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"Bat is the common name of all animals of the class mammalia which are furnished with true wings, and so are capable of really flying or propelling themselves in the air. Bats are now generally placed by naturalists in the order cheiroptera, although, like many other animals of that great order, most of them are by no means exclusively carnivorous. Upward of 130 species have been described, and there is great probability that the actual number existing is very much greater."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Long-Eared Bat

"Bat is the common name of all animals of the class mammalia which are furnished with true wings, and…

"They carry the air required for their respiration in a space left for this purpose between the wings and the back. They are very active and predaceous animals, and when captures, some of them often inflict a painful wound with their powerful rostru,. Several species may be met with in almost any piece of water." — Goodrich, 1859

Boat Fly

"They carry the air required for their respiration in a space left for this purpose between the wings…

"Blow Fly is the name popularly given to such two winged flies as deposit eggs in the flesh of animals, thus making tumors arise. Several species of musca do this, so do breeze flies, etc."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Blow Fly

"Blow Fly is the name popularly given to such two winged flies as deposit eggs in the flesh of animals,…

"The Brain is the encephalon, or center of the nervous system and the seat of consciousness and volition in man and the higher animals. Median Longitudinal Section through Head and Upper Part of Neck, to Show relation of Brain to Cranium and the Spinal Cord. <em>c,</em> cerebrum; <em>cb,</em> cerebellum; <em>sc,</em> spinal cord; <em>spc,</em> spinal column; <em>mo,</em> medulla oblongata passing, through foramen magnum, into the spinal cord; <em>pv,</em> pons Varolii; <em>cp,</em> cerebral peduncles or crura cerebri; <em>cqa,</em> anterior corpora quadrigemina; <em>cqp,</em> posterior corpora quadrigemina; <em>pg,</em> pineal gland; <em>pb,</em> pituitary body; <em>cc,</em> corpus collosum, divided transversely; <em>f,</em> fornix; <em>mg,</em> marginal gyrus; <em>gf,</em> gyrus fornicatus; <em>cmg,</em> calloso-marginal suleus; <em>O,</em> occipital lobe; <em>po,</em> parieto-occipital fissure; <em>cf,</em> calcarine fissure; <em>dm,</em>dura mater, separating cerebrum from cerebellum."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Human Brain

"The Brain is the encephalon, or center of the nervous system and the seat of consciousness and volition…

"The Cheese-mite, <em>Acarus domesticus</em>, and others are parasitic upon or beneath the skin of man and other animals." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Cheese-mite

"The Cheese-mite, Acarus domesticus, and others are parasitic upon or beneath the skin of man…

"The family Oniscidae, including the well-known Wood-Louse, <em>Oniscus murarius</em>, and many similar animals, are characterized by the adaptation of their members to a terrestrial existence." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Wood-louse

"The family Oniscidae, including the well-known Wood-Louse, Oniscus murarius, and many similar…

"It is among the largest of crustaceous animals, sometimes measuring as much as two feet in length. The body is composed of two divisions - an anterior, crescent-shaped piece, or carapace, and a posterior, somewhat hexagonal piece, formed by the coalescence of the abdominal segments." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

King crab

"It is among the largest of crustaceous animals, sometimes measuring as much as two feet in length.…

"These animals [the Rotifera], called <em>Wheel Animalcules</em>, were formerly included among the Infusoria, but are now classed with the Articulata: they are chiefly known to us by the microscope, the largest being not over a tenth of an inch long, and many of them only one three-hundredth of an inch." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Wheel, animalcule

"These animals [the Rotifera], called Wheel Animalcules, were formerly included among the Infusoria,…

"The bodies of these animals are of a cylindrical form, somewhat pointed at the anterior extremity, and usually a little flattened at the tail. The skin is tough, and divided into numerous segments by transverse wrinkles, and the organs of motion are reduced to the form of a double row of bristles, running down the lower surface of the body." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Earth-worms

"The bodies of these animals are of a cylindrical form, somewhat pointed at the anterior extremity,…

"The animals belonging to this order, of which the <em>Common Leech</em> is a familiar example, are characterized by the total deficiency of any lateral appendages, their motions being effected by undulations of the body while swimming, or by the alternate attachment of the sucking discs with which the two extremities of their bodies are usually furnished." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Leech

"The animals belonging to this order, of which the Common Leech is a familiar example, are…

"Theses animals were all supported upon a long stalk, at the extremity of which they floated in the waters of the ancient seas, spreading their arms in every direction in search of the small animals whch consitituted its food." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Encrindae

"Theses animals were all supported upon a long stalk, at the extremity of which they floated in the…

"This may be considered as one of the greatest wonders of nature, it being a real animal, having blood, and feeding upon other marine animals, yet having the form of a plant, and living like a plant, fixed to a rock in the deep sea." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Medusa's head pentacrinus

"This may be considered as one of the greatest wonders of nature, it being a real animal, having blood,…

"Chameleon is a genus of reptiles belonging to the Saurian or lizard-like order, a native of parts of Asia and Africa. The very remarkable power which these animals possess of changing their color, at a very early period called the attention of observers to their habits. Its skin is composed of a sort of small, scaly grains, and under ordinary circumstances is of a greenish gray color. The eyes are capable of moving independently of each other, taking different directions at the same moment."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Head of Chameleon

"Chameleon is a genus of reptiles belonging to the Saurian or lizard-like order, a native of parts of…

"Coral is the name applied to the stony structures secreted by many of the actinozoa, and applied to the animals themselves. The coral of commerce is the production of various polyps, and is of different colors and internal structure. A&ndash; a branch of Dendrophyllia."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Coral

"Coral is the name applied to the stony structures secreted by many of the actinozoa, and applied to…

"Coral is the name applied to the stony structures secreted by many of the actinozoa, and applied to the animals themselves. The coral of commerce is the production of various polyps, and is of different colors and internal structure. B&ndash; part of a stock of red coral, with <em>(a)</em> fully extended polyp and <em>(b, b)</em> two polyps, partly extended. "&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Coral

"Coral is the name applied to the stony structures secreted by many of the actinozoa, and applied to…

"Crawfish, or Crayfish is a name of various crustaceous animals, the common crawfish being the river lobster. It lurks under stones or in holes in the banks. Its food consists of small mollusks or fishes, the larv&aelig; of insects, and almost any sort of animal matter. Some crawfish by their burrowing habits injure mill-dams and the levees of the Mississippi."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Crawfish

"Crawfish, or Crayfish is a name of various crustaceous animals, the common crawfish being the river…

"Gopher is a name given by the early French settlers in the United States to various animals which honeycomb the ground by burrowing in it. In Illiois and canada it was given to a gray burrowing squirrel, in Wisconsin to a striped squirrel, and in Missouri to a burrowing pouched rat. All these are mammals; but in Georgia the term is applied to a snake, and in Florida to a turtle."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Gopher

"Gopher is a name given by the early French settlers in the United States to various animals which honeycomb…

"Hedgehog is a quadruped distinguished by having the body covered with spines instead of hair. The skin of the back is provided with a great orbicular muscle which enables the animal to roll itself up in the form of a ball. The tail is very short. There are several species&mdash;some authorities enumerate 14. The best known is the common hedgehog. This species has a long nose, the nostrils bordered on each side by a loose flap; the hind feet have five toes; the ears are short, rounded, naked and dusky; the upper part of the face, sides, and rump covered with strong, coarse hair, of a yellowish ash color, the back with sharp strong spines of a whitish tint with a bar of black through their middle. They are usually abot 10 inches long, the tail about one. Their usual residence is in small thickets, and they feed on fallen fruits, roots, and insects; they are also fond of flesh, either raw or roasted. The hedgehog defends himself from the attacks of other animals by rolling himself up, and thus exposing no part of his body that is not furnished with a defense of spines. It may be rendered domestic to a certain degree, and has been employed to destroy cockroaches which it pursues with avidity. In the winter the hedgehog wraps itself in a warm nest, composed of moss, dried hay and leaves, and remains torpid till spring."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Hedgehog

"Hedgehog is a quadruped distinguished by having the body covered with spines instead of hair. The skin…

"Heron is the common name of birds of the genus Ardea. The herons are distinguished by having a long bill cleft beneath the eyes, a compressed body, long slender legs naked above the tarsal joint, three toes in front, the two outer united by a membrane, and by moderate wings. The tail is short, rounded, and composed of 10 or 12 feathers. The common heron is about three feet in length from the point of the bill to the end of the tail, builds its nest in high trees, many being sometimes on one tree. Its food consists of fish, frogs, mollusks, mice, moles, and similar small animals. It has an insatiable voracity, and digests its food with great rapidity. It haunts fresh water streams, marshes, ponds, and lakes, as also the seashore."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Heron

"Heron is the common name of birds of the genus Ardea. The herons are distinguished by having a long…

"Turtle is, in zoology, the popular name for any species of the Cheloniid&aelig;. They may be distinguished by their long, compressed, fin-shaped, non-retractile feet, with the toes inclosed in a common skin, from which only one or two claws project. The carapace is broad and much depressed, so that when these animals are on shore, and are turned over on their backs, they cannot regain the natural position. Turtles are marine animals; their pinnate feet and light shell render them excellent swimmers. They sometimes live at a great distance from land, to which they periodically return to deposit their soft-shelled eggs in the sand."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Skeleton of Turtle

"Turtle is, in zoology, the popular name for any species of the Cheloniidæ. They may be distinguished…

"Vicuna is a native of the most elevated localities of Bolivia and northern Chile. It is very wild, and has resisted all attempts to reduce it to a state of domestication. It is the smallest species of the genus, standing only about 30 inches at the shoulder. It is extremely active and sure-footed, and is seldom taken alive. In habit it somewhat resembles the chamois, as it lives in herds in the regions of perpetual snow. The soft, silky fur is in much demand for making delicate fabrics, and many thousands of these animals are slaughtered annually for the sake of the skins. "—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Vicuna

"Vicuna is a native of the most elevated localities of Bolivia and northern Chile. It is very wild,…

"Viscacha is a stout-built rodent, resembling a marmot, from 18 inches to two feet long, exclusive of the tail, which is from six to eight inches. Four digits on the fore and three on the hind limbs, the latter furnished with long, compressed and pointed nails; muzzle broad, and covered with a velvet-like coat of brown hair; fur mottled gray above, yellowish-white beneath; dark band on each cheek, a white band on muzzle, running back on each side almost as far as the eye. They are nocturnal, and resemble rabbits in their movements, but are less active. They are found on the pampas, from Buenos Ayres to Patagonia. These animals have the strange habit of dragging all sorts of hard and apparently useless objects to the mouth of their burrow, where bones, stones, thistle stalks, and lumps of earth may be found collected into a large heap, sufficient, according to Darwin to fill a wheel-barrow."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Viscacha

"Viscacha is a stout-built rodent, resembling a marmot, from 18 inches to two feet long, exclusive of…

"Water Flea is a popular name for minute aquatic Crustaceans such as daphnia, cypris, and cyclops. In Cyclops the body is more distinctly segmented and the shell is not bivalve; the head bears antenn&aelig;, mandibles, and maxill&aelig;, and the first five segments of the thorax bear swimming appendages. Water fleas fed on microscopic plants and animals and on organic debris, while they themselves&ndash; often occurring in countless swarms&ndash; form an important part of the food supply of certain fishes."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Cyclops communis Water Flea

"Water Flea is a popular name for minute aquatic Crustaceans such as daphnia, cypris, and cyclops. In…

"Water Flea is a popular name for minute aquatic Crustaceans such as daphnia, cypris, and cyclops. In Cypris also the shell is bivalve; there are five pairs of appendages on the head and two on the body; most of these are used in swimming or creeping. Among cyprids parthenogenesis again occurs, and in some species males have never been observed, while parthenogenetic development has been traced for as many as 40 successive generations. The females bear large egg sacs. Water fleas fed on microscopic plants and animals and on organic debris, while they themselves&ndash; often occurring in countless swarms&ndash; form an important part of the food supply of certain fishes."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Cypris Unifasciata Water Flea

"Water Flea is a popular name for minute aquatic Crustaceans such as daphnia, cypris, and cyclops. In…

"Water Flea is a popular name for minute aquatic Crustaceans such as daphnia, cypris, and cyclops. The common Daphnia pulex, abundant in fresh water, is a good representative. The body is enclosed in a bivalve shell; there is a large single eye; a pair of large antenn&aelig; are used as swimming organs. The daphnids are marvellously prolific, and for prolonged periods parthenogenetic. There is an interesting difference between the winter eggs which require fertilization and the summer eggs which do not. The females have a dorsal brood chamber betwen the shell and the back. Water fleas fed on microscopic plants and animals and on organic debris, while they themselves&ndash; often occurring in countless swarms&ndash; form an important part of the food supply of certain fishes."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Daphnia Pulex Water Flea

"Water Flea is a popular name for minute aquatic Crustaceans such as daphnia, cypris, and cyclops. The…

"These animals are generally called <em>Tree-corals</em>, on account of the forms of the polypidons which they build and in which they live. They are very small, and possess twelve short tentacles placed in a circle around the mouth; they occupy the cells in the polypidom, which is of a porus nature, the openings of the cells being placed at the summits of tubercular prominences of greater or lesser elevations. " &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Tree-coral

"These animals are generally called Tree-corals, on account of the forms of the polypidons…

"The main stem of the polypidom of these animals is fleshy, but is furnished with an internal bony axis, which, however, does not reach to either exlamellae, which stand out upon each side of stalk, giving the whole polypidom, in some cases, the appearance of a large quill-feather. Of this the Sea-Pen, <I>Pennatula grisea</em>, is a familiar example. There are, however, many other forms." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Sea-pen

"The main stem of the polypidom of these animals is fleshy, but is furnished with an internal bony axis,…

"The Tubularidae are a family of hydroid polypes are for the most part social animals, frequently possessing a polypidom, which, however, when present, is of much less firm consistence than the horny framework of the Sertularidae. The polypes are never entirely retractable within their tubes; the upper extremity is enlarged into a clavate head, surrounded by a variable number of tentacles." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Tubularia coronata

"The Tubularidae are a family of hydroid polypes are for the most part social animals, frequently possessing…

"The Octopus is the typical genus of the family Octopodid&aelig;. The body is oval, warty, or cirrose, finless; arms long, unequal, suckers in two rows, mantle supported in front by the branchial septum. In the male the third right arm is hectocotylized. Found on the coasts of the temperate and tropical zones. Forty-six species are known, varying in length from one inch only to a number of feet. They are solitary animals, frequenting rocky shores, and are very active and voracious, the females oviposit on seaweeds or in empty shells. The term 'octopus' is applied in the United States to monopolies supposed to resemble the octopus in their grasping and voracious character."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Octopus

"The Octopus is the typical genus of the family Octopodidæ. The body is oval, warty, or cirrose,…

"The Orang Outang is the Mias of the Dyaks; also known as the 'wild man of the wood.' It is a dull, slothful animal, but possessed of great strength. These animals are now confined to the swampy forests of Sumatra and Borneo. Their height has been variously stated, but we have not the least reliable evidence of the existence of orangs in Borneo more than four feet two inches high. The legs are very short, the arms are disproportionately long, reaching to the ankle when the animal is placed in an erect position. The males have a longish beard, and they sometimes develop warty protuberances on each side of the face. The resemblance to man in appearance is greatest in the females and in young animals. The head of a baby orang is not very different from that of an average child; but in the adult the muzzle is as well-marked a feature as in the Carnivora. It never walks erect, unless when supporting itself by branches."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Orang Outang

"The Orang Outang is the Mias of the Dyaks; also known as the 'wild man of the wood.' It is a dull,…

"Parasitic Plants are those which are unable to nourish themselves and prey upon other plants or animals; becoming attached, they gain access to the tissues of their host and feed upon its juices. "&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Loranthus Europaes

"Parasitic Plants are those which are unable to nourish themselves and prey upon other plants or animals;…

"Parasitic Plants are those which are unable to nourish themselves and prey upon other plants or animals; becoming attached, they gain access to the tissues of their host and feed upon its juices. "&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Brugmansia Zipple

"Parasitic Plants are those which are unable to nourish themselves and prey upon other plants or animals;…

Fleet and Mrs. Muffet in "The Open Gate."

Fleet and Mrs. Muffet

Fleet and Mrs. Muffet in "The Open Gate."

"The Phalanger is a small woolly-coated marsupial, with opposable great toes, which are destitute of a nail. They are, for the most part, vegetable feeders, though some are insectivorous, and in confinement any of them will readily devour small birds or other animals."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Phalanger

"The Phalanger is a small woolly-coated marsupial, with opposable great toes, which are destitute of…

"The Remora, the sucking-fish, or sucker. By means of the suctorial disk, a transformation of the spinous dorsal fin, the species can attach themselves to any flat surface. The adhesion is so strong that the fish can be dislodged only with difficulty, unless pushed forward with a sliding motion. Being bad swimmers, they attach themselves to vessels, or to animals having greater power of locomotion than themselves; but they cannot be regarded as parasites, as they do not obtain their food at the expense of their host."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Remora

"The Remora, the sucking-fish, or sucker. By means of the suctorial disk, a transformation of the spinous…

"The Seal, of the family Phocid&aelig;, or seal tribe, are, of all four-limbed mammiferous animals, those which display the most complete adaptation to residence in the water. The seal has considerable resemblance to a quadruped in some respects, and to a fish in others. The head is round, and the nose, which is broad, resembles that of a dog, with the same look of intelligence and mild and expressive physiognomy. It has large whiskers, oblong nostrils, and great black sparkling eyes. It has no external ears, but a valve exists in the orifices, which can be closed at will, so as to keep out the water; the nostrils have a similar valve; and the clothing of the body consists of stiff glossy hairs, very closely set against the skin. The body is elongated and conical, gradually tapering from the shoulders to the tail. The spine is provided with strong muscles, which bend it with considerable force; and this movement is of great assistance to the propulsion of the body."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Hooded Seal

"The Seal, of the family Phocidæ, or seal tribe, are, of all four-limbed mammiferous animals,…

Scene from the story, "Making the Best of It."

Animals

Scene from the story, "Making the Best of It."

Scene from the story, "The Animals and the Mirror."

Rooster and Mirror

Scene from the story, "The Animals and the Mirror."

Scene from the story, "The Animals and the Mirror."

Goat and Mirror

Scene from the story, "The Animals and the Mirror."

"A knife with only one edge, which formed a straight line. The blade was pointed, and its back curved. It was used for a variety of purposes, but chiefly for killing animals either in the slaughter house, or in hunting, or at the altars of the gods. The priest who conducted a sacrifice never killed the victim himself; but one of his ministri, appointed for that purpose who was called either by the general name minister, or the more specific popa or cltrarius. The annexed woodcut represents the tombstone of a cultrarius, with two cultri upon it." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Culter

"A knife with only one edge, which formed a straight line. The blade was pointed, and its back curved.…

"A helmet; a casque. The helmet was originally made of skin or leather, whence is supposed to have arisen its appellation, meaning properly a helmet of dog-skin, but applied to caps or helmets made of the hide of other animals, and even to those which were entirely of bronze or iron. The five following helmets are selected from antique gems, and are engraved of the size of the originals." &mdash; Smith, 1873.

Galea

"A helmet; a casque. The helmet was originally made of skin or leather, whence is supposed to have arisen…

"'Exulting in the tawny covering of a she-wolf, such as his foster-parent was.' Alluding to the custom on the part of the ancient heroes of arraying themselves in the skins of wild animals, in order to strike more terror into the foe and of either making a part of the hide answer the purposes of a helmet, or decking the helmet with it, <em>Genetricis</em>." — Anthon, 1891

Greek soldiers

"'Exulting in the tawny covering of a she-wolf, such as his foster-parent was.' Alluding to the custom…

"A net. In hunting it was usual to extend nets in a curved line of considerable length, so as in part to suround a space into which the beasts of chase were driven through the opening left on one side. The range of nets was flanked by cords, to which feathers dyed scarlet, and of other bright colours, were tied, so as to flare and flutter in the wind. The hunters then sallied forth with their dogs, dislodged the animals from their coverts, and by shouts and barking drove them first within the formido, as the apparatus of string and feathers was called, and then, as they were scared with this appearance, within the circuit of the nets. The accompanying woodcuts are taken from two bas-reliefs in the collection of ancient marbles at Ince-Blundell in Lancashire." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Retis

"A net. In hunting it was usual to extend nets in a curved line of considerable length, so as in part…

"A drinking-horn. Its original form was probably the horn of the ox, but one end of it was afterwards ornamented with the heads of various animals and birds. The Rhyton had a small opening at the bottom, which the person who drank put into his mouth, and allowed the wine to run in: hence it derived its name." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Rhyton

"A drinking-horn. Its original form was probably the horn of the ox, but one end of it was afterwards…

A cow and dog in the hay.

Cow and Dog

A cow and dog in the hay.

A cow

Cow

A cow

A rooster

Rooster

A rooster

"Signa Militaria, military ensigns or standards. The most ancient standard employed by the Romans is said to have been a handful of straw fixed to the top of a spear or pole. Hence the company of soldiers belonging to it was called Manipulus. The bundle of hay or fern was soon succeeded by the figures of animals, viz. the eagle, the wolf, the minotaur, the horse, and the boar. These appear to have corresponded to the five divisions of the Roman army." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Signa Militaria

"Signa Militaria, military ensigns or standards. The most ancient standard employed by the Romans is…

Farm animals from a nursery rhyme

Farm Animals

Farm animals from a nursery rhyme

A group of circus animals

Circus Animals

A group of circus animals

A girl with her animals and toys

Girl

A girl with her animals and toys

Akin to the elephant, existant before the Ice Age.

Mammoth

Akin to the elephant, existant before the Ice Age.

Bergh founded the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) in 1866.

Henry Bergh

Bergh founded the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) in 1866.

"Monkeys appear to have been trained to assist in gathering fruit; and the Egyptians represent them in the sculptures handing down figs from the trees to the gardeners below; but, as might be expected, these animals amply repaid themselves for the labor imposed upon them, and the artist has not failed to show how much more they consulted their own wishes than those of their employers." &mdash; Goodrich, 1844

Fruit Gathering Monkeys

"Monkeys appear to have been trained to assist in gathering fruit; and the Egyptians represent them…

"The Egyptian couches were executed in great taste. They were of wood, with one end raised, and receding in a graceful curve; the feet, like those of many of the chairs were fashioned to resemble those of animals." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian Couch

"The Egyptian couches were executed in great taste. They were of wood, with one end raised, and receding…

Various animals entering the Ark built by Noah because of the great flood.

Noah's Ark

Various animals entering the Ark built by Noah because of the great flood.

A body formed in the females of birds, and some other animals, from which their young is produced.

Egg

A body formed in the females of birds, and some other animals, from which their young is produced.

The male of the sheep and allied animals.

Ram

The male of the sheep and allied animals.

The series of small bones attached to the jaws of animals, or human beings, which serve the purpose of taking and chewing food.

Teeth

The series of small bones attached to the jaws of animals, or human beings, which serve the purpose…

The short, thick, finger of the human hand, or the corresponding member of animals.

Thumb

The short, thick, finger of the human hand, or the corresponding member of animals.