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The Roman candelabrum shaft is a design made out of marble. It is richly decorated with foliage and human figures.

Roman Candelabrum Shaft

The Roman candelabrum shaft is a design made out of marble. It is richly decorated with foliage and…

The Roman candelabrum capital is made out of marble and terminates with a plate or table on top.

Roman Candelabrum Capital

The Roman candelabrum capital is made out of marble and terminates with a plate or table on top.

The Renaissance candelabrum capital is made out of marble and terminates with a plate or table on top. It is intended for candles.

Renaissance Candelabrum Capital

The Renaissance candelabrum capital is made out of marble and terminates with a plate or table on top.…

The three-legged table trapezophoron is a Roman design . The legs of the table are made out marble and the table-top is a mosaic.

Three-Legged Table Trapezophoron

The three-legged table trapezophoron is a Roman design . The legs of the table are made out marble and…

The Roman table support Trapezophoron is a marble design of a lion head and claw.

Roman Table Support Trapezophoron

The Roman table support Trapezophoron is a marble design of a lion head and claw.

The support of Roman table Trapezophoron is a shown in the front view and side view. It is found in the atrium of the house of Cornelius Rufus in Pompeii, Rome.

Support of Roman Table Trapezophoron

The support of Roman table Trapezophoron is a shown in the front view and side view. It is found in…

The Roman table support trapezophoron is a marble design of a Lynx head and claw.

Roman Table Support Trapezophoron

The Roman table support trapezophoron is a marble design of a Lynx head and claw.

The Roman table support trapezophoron is a marble design of a Lynx head and claw.

Roman Table Support Trapezophoron

The Roman table support trapezophoron is a marble design of a Lynx head and claw.

The Roman table support Trapezophoron is a marble design of a panther head and claw.

Roman Table Support Trapezophoron

The Roman table support Trapezophoron is a marble design of a panther head and claw.

The Roman table support Trapezophoron is a marble design of a panther head and claw.

Roman Table Support Trapezophoron

The Roman table support Trapezophoron is a marble design of a panther head and claw.

The Roman table support Trapezophoron is a marble design of a lion head and claw.

Roman Table Support Trapezophoron

The Roman table support Trapezophoron is a marble design of a lion head and claw.

The Roman table-support trapezophoron is shown from the front view and side view. It is made out of marble and has a design of eros garbed with nebris in panther's claws.

Roman Table-Support Trapezophoron

The Roman table-support trapezophoron is shown from the front view and side view. It is made out of…

The Roman table support Trapezophoron is made out of marble.

Roman Table Support Trapezophoron

The Roman table support Trapezophoron is made out of marble.

The Roman table support Trapezophoron is made out of marble.

Roman Table Support Trapezophoron

The Roman table support Trapezophoron is made out of marble.

This Roman console is shown in the front and side view. It is a design that includes two decorative swans found at the Vatican in Rome, Italy.

Roman Console

This Roman console is shown in the front and side view. It is a design that includes two decorative…

This Roman console is shown in its front and side view. It is found in the Temple of Jupiter Stator in Rome, Italy.

Roman Console

This Roman console is shown in its front and side view. It is found in the Temple of Jupiter Stator…

This Roman console is shown in its front and side view. It is found in the Vatican, Rome, Italy.

Roman Console

This Roman console is shown in its front and side view. It is found in the Vatican, Rome, Italy.

The Roman square panels is an 1879 bas-relief design found near the Tiber river in Rome, Italy. This panel is divided into eight equal spaces that are decorated with a repeated design.

Roman Square Panel

The Roman square panels is an 1879 bas-relief design found near the Tiber river in Rome, Italy. This…

This Roman square panel is a mosaic pavement design.

Roman Square Panel

This Roman square panel is a mosaic pavement design.

The Roman Bisellium Stool also called the Roman double stool, was made of bronze but did not have a seat covering. Its origin was Pompeii.

Roman Bisellium Stool

The Roman Bisellium Stool also called the Roman double stool, was made of bronze but did not have a…

This German Typographical frame is a tablet from the triumphal entry of the Emperor Maximilian. It was designed between 1473-1531.

German Typographical Frame

This German Typographical frame is a tablet from the triumphal entry of the Emperor Maximilian. It was…

The Roman earring is light in weight, usually made out of precious metals, in sheet or wire filigree.

Roman Earring

The Roman earring is light in weight, usually made out of precious metals, in sheet or wire filigree.

In these Etruscan buildings traces are to be found of the arch; as, for instance, in the Gate of Volterra and other gates at Perugia; so also in the Cloacæ at Rome, of which the Cloaca Maxima is 20 feet broad. These are sewers which were intended to render the marshy district between the hills of Rome inhabitable. They were constructed in the reign of Tarquinius Superbus, at the beginning of the sixth century B.C.

Etruscan Arch at Perugia

In these Etruscan buildings traces are to be found of the arch; as, for instance, in the Gate of Volterra…

In these Etruscan buildings traces are to be found of the arch; as, for instance, in the Gate of Volterra and other gates at Perugia; so also in the Cloacæ at Rome, of which the Cloaca Maxima is 20 feet broad. These are sewers which were intended to render the marshy district between the hills of Rome inhabitable. They were constructed in the reign of Tarquinius Superbus, at the beginning of the sixth century B.C.

The Cloaca Maxima at Rome

In these Etruscan buildings traces are to be found of the arch; as, for instance, in the Gate of Volterra…

The most interesting monuments of Etruscan architecture which have been preserved are the tombs. They are for the most part chambers hewn in the rock, and supported by square piers. The tombs were either subterranean, and had an entrance façade hewn out of the rock, or they assume the shape of tumuli, which had one or more conical elevations resting on a superstructure.

Tumuli

The most interesting monuments of Etruscan architecture which have been preserved are the tombs. They…

The most interesting monuments of Etruscan architecture which have been preserved are the tombs. They are for the most part chambers hewn in the rock, and supported by square piers. The tombs were either subterranean, and had an entrance façade hewn out of the rock, or they assume the shape of tumuli, which had one or more conical elevations resting on a superstructure. Sometimes these tombs are quadrangular with a pyramidal superstructure

Etruscan Tomb at Castel d'Asso

The most interesting monuments of Etruscan architecture which have been preserved are the tombs. They…

Simple styles, such as the Doric, which accorded so intimately with the whole disposition of the Grecian temple, and the Ionic, were but rarely used; whilst, on the other hand, the Corinthian order was extremely prevalent, for it corresponded to the desire for splendor and magnificence. This order was employed, not, as among the Greeks, in small dimensions, but on the largest scale.

Corinthian Entablature from the Nerva at Rome

Simple styles, such as the Doric, which accorded so intimately with the whole disposition of the Grecian…

The Maison Carr&eacute;e at N&icirc;mes in southern France is one of the best preserved temples to be found anywhere in the territory of the former Roman Empire. It was built c. 16 <small>BC</small> by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, who was also the original patron of the Pantheon in Rome, and was dedicated to his two sons, Gaius Julius Caesar and Lucius Caesar, adopted heirs of Augustus who both died young.

Maison Carrée

The Maison Carrée at Nîmes in southern France is one of the best preserved temples to be…

Roman arches were, as a rule, ornamented with sunken panels of various shapes, in which were introduced rosettes and colored devices; though sometimes the arch was smooth and covered with paintings.

Ornament of a Vaulted Roof

Roman arches were, as a rule, ornamented with sunken panels of various shapes, in which were introduced…

Roman arches were, as a rule, ornamented with sunken panels of various shapes, in which were introduced rosettes and colored devices; though sometimes the arch was smooth and covered with paintings.

Ornament of a Vaulted Roof

Roman arches were, as a rule, ornamented with sunken panels of various shapes, in which were introduced…

An illustration of a Romanesque capitals from the cloister of Monreale near Palermo, Sicily. In several traditions of architecture including Classical architecture, the capital (from the Latin caput, 'head') forms the crowning member of a column or a pilaster. The capital projects on each side as it rises, in order to support the abacus and unite the form of the latter (normally square) with the circular shaft of the column.

Romanesque Capitals

An illustration of a Romanesque capitals from the cloister of Monreale near Palermo, Sicily. In several…

The obverse side of the dupondius, "a Roman bronze coin, of the value of 2 asses." -Whitney, 1911

Dupondius, Obverse

The obverse side of the dupondius, "a Roman bronze coin, of the value of 2 asses." -Whitney, 1911

The reverse side of the dupondius, "a Roman bronze coin, of the value of 2 asses." -Whitney, 1911

Dupondius, Revers

The reverse side of the dupondius, "a Roman bronze coin, of the value of 2 asses." -Whitney, 1911

"The most important and most beautiful of circular buildings without columns surrounding it is the Pantheon at Rome, which was completed in the reign of Augustus, in the year 25 A.D."

Façade of the Pantheon at Rome

"The most important and most beautiful of circular buildings without columns surrounding it is the Pantheon…

An illustration of the floor plan of Sens Cathedral. Sens Cathedral, Cathedral of St. &Eacute;tienne or St. Stephen's Cathedral, Sens (Cath&eacute;drale Saint-&Eacute;tienne de Sens) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Sens, Bourgogne. One of the earliest Gothic buildings in France, it was begun in 1140 and belongs mainly to the 12th century, but was not complete until early in the 16th century. The architecture of its choir influenced, through the architect William of Sens, that of the choir of Canterbury Cathedral.

Sens Cathedral

An illustration of the floor plan of Sens Cathedral. Sens Cathedral, Cathedral of St. Étienne…

"The most important and most beautiful of circular buildings without columns surrounding it is the Pantheon at Rome, which was completed in the reign of Augustus, in the year 25 A.D."

Interior of the Pantheon at Rome

"The most important and most beautiful of circular buildings without columns surrounding it is the Pantheon…

The construction of arches and vaults did not remain confined to the interior of buildings, but imparted its own expression to the architecture of the exterior also; for the shape of openings became circular instead of square, although they were surrounded by half-columns gave a rectilinear finish to the whole.

Architecture of the Colosseum

The construction of arches and vaults did not remain confined to the interior of buildings, but imparted…

"Roman Ovolo Molding, with Pearl Beading. The ornamentation had to correspond with the massive character of Roman architecture, and consequently became more massive and more copious itself."

Roman Astragal

"Roman Ovolo Molding, with Pearl Beading. The ornamentation had to correspond with the massive character…

"Ornamented Roman Astragal. The ornamentation had to correspond with the massive character of Roman architecture, and consequently became more massive and more copious itself."

Roman Astragal

"Ornamented Roman Astragal. The ornamentation had to correspond with the massive character of Roman…

"Ornamented Cornice with Pearl Beading. The ornamentation had to correspond with the massive character of Roman architecture, and consequently became more massive and more copious itself."

Roman Cornice

"Ornamented Cornice with Pearl Beading. The ornamentation had to correspond with the massive character…

"Richly Ornamented Roman Ovolo. The ornamentation had to correspond with the massive character of Roman architecture, and consequently became more massive and more copious itself."

Roman Cornice

"Richly Ornamented Roman Ovolo. The ornamentation had to correspond with the massive character of Roman…

"Fragment of an Ancient Roman Frieze. The ornamentation had to correspond with the massive character of Roman architecture, and consequently became more massive and more copious itself. This is an example of enrichment of which vegetable objects were the model."

Ancient Roman Frieze

"Fragment of an Ancient Roman Frieze. The ornamentation had to correspond with the massive character…

"Triumphal arches from a class apart among the monuments of Roman architecture. It was an early custom for victorious generals to make a triumphal entry into the city, during which were displayed the spoils of war in the shape of arms, temple vessels, jewels and more. Larger triumphal arches had a smaller passage on each side, besides the main entrance."

Arch of Constantine

"Triumphal arches from a class apart among the monuments of Roman architecture. It was an early custom…

"The usual form of independent monumental tombs was a ponderous tower-shaped block, sometimes square, and sometimes round, with a quadrangular substructure; as, for instance, the tomb of Cæcilia Metella at Rome, which belongs to the time of Julius Cæsar, and which was used in the Middle Ages as a fortress, with battlements added to it.

Tomb of Cæcilia Metella

"The usual form of independent monumental tombs was a ponderous tower-shaped block, sometimes square,…

"For tombs of smaller dimensions various forms and abnormal decorations were employed. An ornamented erection of a shape similar to an altar or a temple, and resting on a solid substructure, is a by no means uncommon form. Many tombs are constructed like real temples, while others consist only of simple columns."

Tomb of Nævoleia Tyche at Pompeii

"For tombs of smaller dimensions various forms and abnormal decorations were employed. An ornamented…

"For tombs of smaller dimensions various forms and abnormal decorations were employed. An ornamented erection of a shape similar to an altar or a temple, and resting on a solid substructure, is a by no means uncommon form. Many tombs are constructed like real temples, while others consist only of simple columns. These tombs were generally erected in rows along the main roads before the entrance to a town, so as to form a street of tombs, an arrangement which is still to be seen at Pompeii."

Street of Tombs at Pompeii

"For tombs of smaller dimensions various forms and abnormal decorations were employed. An ornamented…

"The theatre was essentially like the Grecian in its arrangement; it formed a semicircle with seats rising in the form of an amphitheatre for the spectators, at the chord of which was the stage, with its permanent decorations."

Ground Plan of the Theatre at Pompeii

"The theatre was essentially like the Grecian in its arrangement; it formed a semicircle with seats…

"Elevation and Section of the Tiers of Seats and Substructure of the same from the Colosseum at Rome. The whole mass of the rows of seats was supported by a solid substructure of piers and arches, which formed passages of three stories one above the other, retaining the circular form of the building; whilst externally they formed arcades, which were surrounded with half-columns or piers with entablatures over them. The exterior of the straight portion of the building, which contained the stage and some chambers connected with it, was generally surrounded by a portico. The theaters were either open, or were protected against the sun and rain by an awning stretched over them."

Elevation and Section of the Colosseum

"Elevation and Section of the Tiers of Seats and Substructure of the same from the Colosseum at Rome.…

"Ground Plan of the Colosseum at Rome, with representation of the Tiers of Seats, and of the Substructure. The shape of the amphitheatre was borrowed from that of the theatre. Since no stage was necessary, and with a view to securing as many rows of seats as possible, the semicircular form of the theatre was done away with, and the whole became a circle, or rather an ellipse, which was afterwards the recognized shape for all buildings of this nature, whether at Rome or in the provinces."

Ground Plan of the Colosseum

"Ground Plan of the Colosseum at Rome, with representation of the Tiers of Seats, and of the Substructure.…

"Part of a Roman Aqueduct. Aqueducts form one of the most characteristic features of Roman architecture. Although these simple successions of gigantic arches, which stretch for miles, have no pretensions to artistic beauty, yet their wonderful size and extent bear witness to the vast conceptions of Roman genius."

Roman Aqueduct

"Part of a Roman Aqueduct. Aqueducts form one of the most characteristic features of Roman architecture.…

The Temple of Hephaestus and Athena Ergane, also known as the Hephaisteion or Theseion, is the best preserved ancient Greek temple. It is a Doric order peripteral temple, located at the north-west side of the Agora of Athens, on top of the Agoraios Kolonos hill. From the 7th century until 1834, it served as the Greek Orthodox church of St. George Akamates.

Temple of Theseus

The Temple of Hephaestus and Athena Ergane, also known as the Hephaisteion or Theseion, is the best…

"Fragment of the Entrance-Fa&ccedil;ade of the Palace of Diocletian at Spalatro. The tendency of the period of decadence is particularly illustrated by the introduction of small shafts resting on brackets, which serve no other purpose than to adorn and enliven the fa&ccedil;ade. Between these small shafts are alternate windows, with a semicircular head and niches of various shapes.

Entrance Façade of Diocletian's Palace

"Fragment of the Entrance-Façade of the Palace of Diocletian at Spalatro. The tendency of the…

"Section and Interior View of the five-aisled Basilica of S. Pietro at Rome, before its restoration. Large basilicas sometimes have as many as five aisles &mdash; namely, a main-aisle in the middle, and two lower aisles on each side."

Old St. Peter's Basilica

"Section and Interior View of the five-aisled Basilica of S. Pietro at Rome, before its restoration.…

"Profile and view from beneath of the Rafters in the Christian Basilica of San Miniato at Florence. The roofing of the basilicas consisted of beams with a flat paneling, which was richly gilt in earlier times, or the rafters of the timberworks were left without a casing, and were ornamented with colorful embellishments."

Profile of San Miniato al Monte

"Profile and view from beneath of the Rafters in the Christian Basilica of San Miniato at Florence.…

"Tower of the Early Christian Basilica of S. Maria in Cosmedin at Rome." Santa Maria in Cosmedin (or de Schola Graeca) is a basilica church in Rome. The church was built in the 6th century over the remains of the Templum Herculis Pompeiani in the Forum Boarium and of the Statio annonae, one of the food distribution centres of ancient Rome.

Tower of Santa Maria in Cosmedin

"Tower of the Early Christian Basilica of S. Maria in Cosmedin at Rome." Santa Maria in Cosmedin (or…

"Section of the Church of S. Constantia at Rome. The simplest desctiptions of this kind of building are the baptistries, for which the ancient Thermæ furnished models. They generally have a circular or octagonal ground plan, a main space covered with a round or polygonal dome, and a circular passage separated therefrom by pillars in the same way that the side aisles are separated from the main aisle in basilicas. Sometimes they were without this passage, and only had galleries running round the interior like boxes in a theater. These buildings were generally constructed in the vicinity of cathedrals.

Santa Costanza

"Section of the Church of S. Constantia at Rome. The simplest desctiptions of this kind of building…

The Roman oblong panel has a freer palmette design.

Roman Oblong Panel

The Roman oblong panel has a freer palmette design.

This Roman oblong panel is at the underside of the architrave (moulded band) of the Temple of Vespasian in Rome, Italy.

Roman Oblong Panel

This Roman oblong panel is at the underside of the architrave (moulded band) of the Temple of Vespasian…

The Roman lunette panel is a semicircle typically found on door-head.

Roman Lunette Panel

The Roman lunette panel is a semicircle typically found on door-head.

Roman mosaic pattern of interlocking circles.

Roman Mosaic Circle Pattern

Roman mosaic pattern of interlocking circles.