Confederate raider's last fight. We give a sketch, which our readers cannot fail to admire, of the battle of Yellow Tavern, May 11th, 1864, where General J. E. B. Stuart, whose fame began by a successful raid around McClellan, fell mortally wounded. Our correspondent wrote: 'We found the enemy very strongly entrenched behind fortifications composing the outer line of the Richmond defenses. The position was a strong one, being situated upon a hill, commanding our whole corps, and our preservation depended on our driving them out. General Sheridan was equal to the emergency. The enemy was already pursuing us closely in the rear. The general ordered Custer to take his gallant brigade and carry the position. General Custer placed himself at the head of his command, and with drawn sabres and deafening cheers charged directly in the face of a withering fire, captured two pieces of artillery, upward of one hundred prisoners, together with caissons, ammunition and horses, which he brought off in safety. It was, without exception, the most gallant charge of the raid, and when it became known among the corps cheer after cheer rent the air. The Confederates retreated behind the Chickahominy, destroying in their flight Meadow Bridge. In the rear, Colonel Gregg's brigade of the Second Division, under General Wilson, was hotly engaged with Stuart. General Wilson sent word to General Sheridan that the enemy were driving him slowly back. General Sheridan replied that he must hold the position at all hazards- that he could and must whip the enemy. Colonel Gregg's brigade being re-enforced by a regiment from the First Brigade, charged the enemy and drove them nearly a mile. The day was now ours. The enemy had disappeared from our front, and we succeeded in rebuilding the Meadow Bridge, and the First and Third Divisions crossed, covered by the Second Division which in turn withdrew and also crossed, without being annoyed by the enemy.' In a desperate charge at the head of a column the Confederate general Stuart fell mortally wounded."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Sheridan's Great Battle

"The war in Virginia- Sheridan's Great Battle with J. E. B. Stuart at Yellow Tavern, May 11th, 1864-…

"The war in Tennessee. Capture of Mission Ridge, near Rossville, by General Thomas, November 25th, 1863. Our correspondent thus graphically depicts this scene: 'Simultaneously and instantaneously the two, or rather four, columns rushed forward across the valley of Citco Creek and up to the line of the Confederate rifle pits that lined the base of Mission Ridge. These even did not claim their attention, nor did the two or three discharges of musketry which received them call for a reply. On they pushed with their glittering bayonets, signaling back a reply that startled the already dismayed foe. They abandoned the works and their camps, over and through which our men rushed with headlong speed and a velocity which of itself would have secured them victory. The enemy had opened on these columns a heavy fire from several batteries, which he had massed along his centre, to hide and in some measure remedy his now apparent weakness there. But these were only replied to by the guns of Captain Bridges on Orchard Knob and the deep-mouthed monsters of Fort Wood. The foot of the hill was reached by the advancing column in good order, and now began the difficult ascent. Half-way up, the line became broken and ragged, and it looked much as if a heavy line of skirmishers were mounting the hill. When they reached the top, and the Confederate artillerists were limbering up their pieces, the front line was no longer preserved, but the men pushed forward indiscriminately. The Confederate infantry fled and yielded up the artillery without further struggle. From below we could see the Confederate flag as it entered and passed through Fort Hindman, and gave place to that of the Union. In just three-quarters of an hour after the order was given for the assault General Turchin, of Baird's division, occupied Fort Hindman with two of his regiments, and was rapidly moving the others forward to their support. Generals Willich, Hazen and Waggener were reaping harvest of artillery. The hill was won at four o'clock, the enemy cut in two, and his organization for the time destroyed. As the hill was won, General Grant, following in the wake of the advancing column, appeared in their midst on the summit. The troops saw and recognized him, and at once there went up a shout such as only victorious men can give to a victorious leader.'"— Frank Leslie, 1896

War in Tennessee

"The war in Tennessee. Capture of Mission Ridge, near Rossville, by General Thomas, November 25th, 1863.…

"Siege of Petersburg- the Ninth Corps charging on the enemy's works after the explosion of the mine, July 30th, 1864. Immediately after the explosion of the mine a hundred cannons opened along the Federal front, and at half-past five the Ninth Corps charged, carrying the fort with a part of the line on each side. The Second Division, which was in the centre, advanced and carried the second line a short distance beyond the fort, and rested, holding ground with the utmost determination. It was at the time the [African American] Division, under General White, was pushed forward and ordered to charge and carry the crest of the hill, which would have decided the contest. The troops advanced in good order as far as the first line, where they received a galling fire, which checked them, and although quite a number kept on advancing, the greater number seemed to become utterly demoralized, part taking refuge in the fort, and the remainder running to the rear as fast as possible. They were rallied and again pushed forward, but without success, the greater part of the officers being killed or wounded."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Siege of Petersburg

"Siege of Petersburg- the Ninth Corps charging on the enemy's works after the explosion of the mine,…

"Sheridan's campaign in the valley of the Shenandoah- view of the front from the Federal lines on Jackson Hill, Va."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Jackson Hill

"Sheridan's campaign in the valley of the Shenandoah- view of the front from the Federal lines on Jackson…

"Major General Sheridan riding along the lines after the Battle of Fisher's Hills, Va., September 22nd, 1864. Our illustration representing General Sheridan riding along the lines after his victory at Fisher's Hill is indeed a spirited one. General Sheridan's whole force was soon in possession of the enemy's works, driving them like sheep. The Confederates threw down their arms and fled in confusion, abandoning most of their artillery, twenty pieces and 1,100 prisoners, with caissons and ammunition. General Sheridan was no boaster, but he was heard to say: 'I do not think there ever was an army so badly routed.' And the men who were thus beaten were the veterans whom Stonewall Jackson had so often led to battle in this very valley, who should have been inspired by past victory."— Frank Leslie, 1896

General Sheridan

"Major General Sheridan riding along the lines after the Battle of Fisher's Hills, Va., September 22nd,…

"The battlefield of Gettysburg- breastworks, Culp's Hill- Gettysburg in the distance."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Battlefield of Gettysburg

"The battlefield of Gettysburg- breastworks, Culp's Hill- Gettysburg in the distance."— Frank…

"General Mahone, born in Southampton County, Va., December 1st, 1826; died at Washington, D. C., October 8th, 1865. He was graduated at Virginia Military institute in 1847, and, until the beginning of the Civil War, engaged in engineering. H joined the Confederate army in 1861, took part in the capture of Norfolk Navy Yard in April of that year, raised and commanded the Sixth Virginia Regiment, was engaged in most of the battles of the peninsula campaign, those on the Rappahannock, and those around Petersburg. He was commissioned brigadier general in March, 1864, and major general in August of the same year. He subsequently led a division in Ambrose T. Hill's corps, and at Lee's surrender was at Bermuda Hundred."— Frank Leslie, 1896

General William Mahone

"General Mahone, born in Southampton County, Va., December 1st, 1826; died at Washington, D. C., October…

Cross section of the anatomy of a pea blossom.

Pea blossom

Cross section of the anatomy of a pea blossom.

Cross-section of a bean seed, showing the cotyledon, plumule, and caulicle.

Bean seed

Cross-section of a bean seed, showing the cotyledon, plumule, and caulicle.

Cross-section of a kernel of corn. Food is stored in the cotyledon and in the endosperm which surrounds the embryo.

Kernel of Corn

Cross-section of a kernel of corn. Food is stored in the cotyledon and in the endosperm which surrounds…

Cross section of a leaf, showing the breathing pores and intercellular spaces. The small dots are grains of chlorophyll.

Cross-section of a leaf

Cross section of a leaf, showing the breathing pores and intercellular spaces. The small dots are grains…