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"In water—lining a stream of varying width, the lines are not to be crowded so as to be carried through the narrow portions, but corresponding lines should be brought together in the middle of the stream as illustrated. Care should be taken to avoid any spots of sudden increase or decrease." —French, 1911

Water Lining Map Topography

"In water—lining a stream of varying width, the lines are not to be crowded so as to be carried…

A toilet that disposes of the waste by using water to flush it through a drainpipe to another location.

Flushing Device for Water Closet

A toilet that disposes of the waste by using water to flush it through a drainpipe to another location.

Ford Topography Symbols

Embankment, or wall with roadway holding water back, topographic symbol commonly used in drafting and map making.

Embankment Topography Symbols

Embankment, or wall with roadway holding water back, topographic symbol commonly used in drafting and…

A levee, slope or wall preventing water flood, topographic symbol used in drafting and map making.

Levee Topography Symbols

A levee, slope or wall preventing water flood, topographic symbol used in drafting and map making.

Dredging is an excavation activity or operation usually carried out at least partly underwater, in shallow seas or fresh water areas with the purpose of gathering up bottom sediments and disposing of them at a different location.

Excavating Purpose Dredger

Dredging is an excavation activity or operation usually carried out at least partly underwater, in shallow…

A life buoy, is a life saving buoy designed to be thrown to a person in the water, to provide buoyancy, to prevent drowning.

Life Buoy

A life buoy, is a life saving buoy designed to be thrown to a person in the water, to provide buoyancy,…

A series of topographical symbols for water features commonly used in drafting and map drawing.

Water Features Topography Symbol

A series of topographical symbols for water features commonly used in drafting and map drawing.

Topography symbol commonly used in drafting and map drawing for streams.

Streams Topography Symbol

Topography symbol commonly used in drafting and map drawing for streams.

A commonly used drafting and map drawing conventional symbol for falls and rapids.

Falls and Rapids Topography Symbol

A commonly used drafting and map drawing conventional symbol for falls and rapids.

A water lock conventional symbol used in map drawing and drafting. A lock is used to lower or raise water level to transport boats.

Water Feature Lock Topography Symbol

A water lock conventional symbol used in map drawing and drafting. A lock is used to lower or raise…

A conventional drafting and map drawing topographical symbol for canals.

Canal Topography Symbol

A conventional drafting and map drawing topographical symbol for canals.

A common topography symbol for lakes and ponds used in drawing maps and drafting.

Lakes and Ponds Topography Symbol

A common topography symbol for lakes and ponds used in drawing maps and drafting.

Topography symbol for dry lake conventionally used in map drawing and drafting.

Dry Lake Topography Symbol

Topography symbol for dry lake conventionally used in map drawing and drafting.

A submarine contour, underwater low elevation, conventional topographic symbol used for drafting and map drawing.

Submarine Contours Topography Symbol

A submarine contour, underwater low elevation, conventional topographic symbol used for drafting and…

A conventional glacier topography symbol commonly used in drafting and map drawing.

Glaciers Topography Symbol

A conventional glacier topography symbol commonly used in drafting and map drawing.

Topography map symbol for fresh water marsh used in drafting and map drawing.

Fresh Water Marsh Topography Symbol

Topography map symbol for fresh water marsh used in drafting and map drawing.

A conventional topographical water feature for salt water marsh used in drafting and map drawing.

Salt Water Marsh Topography Symbol

A conventional topographical water feature for salt water marsh used in drafting and map drawing.

Conventional topography symbol for submerged marsh used in drafting and map drawing.

Submerged Marsh Topography Symbol

Conventional topography symbol for submerged marsh used in drafting and map drawing.

A tidal flat topography conventional symbol commonly used in drafting and map drawing.

Tidal Flat Topography Symbol

A tidal flat topography conventional symbol commonly used in drafting and map drawing.

A blue print frame used to make copies of mechanical drawing. The process is done by exposing a sensitized paper in contact with the tracing paper to the light source in the frame. A chemical reaction takes place when washing with water to create a strong blue color, creating the image.

Blue Print Frame

A blue print frame used to make copies of mechanical drawing. The process is done by exposing a sensitized…

One sort of pump once common worldwide was a hand-powered water pump over a water well where people could work it to extract water, before most houses had individual water supplies.

Hand Operated Pump

One sort of pump once common worldwide was a hand-powered water pump over a water well where people…

The hardening process for drop hammer dies is done by containing the hardening liquid, usually water, is contained in a containment vessel. The liquid is pumped into the container to cool the metal.

Hardening Dies for Drop Hammers

The hardening process for drop hammer dies is done by containing the hardening liquid, usually water,…

A method to cool a large number of steel during the hardening process. The top barrel A drains the water into barrel B, then the overflow from barrel B goes is directed into barrel C. The pump transfers back the overflow back into barrel A using a pipe.

Cooling Water for Hardening Steel

A method to cool a large number of steel during the hardening process. The top barrel A drains the water…

A propeller is a type of fan which transmits power by converting rotational motion into thrust. A pressure difference is produced between the forward and rear surfaces of the airfoil-shaped blade, and air or water is accelerated behind the blade.

Dual Wing Aerial Propeller

A propeller is a type of fan which transmits power by converting rotational motion into thrust. A pressure…

Water heating is a thermodynamic process using an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water are for cooking, cleaning, bathing, and space heating. In industry, both hot water and water heated to steam have many uses.

Rotary Water Heater

Water heating is a thermodynamic process using an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature.…

A fire hydrant is an active fire protection measure, and a source of water provided in most urban, and rural areas with municipal water service to enable firefighters to tap into municipal water supply to assist in extinguishing a fire.

Fire Hydrant

A fire hydrant is an active fire protection measure, and a source of water provided in most urban, and…

This water fountain features multiple levels of filtration to provide water of the utmost sanitation.

Sanitary Drinking Fountain

This water fountain features multiple levels of filtration to provide water of the utmost sanitation.

This is a siphon bottle, or a device used to dispense soda water.

Siphon Bottle

This is a siphon bottle, or a device used to dispense soda water.

This water heater is an appliance which uses thermodynamics to heat water above its initial temperature.

Water Heater

This water heater is an appliance which uses thermodynamics to heat water above its initial temperature.

An illustration of a compression machine. As piston A is pushes ammonia gas through the condenser B and vaporizer C. The condenser cools the ammonia to liquid in the coil with running water. The cooled ammonia travels through the valve D to be heated in vaporizer C.

Ammonia Cycle Compression Machine with Vaporizer and Condenser

An illustration of a compression machine. As piston A is pushes ammonia gas through the condenser B…

An absorption machine with ammonia and water mixing. The generator B heats the ammonia and water mixture with a furnace into the condenser. The mixture, traveling in coils, is cooled with running water into the refrigerator I. The cooled vapor is absorbed into cold water in absorber tank A.

Ammonia and Water Cycle Absorption Machine with Condenser and Tank

An absorption machine with ammonia and water mixing. The generator B heats the ammonia and water mixture…

"After thorough drying, the air to be liquefied enters through the pipe a, and in the compresor C is compressed to about 200 atmospheres. R is a water cooler, to remove the heat of compression. The air thus cooled and strongly compressed passes down through the inner tube of the helical coil H to a valve below." —Derr, 1911

Air Liquefaction Machine

"After thorough drying, the air to be liquefied enters through the pipe a, and in the compresor C is…

Two vessels from the Thomas Savery first steam engine. The right tank fills up with water while the left fills up with steam to create a pressure in the vessel. At certain pressure, the lever lets cools the right vessel by pumping the water out of it.

Two Vessels from Thomas Savery First Steam Engine

Two vessels from the Thomas Savery first steam engine. The right tank fills up with water while the…

An illustration of Newcomen atmospheric steam engine. The boiler heats the water to build up steam in the piston. While the steam lever closes, the water is let in, and the piston compresses the steam to generate energy. The compressed steam turns to liquid, and opens the steam valve.

Newcomen Atmospheric Steam Engine

An illustration of Newcomen atmospheric steam engine. The boiler heats the water to build up steam in…

The illustration showing Watt's final steam engine design. The engine is fitted with series of rods to guide the in a straight line. James Watt and William Murdoch invented the throttle valve, centrifugal valve, regulator, and slide valve to improve on the steam engine.

Watt's Final Steam Engine Design

The illustration showing Watt's final steam engine design. The engine is fitted with series of rods…

"The direct—acting steam pump has the steam piston at one end of a rod and the water position at the other end. The steam pressure acts directly on the piston; no fly light, and there is no revolving mass to carry by the dead points." —Derr, 1911

Direct Acting Steam Pump

"The direct—acting steam pump has the steam piston at one end of a rod and the water position…

An illustration of the water entering and exiting the condenser through pump. The cooling water enters the circulating pump R, exiting at pipe M. The steam enters at pipe S, and is cooled, or condensed. The condensed steam enters pump B, removing the air in the system.

Steam Engine Condenser with Pumps

An illustration of the water entering and exiting the condenser through pump. The cooling water enters…

A sliced view of a jet condenser with pump. The steam enters at D, while cold water enters at A. The steam and water mixes in E, then enters the pump chamber F. The water mixture is pumped out of the system through pipe G.

Steam Engine Jet Condenser with Pump

A sliced view of a jet condenser with pump. The steam enters at D, while cold water enters at A. The…

An illustration showing the application of a jet condenser to pump a well. The steam enters the engine and leaves as exhaust. The exhaust steam is cooled by the well water in the jet condenser, then gets pumped into a separator. One stream exits into the sewer, and the remainder is pumped to the boiler as liquid and recycled into the condenser as steam.

Application of Steam Engine Jet Condenser used to Pump Well Water

An illustration showing the application of a jet condenser to pump a well. The steam enters the engine…

"A small skip; the upper illustration showing position for dumping. The lower cut is of a skip for either ore or water; note valve in bottom. Hoisting buckets or kibbles are employed for small scale work or temporary service, such as raising the material blasted in sinking shafts."—Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1910

Ore and Water Skips for Inclined Shaft

"A small skip; the upper illustration showing position for dumping. The lower cut is of a skip for either…

A diagram illustrating cooling steam exhaust of steam engine using a water tower. The water is pumped out of the water tower using a motor into the condenser. The steam enters the condenser to be cooled by the water flowing by the adjacent pipe.

Water Tower Condenser Steam Cooling System in Engine Room

A diagram illustrating cooling steam exhaust of steam engine using a water tower. The water is pumped…

A side and inside view of the superheated steam vehicle. Water is heated by a heat transferred by the fuel in the front casing of the vehicle. The steam is transferred to the piston, underneath the vehicle, to be compressed and expanded. The piston shaft is moves the bar connected to the wheel to operate the vehicle.

Side and Inside View of Steam Operated Vehicle

A side and inside view of the superheated steam vehicle. Water is heated by a heat transferred by the…

An illustration of a steam wagon with a transmission with two side chains. The boiler is located on at the front, while the water tank is on the bottom back. The chain connects the back wheel and the engine.

Steam Wagon with Two Side Chains Transmitting Drive

An illustration of a steam wagon with a transmission with two side chains. The boiler is located on…

A Yorkshire steam wagon transverse boiler. Water is continuously enters the large cylindrical container. The water heating is provided by burning coal in the furnance.

Yorkshire Steam Wagon Transverse Boiler

A Yorkshire steam wagon transverse boiler. Water is continuously enters the large cylindrical container.…

A superheated steam tractor built by Colonel Crompton. The boiler, located in the front, heats the water, then the steam enters the piston near the rear wheel. The large rear wheel is connected to the gears by a drive chain.

Colonel Crompton's Superheated Steam Tractor

A superheated steam tractor built by Colonel Crompton. The boiler, located in the front, heats the water,…

Any of various devices that regulate the flow of gases, liquids, or loose materials through piping or through apertures by opening, closing, or obstructing ports or passageways.

Water Distribution Valve

Any of various devices that regulate the flow of gases, liquids, or loose materials through piping or…

A six cylinder fire engine with Gwynne centrifugal pump by Dennis Brothers Ltd. The engine have a retractable ladder, a bell in the front passenger, and hoses to connect to the pump. The pump is constructed with a turning circular disc inside to force the water flow out of the source.

Dennis Six Cylinder Fire Engine with Centrifugal Pump

A six cylinder fire engine with Gwynne centrifugal pump by Dennis Brothers Ltd. The engine have a retractable…

A Halley six cylinder fire engine with centrifugal pump. The fire engine pumps water from the tank in the back to put fire out with the junction hose (located on the side of the vehicle).

Six Cylinder Halley Fire Engine with centrifugal pump

A Halley six cylinder fire engine with centrifugal pump. The fire engine pumps water from the tank in…

A side view of Barford and Perkins water—ballast rollers. The vehicle operated using an internal combustion engine to turn the back tires by a drive chain and stopped by turning the wheel on the right. A stirring chain was connected from the front rollers to the large wheel.

Side View of Barford and Perkins Water Ballast Rollers

A side view of Barford and Perkins water—ballast rollers. The vehicle operated using an internal…

An internal combustible Barford and Perkins water ballast rollers chassis. The fuel tank is located directly in front the driver. The lever is connected to the gear box.

Chassis of Barford and Perkins Water Ballast Rollers

An internal combustible Barford and Perkins water ballast rollers chassis. The fuel tank is located…

A machine for propelling an aircraft or boat, consisting of a power-driven shaft with radiating blades that are placed so as to thrust air or water in a desired direction when spinning.

Boat Steer and Propeller

A machine for propelling an aircraft or boat, consisting of a power-driven shaft with radiating blades…

A guard over each wheel of a motor vehicle, for example, that is shaped and positioned so as to block the splashing of water or mud.

Vehicle Fender

A guard over each wheel of a motor vehicle, for example, that is shaped and positioned so as to block…

A shield over or behind a vehicle's wheel to prevent mud or water from splashing onto that vehicle or a following vehicle. Also called splashguard.

Mud Guard

A shield over or behind a vehicle's wheel to prevent mud or water from splashing onto that vehicle or…

A Marshall's agricultural hydraulic gear tractor. The fuel tank is located on the bottom back of the tractor, while the water tank is under the driver's seat. The back wheel is turned by the engine.

Marshall's Agricultural Hydraulic Gear Tractor

A Marshall's agricultural hydraulic gear tractor. The fuel tank is located on the bottom back of the…

A device equipped with a nozzle that when activated provides a stream of drinking water for public use.

Drinking Fountain

A device equipped with a nozzle that when activated provides a stream of drinking water for public use.

"In this machine a petrol or paraffin engine drives a water—ballast roller through the medium of a clutch, a simple form of change—speed gear—box, and a single roller chain. The leading roller, by which steering is effected, is also filled with water, in order to obtain the dead weight necessary for rolling." —Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1910

Thornycroft Military Oil Tractor

"In this machine a petrol or paraffin engine drives a water—ballast roller through the medium…

An illustration of thermodynamic vaporization of water in a cylinder with piston. The cylinder filled with water is heated, and gradually turns into the vapor. As the water is heated, the piston moves up the cylinder. Cylinder B is saturated vapor, system with vapor and liquid, while the cylinder C is superheated vapor, containing only gas.

Thermodynamic Vaporization Diagram using Water in Cylinder with Piston

An illustration of thermodynamic vaporization of water in a cylinder with piston. The cylinder filled…

A piston system from a quadruple expansion engine showing the movement of steam. Steam first enters the first piston, then expanded into the first intermediate piston. This pushes the piston down, then the steam enters the second intermediate to push the piston up. The steam then enters the low piston, where the steam exits the system.

Quadruple Expansion Engine Piston

A piston system from a quadruple expansion engine showing the movement of steam. Steam first enters…

An illustration of a Lace-Leaf plant also known as a Lattice Leaf or Lace Plant. The Lace-Leaf plant is an aquatic plant with oblong leaf blades measuring up to 65 cm. The leaves of the plant lay beneath the water and are purely skeletal, with not tissue. The flowers grow above the water's surface.

Lace-leaf Plant

An illustration of a Lace-Leaf plant also known as a Lattice Leaf or Lace Plant. The Lace-Leaf plant…