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An illustration of the second stage of fission in the Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans, also published as Noctiluca miliaris, is a free-living non-parasitic marine-dwelling species of dinoflagellate that exhibits bioluminescence. The bioluminescent characteristic of N. scintillans is produced by a luciferin-luciferase system located in thousands of spherically shaped organelles, or "microsources", located throughout the cytoplasm of this single-celled protist. Nonluminescent populations within the genus Noctiluca lack these microsources.

Stage Two in the Fission of Noctiluca Scintillans

An illustration of the second stage of fission in the Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans,…

An illustration of the aboral side view of the Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans, also published as Noctiluca miliaris, is a free-living non-parasitic marine-dwelling species of dinoflagellate that exhibits bioluminescence. The bioluminescent characteristic of N. scintillans is produced by a luciferin-luciferase system located in thousands of spherically shaped organelles, or "microsources", located throughout the cytoplasm of this single-celled protist. Nonluminescent populations within the genus Noctiluca lack these microsources.

Aboral Side View of the Noctiluca Scintillans

An illustration of the aboral side view of the Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans, also published…

An illustration of the Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans, also published as Noctiluca miliaris, is a free-living non-parasitic marine-dwelling species of dinoflagellate that exhibits bioluminescence. The bioluminescent characteristic of N. scintillans is produced by a luciferin-luciferase system located in thousands of spherically shaped organelles, or "microsources", located throughout the cytoplasm of this single-celled protist. Nonluminescent populations within the genus Noctiluca lack these microsources.

Noctiluca Scintillans

An illustration of the Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans, also published as Noctiluca miliaris,…

An illustration of the lateral view of the Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans, also published as Noctiluca miliaris, is a free-living non-parasitic marine-dwelling species of dinoflagellate that exhibits bioluminescence. The bioluminescent characteristic of N. scintillans is produced by a luciferin-luciferase system located in thousands of spherically shaped organelles, or "microsources", located throughout the cytoplasm of this single-celled protist. Nonluminescent populations within the genus Noctiluca lack these microsources.

Lateral View of Noctiluca Scintillans

An illustration of the lateral view of the Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans, also published…

The Dugong (Dugong dugon) is a large marine mammal in the order Sirenia with the manatee.

Dugong

The Dugong (Dugong dugon) is a large marine mammal in the order Sirenia with the manatee.

Chaetognatha is a phylum of predatory marine worms that are a major component of plankton worldwide. About 20% of the known species are benthic and can attach to algae or rocks. They are found in all marine waters from surface tropical waters and shallow tide pools to the deep sea and polar regions. Most chaetognaths are transparent and are torpedo shaped. Some deep-sea species are orange. They range in size from 2 mm to 12 cm. The common term for the phylum is Arrow Worms. There are more than 120 modern species assigned to over 20 genera. Despite the limited diversity of species, the number of individuals is staggering.

Chaetognatha

Chaetognatha is a phylum of predatory marine worms that are a major component of plankton worldwide.…

A diagram of of the nephridium of Nereis. Nereis is a genus of polychaete worms in the family Nereidae. It comprises many species, most of which are marine, including the sandworm (Nereis virens) and the common clam worm (Nereis succinea). Nereis possess setae and parapodia for locomotion. They may have two types of setae, which are found on the parapodia. Acicular setae provide support. Locomotor chaetae are for crawling, and are the bristles that are visible on the exterior of the polchaeta.

Nereis

A diagram of of the nephridium of Nereis. Nereis is a genus of polychaete worms in the family Nereidae.…

An illlustration of a dasychone infracta, a type of annelid. The annelids, collectively called Annelida (from Latin anellus "little ring"), are a large phylum of animals comprising the segmented worms, with about 15,000 modern species including the well-known earthworms and leeches.

Dasychone Infracta

An illlustration of a dasychone infracta, a type of annelid. The annelids, collectively called Annelida…

An illustration of the marine worm larva, Lopadorhymchus.

Lopadorhymchus

An illustration of the marine worm larva, Lopadorhymchus.

The Common Eagle Ray (Myliobatis aquila) is large ray in the Chondrichthyes class of cartilaginous fishes.

Eagle Ray

The Common Eagle Ray (Myliobatis aquila) is large ray in the Chondrichthyes class of cartilaginous fishes.

Echinoderes dujardini is a worm-like creature in the Kinorhyncha phylum of mud dragons.

Kinorhynch

Echinoderes dujardini is a worm-like creature in the Kinorhyncha phylum of mud dragons.

The Hawaiian Rock Urchin (Echinometra oblongata) is a sea urchin, here "with spines in part removed to show the plates of the test." -Whitney, 1911

Hawaiian Rock Urchin

The Hawaiian Rock Urchin (Echinometra oblongata) is a sea urchin, here "with spines in part removed…

Echinopaedia is the name for the early or larval stages of echinoderms like sea stars and sea urchins. "A, common primitive form of Echinodermata, whence B, B', a vermiform holothurid, and C, C', a pluteiform ophiurid or echinid (pluteus) larva are derived: a, mouth; b, stomach; c, intestine; d, anus; e, ciliated band." -Whitney, 1911

Echinopaedia

Echinopaedia is the name for the early or larval stages of echinoderms like sea stars and sea urchins.…

"Sea-urchin (Echinus esculentus). Left side in natural state; right side with spines removed, showing the bare plates." -Whitney, 1911

European Edible Sea Urchin

"Sea-urchin (Echinus esculentus). Left side in natural state; right side with spines removed, showing…

Echiurus gaertneri is a species of spoon worm considered annelids, though they are not segmented.

Spoon Worm

Echiurus gaertneri is a species of spoon worm considered annelids, though they are not segmented.

Edwardsia beautempsi is a species of sea anemone that lives freely in tubes in the sand, unattached.

Sea Anemone

Edwardsia beautempsi is a species of sea anemone that lives freely in tubes in the sand, unattached.

Graneledone verrucosa is a species of cephalopods in the Octopodidae family of octopuses.

Octopus

Graneledone verrucosa is a species of cephalopods in the Octopodidae family of octopuses.

The Emperor of Japan (Holocanthus imperator) is a species of fish in the Pomacanthidae family of angelfishes.

Emperor of Japan Angelfish

The Emperor of Japan (Holocanthus imperator) is a species of fish in the Pomacanthidae family of angelfishes.

The Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris) is a marine mammal in the Mustelidae family of weasels.

Sea Otter

The Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris) is a marine mammal in the Mustelidae family of weasels.

The Bearded Seal (Erignathus barbatus) is a seal in the Phocidae family of true or earless seals.

Bearded Seal

The Bearded Seal (Erignathus barbatus) is a seal in the Phocidae family of true or earless seals.

Eriphia laevimana is a crustacean in the Cancridae family of crabs.

Crab

Eriphia laevimana is a crustacean in the Cancridae family of crabs.

An illustration of Noticulales with buds. The Noctilucales are a peculiar order of marine dinoflagellates. They differ from most others in that the mature cell is diploid and its nucleus does not show a dinokaryotic organization. These cells are very large, from 1 to 2 millimetres in diameter, and are filled with large buoyant vacuoles. Some may contain symbiotic green algae, but there are no chloroplasts. Instead, they feed on other plankton, and there is usually a special tentacle involved in ingestion.

Noctilucales

An illustration of Noticulales with buds. The Noctilucales are a peculiar order of marine dinoflagellates.…

An illustration of Noticulales in section: an, anus; d, denticle; f, flagellum; t, tentacle. The Noctilucales are a peculiar order of marine dinoflagellates. They differ from most others in that the mature cell is diploid and its nucleus does not show a dinokaryotic organization. These cells are very large, from 1 to 2 millimetres in diameter, and are filled with large buoyant vacuoles. Some may contain symbiotic green algae, but there are no chloroplasts. Instead, they feed on other plankton, and there is usually a special tentacle involved in ingestion.

Noctilucales

An illustration of Noticulales in section: an, anus; d, denticle; f, flagellum; t, tentacle. The Noctilucales…

The Noctilucales are a peculiar order of marine dinoflagellates. They differ from most others in that the mature cell is diploid and its nucleus does not show a dinokaryotic organization. These cells are very large, from 1 to 2 millimetres in diameter, and are filled with large buoyant vacuoles. Some may contain symbiotic green algae, but there are no chloroplasts. Instead, they feed on other plankton, and there is usually a special tentacle involved in ingestion.

Noctilucales

The Noctilucales are a peculiar order of marine dinoflagellates. They differ from most others in that…

Eschara elegans (Coscinopleura) is a prehistoric bryozoan, a marine animal similar to a coral.

Prehistoric Bryozoan

Eschara elegans (Coscinopleura) is a prehistoric bryozoan, a marine animal similar to a coral.

A mass of coccoliths; a marine pelagic plant of low order covered with calcereous plates. A coccolithophore is a unicellular, eukaryotic phytoplankton (alga).

Coccolithophora

A mass of coccoliths; a marine pelagic plant of low order covered with calcereous plates. A coccolithophore…

Eschara philomela is a prehistoric bryozoan, a marine animal similar to a coral.

Prehistoric Bryozoan

Eschara philomela is a prehistoric bryozoan, a marine animal similar to a coral.

Corals are marine organisms from the class Anthozoa and exist as small sea anemone–like polyps, typically in colonies of many identical individuals. The group includes the important reef builders that are found in tropical oceans, which secrete calcium carbonate to form a hard skeleton.

Coral

Corals are marine organisms from the class Anthozoa and exist as small sea anemone–like polyps,…

A modern Bryozoan, a group of cells or zooecia seen from above, and a single cell seen from the side.

Bryozoan

A modern Bryozoan, a group of cells or zooecia seen from above, and a single cell seen from the side.

A modern Bryozoan, a single zooid expanded.

Bryozoan

A modern Bryozoan, a single zooid expanded.

A modern Bryozoan, a cluster of branches.

Bryozoan

A modern Bryozoan, a cluster of branches.

A modern Bryozoan, a single branch bearing ovicells and zooid cells.

Bryozoan

A modern Bryozoan, a single branch bearing ovicells and zooid cells.

Eucope diaphana is a species of marine animal in the order Anthomedusae.

Eucope

Eucope diaphana is a species of marine animal in the order Anthomedusae.

Eudendrium cochleatum is a hydrozoan marine animal in the Eudendriidae family.

Eudendrium

Eudendrium cochleatum is a hydrozoan marine animal in the Eudendriidae family.

Euchone elegans is a species of marine worms in the family, Terebellidae, sometimes known as spaghetti worms.

Euchone

Euchone elegans is a species of marine worms in the family, Terebellidae, sometimes known as spaghetti…

The Steller Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubatus) is a large pinniped in the Otariidae family of eared seals. It is also known as the northern sea lion with the synonym Eumetopias stelleri.

Steller Sea Lion

The Steller Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubatus) is a large pinniped in the Otariidae family of eared seals.…

This hermit crab (Eupagurus bernhardus) is in the shell of the northern moon snail (Lunatia heros).

Hermit Crab

This hermit crab (Eupagurus bernhardus) is in the shell of the northern moon snail (Lunatia heros).

"Eupsamma. A genus of perforate stone-corals, as E. brongniartiana (shown here), of the family Eupsammidae." -Whitney, 1911

Eupsamma

"Eupsamma. A genus of perforate stone-corals, as E. brongniartiana (shown here), of the family Eupsammidae."…

The Speckled Sea Louse (Eurydice pulchra) is a parasitic crustacean in the Cirolanidae family.

Speckled Sea Louse

The Speckled Sea Louse (Eurydice pulchra) is a parasitic crustacean in the Cirolanidae family.

An illustration of a oyster shell. The common name oyster is used for a number of different groups of bivalve mollusks, most of which live in marine habitats or brackish water. The shell consists of two usually highly calcified valves which surround a soft body. Gills filter plankton from the water, and strong adductor muscles are used to hold the shell closed.

Oyster Shell

An illustration of a oyster shell. The common name oyster is used for a number of different groups of…

An illustration of a oyster shell. The common name oyster is used for a number of different groups of bivalve mollusks, most of which live in marine habitats or brackish water. The shell consists of two usually highly calcified valves which surround a soft body. Gills filter plankton from the water, and strong adductor muscles are used to hold the shell closed.

Oyster Shell

An illustration of a oyster shell. The common name oyster is used for a number of different groups of…

An illustration of a oyster shell. The common name oyster is used for a number of different groups of bivalve mollusks, most of which live in marine habitats or brackish water. The shell consists of two usually highly calcified valves which surround a soft body. Gills filter plankton from the water, and strong adductor muscles are used to hold the shell closed.

Oyster Shell

An illustration of a oyster shell. The common name oyster is used for a number of different groups of…

"Naut.: A strip of board with holes in it for running rigging to pass through and be kept clear, so as to be easily distinguished at night." -Whitney, 1911

Fair-Leader

"Naut.: A strip of board with holes in it for running rigging to pass through and be kept clear, so…

The Fairy Shrimp (Branchipus diaphanus) is a species of crustacean belonging to the Anostraca order.

Fairy Shrimp

The Fairy Shrimp (Branchipus diaphanus) is a species of crustacean belonging to the Anostraca order.

Diagram illustrating change in facies of marine clastics, from sands and muds near the shore to calcareous beds near coral reefs, etc. Note also the overlap of the successive formations.

Change in Facies

Diagram illustrating change in facies of marine clastics, from sands and muds near the shore to calcareous…

Section to show normal progressive overlap of marine formations and their shoreward change from limestones to sandstones.

Progressive Overlap of Marine Formations

Section to show normal progressive overlap of marine formations and their shoreward change from limestones…

Section to illustrate the relationships of strata formed by a compound, transgressing, retreatal and transgressive movement of the sea with the resulting overlapping, offlapping and overlapping series separated by a compound sandstone of emergence and submergence.

Offlaps Followed by Overlap

Section to illustrate the relationships of strata formed by a compound, transgressing, retreatal and…

Diagrammatic section to illustrate replacing overlap of shore or continental sands on the right and marine shales, sandstones and calcareous beds on the left.

Replacing Overlap

Diagrammatic section to illustrate replacing overlap of shore or continental sands on the right and…

Diagrammatic section to illustrate the overlap of continental beds over a retreatal marine series.

Overlap of Continental Beds

Diagrammatic section to illustrate the overlap of continental beds over a retreatal marine series.

Restored section from the Appalachians to the Cincinnati region, to show the overlaps of continental and marine strata.

Overlap from the Appalachians to Cincinnati

Restored section from the Appalachians to the Cincinnati region, to show the overlaps of continental…

Sections to illustrate progressive overlap; a) in a continental series, away from the source of supply; b) in a marine series towards the source of supply.

Progressive Overlap

Sections to illustrate progressive overlap; a) in a continental series, away from the source of supply;…

The Ascension Frigatebird (Fregata aquila) is a large seabird in the Fregatidae family of frigatebirds.

Ascension Frigatebird

The Ascension Frigatebird (Fregata aquila) is a large seabird in the Fregatidae family of frigatebirds.

An illustration of coral. Corals are marine organisms from the class Anthozoa and exist as small sea anemone–like polyps, typically in colonies of many identical individuals. The group includes the important reef builders that are found in tropical oceans, which secrete calcium carbonate to form a hard skeleton.

Coral

An illustration of coral. Corals are marine organisms from the class Anthozoa and exist as small sea…

Paradoxides was a genus of relatively large trilobites, extinct marine arthropods, that form the class Trilobita found throughout the world during the Mid Cambrian period (540 million years ago). It was a moderately large trilobite with a semicircular head, free cheeks each ending with a long, narrow, recurved spine, and relatively large eyes. Its elongated trunk was composed of 20 segments and again was adorned with longish, recurved lateral spines. Its pygidium(caudal shield) was comparatively small and had one or two pairs of long spines on the posterior margin.

Paradoxides Harlani

Paradoxides was a genus of relatively large trilobites, extinct marine arthropods, that form the class…

Lingula is a genus of brachiopods within the class Lingulata. Lingula is among the few brachiopods surviving today but also known from fossils over 500 million years old. Brachiopods are suspension feeding, marine, benthic lophophorates in two higher species, Inarticulata and Articulata.

Modern Lingula

Lingula is a genus of brachiopods within the class Lingulata. Lingula is among the few brachiopods surviving…

Trilobites ("three-lobes") are extinct marine arthropods that form the class Trilobita. Why the trilobites became extinct is not clear. Their numbers began to decrease with the appearance of the first sharks and other early gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) in the Silurian and their subsequent rise in diversity during the Devonian period. Trilobites may have provided a rich source of food for these new animals.

Dicellocephalus Minnesotenis a Trilobite

Trilobites ("three-lobes") are extinct marine arthropods that form the class Trilobita. Why the trilobites…

Trilobites ("three-lobes") are extinct marine arthropods that form the class Trilobita. Why the trilobites became extinct is not clear. Their numbers began to decrease with the appearance of the first sharks and other early gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) in the Silurian and their subsequent rise in diversity during the Devonian period. Trilobites may have provided a rich source of food for these new animals. Fossilised trilobites are often found enrolled (curled up) like modern woodlice for protection; evidence suggests enrollment helped protect against exploitation of arthropod cuticle weakness by Anomalocarid predator attacks.

Dicellocephalus Minnesotenis a Trilobite

Trilobites ("three-lobes") are extinct marine arthropods that form the class Trilobita. Why the trilobites…

Trilobites ("three-lobes") are extinct marine arthropods that form the class Trilobita.The earliest trilobites had complex, compound eyes with lenses made of calcite, a unique characteristic of all trilobite eyes. The trilobite eyes were typically compound, with each lens being an elongated prism. The number of lenses in such an eye varied: some trilobites had only one, while some had thousands of lenses in a single eye. In these compound eyes, the lenses were typically arranged hexagonall (b).

Dicellocephalus Minnesotenis a Trilobite

Trilobites ("three-lobes") are extinct marine arthropods that form the class Trilobita.The earliest…

Cuttlefish are marine animals of the order Sepiida belonging to the Cephalopoda class. Despite their name, cuttlefish are not fish but molluscs. Cuttlefish have an internal shell (cuttlebone), large W-shaped pupils, and eight arms and two tentacles furnished with denticulated suckers, with which they secure their prey.

Cuttlefish

Cuttlefish are marine animals of the order Sepiida belonging to the Cephalopoda class. Despite their…

Baculites is a genus of extinct marine animals in the Phylum Mollusca and Class Cephalopoda. They are a nearly straight-shelled type of heteromorph ammonite. This fragment is of a straight chambered shell, Baculites ovatus of Mesozoic Time, belonging to the Ammonite family.

Coiled Chambered Shell

Baculites is a genus of extinct marine animals in the Phylum Mollusca and Class Cephalopoda. They are…