ClipArt ETC
Cottony maple scale, Pulminaria innumerabilis, showing, at a, the female on a leaf and, at b, same on a twig.

Maple Scale

Cottony maple scale, Pulminaria innumerabilis, showing, at a, the female on a leaf and, at b, same on…

Lecanium Hemisphericum on orange-leaves; a, female scale.

Lecanium Hemisphericum

Lecanium Hemisphericum on orange-leaves; a, female scale.

Oyster-shell scale, Mytilaspis Pomorum species; a female scale, from beneath, feilled with eggs.

Oyster-shell Scale

Oyster-shell scale, Mytilaspis Pomorum species; a female scale, from beneath, feilled with eggs.

Oyster-shell scale, Mytilaspis Pomorum species; a female scale, from above, filled with eggs.

Oyster-shell Scale

Oyster-shell scale, Mytilaspis Pomorum species; a female scale, from above, filled with eggs.

Oyster-shell scale, Mytilaspis Pomorum species; a twig infested by female scales.

Oyster-shell Scale

Oyster-shell scale, Mytilaspis Pomorum species; a twig infested by female scales.

Oyster-shell scale, Mytilaspis Pomorum species; a male scale and a twig infested therewith.

Oyster-shell Scale

Oyster-shell scale, Mytilaspis Pomorum species; a male scale and a twig infested therewith.

Mytilaspis Pomorum- the male.

Oystershell Scale

Mytilaspis Pomorum- the male.

Mytilaspis Pomorum, its tarsus.

Oystershell Scale

Mytilaspis Pomorum, its tarsus.

Mytilaspis Pomorum, young larva.

Oystershell Scale

Mytilaspis Pomorum, young larva.

Mytilaspis Pomorum, its antenna.

Oystershell Scale

Mytilaspis Pomorum, its antenna.

Mytilaspis Pomorum, the female.

Oystershell Scale

Mytilaspis Pomorum, the female.

The San Jose scale winged male.

San Jose Scale

The San Jose scale winged male.

The San Jose scale, young larva just hatched.

San Jose Scale

The San Jose scale, young larva just hatched.

The San Jose scale, antenna.

San Jose Scale

The San Jose scale, antenna.

The San Jose scale, female showing the forming young through the body wall.

San Jose Scale

The San Jose scale, female showing the forming young through the body wall.

The San Jose scale, outline of anal plate of female.

San Jose Scale

The San Jose scale, outline of anal plate of female.

The scurfy scale, Chinaspis furfurus- a twig infested by female scales.

Scurfy Scale

The scurfy scale, Chinaspis furfurus- a twig infested by female scales.

The scurfy scale, Chinaspis furfurus- male scales.

Scurfy Scale

The scurfy scale, Chinaspis furfurus- male scales.

The scurfy scale, Chinaspis furfurus- female.

Scurfy Scale

The scurfy scale, Chinaspis furfurus- female.

The scurfy scale, Chinaspis furfurus- male scale

Scurfy Scale

The scurfy scale, Chinaspis furfurus- male scale

Aphelinus mytilaspidis, parasite on scale insects.

Aphelinus

Aphelinus mytilaspidis, parasite on scale insects.

"Scale sporopyll and sporangium of club moss."—Finley, 1917

Spore of club moss

"Scale sporopyll and sporangium of club moss."—Finley, 1917

Shows the differences between the Centigrade and absolute (Kelvin) temperature scales at the boiling point of water, room temperature, freezing point of water, boiling point of hydrogen and absolute zero.

Temperature Scales

Shows the differences between the Centigrade and absolute (Kelvin) temperature scales at the boiling…

"A common scale-beam, used for weighing, is a lever, suspended at the centre of gravity, so that the two arms balance each other. Hence the machine is called a balance. The fulcrum, or what is called the pivot, is sharpended, like a wedge, and made of hardened steel, so as much as possible to avoid friction." -Comstock 1850

Scale

"A common scale-beam, used for weighing, is a lever, suspended at the centre of gravity, so that the…

"It is composed of a hollow ball of glass, or metal, with a graduated scale rising from its upper part, which serves to balance it in the fluid." -Comstock 1850

Hydrometer

"It is composed of a hollow ball of glass, or metal, with a graduated scale rising from its upper part,…

"...being merely a tube of glass, nearly filled with mercury, with its lower end placed in a dish of the same fluid, and the upper end furnished with a scale, to measure the height of the mercury." -Comstock 1850

Barometer

"...being merely a tube of glass, nearly filled with mercury, with its lower end placed in a dish of…

"Three temperature scales compared against one another." -Comstock 1850

Temperature Scale

"Three temperature scales compared against one another." -Comstock 1850

"Place a known weight (say 100 g.) in the scale-pan, and to this weight add the weight of the clevis and the scale-pan, and call the sum the load. Measure the deflection of W caused by the load. Double the load, and measure the deflection thus caused." -Avery 1895

Deflection of Wood Using Known Weights

"Place a known weight (say 100 g.) in the scale-pan, and to this weight add the weight of the clevis…

"When any liquid is placed in one or more of several vessels communicating with each other, it will not come to rest until it stands at the same height inall of thw vessels. This principle is emobodied in the familiar expression 'Water seeks its level.' the principle is illustrated, on a large scale, in the system of pipes by which water is distributed in cities." -Avery 1895

Water Level in Multiple Connected Vessels

"When any liquid is placed in one or more of several vessels communicating with each other, it will…

"From one end of a scale-beam, suspend a cylindrical metal bucket, b, with a solid cylinder, a, that fits accurately into it hanging below. Conterpoise with weights (shot or sand) in the opposite scale-pan. Immerse a in water, and the counterpoise will descend, as if a had lost some of its weight. Carefully fill b with water. It will hold exactly the quantity displaced by a. Equilibrium will be restored." -Avery 1895

Archimedies Principle

"From one end of a scale-beam, suspend a cylindrical metal bucket, b, with a solid cylinder, a, that…

"The most common way of determining the density of such a body [that is heavier than water] if it is unsoluble in water, is to find its weight in air (w); find its weight when immersed in water (w'); divide the weight in air by the loss of weight in water." -Avery 1895

Scale Designed to Weigh Objects While Underwater

"The most common way of determining the density of such a body [that is heavier than water] if it is…

"An apparatus designed to measure the elongation or contraction of a spring when attached to two scale-pans, with one immersed in water." -Avery 1895

Jolly Balance

"An apparatus designed to measure the elongation or contraction of a spring when attached to two scale-pans,…

"Thermometers showing the corresponding points for water's freezing and boiling." -Avery 1895

Fahrenheit and Celcius scale Thermometers

"Thermometers showing the corresponding points for water's freezing and boiling." -Avery 1895

"In the Deprez-d'Arsonval dead-beat galvanometer, a moveable coil is suspended between the poles of a string, permanent U-magnet that is fixed. The coil consists of many turns of fine wire the terminals of which above and below serve as the supporting axis. Within the coil is an iron tube that is supported form the back, and that serves to concentrate the magnetic field. The passage of current turns the coil, and sets it so that its plane encloses a larger number of liens of force. this movement of the coil turns the mirror by means of which the angles of deflection are read with a telescope and scale." -Avery 1895

Deprez-d'Arsonval Dead-Beat Reflecting Galvanometer

"In the Deprez-d'Arsonval dead-beat galvanometer, a moveable coil is suspended between the poles of…

"From on pan suspend a hollow cylinder of metal t, and below that a solid cylinder a of the same size as the hollow part of the upper cylinder. Put two weights in the other scale pan until they sxactly balance the two cylinders. If a be immersed in water, te scale pan containing the weights will descend, showing that a has lost some of its weight. Now fill t with water, and the volume of water that can be poured into t will equal that displaced by a. The scale pan that contains the weights will gradually rise until t is filled, when the scales will balance again." —Hallock 1905

Archimedes Principle

"From on pan suspend a hollow cylinder of metal t, and below that a solid cylinder a of the same size…

"Determines the specific gravity of any given liquid. A hollow ball, C, rises to a graduated scale while the solid ball, B, keeps C vertically positioned." —Quackenbos 1859

Hydrometer

"Determines the specific gravity of any given liquid. A hollow ball, C, rises to a graduated scale while…

"As the mercury rises and lowers in the barometer, the float F turns the index, I. Index I points to the correct reading on the graduated scale S." —Quackenbos 1859

Wheel Barometer

"As the mercury rises and lowers in the barometer, the float F turns the index, I. Index I points to…

"A bulb of liquid is placed in the base of the glass graduated tube. As temperature increases, the volume of the liquid increases and it expands up the tube where its level is read on the graduated scale." —Quackenbos 1859

Thermometer

"A bulb of liquid is placed in the base of the glass graduated tube. As temperature increases, the volume…

"Used to compare the temperature between two environments. As the temperature in one bulb increases, the liquid reading changes according to the air expanding within the bulb. If both bulbs are the same temperature, the scale measures zero." —Quackenbos 1859

Differential Thermometer

"Used to compare the temperature between two environments. As the temperature in one bulb increases,…

Illustration of blueprint used by highway engineers to widen the pavement on the inside of the curve of a road.

Curve in Pavement of Road

Illustration of blueprint used by highway engineers to widen the pavement on the inside of the curve…

Leaves - simple; indeterminate, in position because of their closeness; arranged singly in two flat distinctly opposite ranks up and down the branchlets. Leaf - one half inch long, narrow; blunt sometimes minutely toothed toward the apex; flat; green above; silvery white beneath. Bark - reddish and scaly; when old, somewhat roughened by long, shallow furrows. Cones - very small (three fourths of an inch long); drooping; oval or egg-shape. Scales - few, thin, rounded and entire. The seed with the wing is about three fourths the length of the scale. The cone does not fall apart when ripe. Found - from Southern New Brunswick and the Valley of the St. Lawrence through the Northern States to Delaware, and along the Alleghany Mountains to Alabama. Common northward, often forming large forests. General Information - An evergreen tree, sixty to eighty feet high, irregular in outline, very graceful, especially when young, with light and delicate foliage and horizontal or drooping branches. The timber is very coarse; the bark much used for tanning, and with medicinal qualities.

Genus Tsuga, Carr. (Hemlock)

Leaves - simple; indeterminate, in position because of their closeness; arranged singly in two flat…

Leaves - simple; indeterminate in position because of their smallness and closeness. They are scale-like, somewhat egg-shape, overlapping each other, and closely pressed in four rows up and down the very flat branchlets. Each leaf has at its centre a raised gland, easily distinguished if held between the eye and the light. Bark - fibrous. The "spray" (formed from the flat branchlets) is itself flat and very delicate and of a dull green. Cones - about one fourth of an inch in diameter, round, variously placed, compact, purplish as they ripen; opening when ripe toward the centre line (i. e., not toward its base). Scales - fleshy, shield-shaped and apparently fastened near their centres, with the edge several-pointed, and with a sharp point or knob in the centre. Seeds - usually four to eight under each scale, oval, with wide wings at the sides. Found - in deep, cold swamps (filling them densely and exclusively), from Southern Maine along the coast to Florida, and along the Gulf coast to Mississippi. General Information - A tapering evergreen tree, thirty to seventy feet high, with light and durable wood, largely used in boat-building, for wooden-ware, shingles, etc.

Genus Chamaecyparis, Spach. (White Cedar)

Leaves - simple; indeterminate in position because of their smallness and closeness. They are scale-like,…

Leaves - simple; indeterminate in position because of their smallness and closeness. They are scale-like, somewhat egg-shape, overlapping each other, and closely pressed in four rows up and down the very flat branchlets. Each leaf has at its centre a raised gland, easily distinguished if held between the eye and the light. Bark - fibrous. The "spray" (formed from the flat branchlets) is itself flat and of rather a bright green. Cones - about five twelfths of an inch in length, long oval or reverse egg-shape, nodding, yellowish-brown as they ripen, dry and opening to the base when ripe. Scales - pointless, oval or egg-shape, smooth (i. e., not pointed on the edge or near the centre.) Seeds - one to two under each scale, long and narrow (like a small caraway seed); broadly winged all around, with the wing notched at one end. Found - along the Alleghany Mountains from the high peaks of North Carolina to Northern Pennsylvania and Central New York, northward into Southern Canada and westward; along rocky banks of streams and in swamps; very common at the North, where it often occupies large areas of swamp land. It is very widely cultivated, especially in hedges. General Information - A tapering evergreen tree, twenty to fifty feet high, with close, dense branches, and a light and durable wood.

Genus Thuya, L. (Arbor Vitae)

Leaves - simple; indeterminate in position because of their smallness and closeness. They are scale-like,…

Leaves - simple; indeterminate in position because of their smallness and closeness. They are arranged in four rows up and down the branchlets. In younger or rapidly growing sprouts the leaves are awl-shaped or needle-shaped, somewhat spreading from the branch, very sharp and stiff, placed in pairs (or sometimes in threes), usually about one fourth of an inch long, and with the fine branchlets, which they cover, rounded. In the older and slower-growing trees the leaves are scale-like and overlapping, egg-shape, closely pressed to the branchlets which they cover, and with the branchlets square. As the branchlets grow, the lower scales sometimes lengthen and become dry and chaffy and slightly spreading. Bark - brown and sometimes purplish-tinged, often shredding off with age and leaving the trunk smooth and polished. Berries - about the size of a small pea, closely placed along the branchlets, bluish, and covered with a whitish powder. Found - in Southern Canada, and distributed nearly throughout the United States - more widely than any other of the cone-bearing trees. General information - An evergreen tree, fifteen to thirty feet high (much larger at the South), usually pyramid-shaped, with a rounded base, but varying very greatly, especially near the coast, where it is often twisted and flattened into angular and weird forms. The wood is very valuable, light, straight-grained, durable, fragrant. It is largely used for posts, for cabinet-work, for interior finish, and almost exclusively in the making of lead pencils. The heart-wood is usually a dull red (whence the name), the sap-wood white. Among the most picturesque objects in the Turkish landscape, standing like sentinels, singly or in groups, and slender and upright as a Lombardy Poplar, are the black cypress trees (C. sempervirens). They mark the sites of graves, often of those which have long since disappeared. In America, more than any other northern tree, the red cedar gives the same sombre effect, whether growing wild or planted in cemeteries. The Common Juniper (J. communis, L.), common as a shrub, is occasionally found in tree form, low, with spreading or drooping branches, and with leaves resembling those of a young Red Cedar, awl-shaped and spreading, but arranged in threes instead of opposite.

Genus Juniperus, L. (Red Cedar)

Leaves - simple; indeterminate in position because of their smallness and closeness. They are arranged…

The triangle scale has six surfaces for different graduations, and the scales are arranged so that the drawings may be made in any proportion to the actual size.

Triangle Scales

The triangle scale has six surfaces for different graduations, and the scales are arranged so that the…

Scales are made with different divisions for different purposes. For machine, structural and architectural drawing the architects' scale of proportional feet and inches is used.

The Scale of the Architects

Scales are made with different divisions for different purposes. For machine, structural and architectural…

Transfer the caliper to a scale to receive measurement.

Reading the Outside Caliper

Transfer the caliper to a scale to receive measurement.

Transfer the caliper to a scale to receive measurement.

Reading the Inside Caliper

Transfer the caliper to a scale to receive measurement.

When the caliper cannot be removed from a thickness, a filler can be used. The distance must be subtracted from the total distance to obtain the desired thickness.

Caliper with Filler

When the caliper cannot be removed from a thickness, a filler can be used. The distance must be subtracted…

The transfer caliper is provided with a false leg which is set so that the caliper may be opened and then brought back to the same position after removing from the casting.

Transfer Caliper

The transfer caliper is provided with a false leg which is set so that the caliper may be opened and…

"Measurement of distance on a map by means of an engineer's scale." -U.S. Chief of Engineers

Engineer's Scale

"Measurement of distance on a map by means of an engineer's scale." -U.S. Chief of Engineers

"Shad scale (Atriplex canescens): a, fruit; b, flower." -Department of Agriculture, 1899

Shad Scale

"Shad scale (Atriplex canescens): a, fruit; b, flower." -Department of Agriculture, 1899

"A single root hair on a large scale, showing that it is an outgrowth of an epidermal cell, and the fact that it possesses a living protoplast and large vacuole filled with cell-sap and traversed by cytoplasmic strands. The nucleus is near the apex of the hair." -Stevens, 1916

Plant Root Hair

"A single root hair on a large scale, showing that it is an outgrowth of an epidermal cell, and the…

"Cross section through a water-absorbing scale of Tillandsia usneoides; a, a, water-absorbing cells partially filled with water." -Stevens, 1916

T. Usneoides Cell

"Cross section through a water-absorbing scale of Tillandsia usneoides; a, a, water-absorbing cells…

A mercurial barometer: "The cup or cistern of mercury is at A. By means of the screw C the mercury is forced up until the mercury surface in A is brought to the little pointer shown at B, which is the zero or beginning of the barometer scale. The height of the mercury in the tube is then read off from the scale at C. D is an attached thermometer." -Waldo, 1896

Mercurial Barometer

A mercurial barometer: "The cup or cistern of mercury is at A. By means of the screw C the mercury is…

"Forms of spermatozoa (not drawn to scale). 1 and 2. Immature and mature spermatozoa of snail; 3. of bird; 4. of man (h., head; m., middle portion; t., tail); 5. of salamander, with vibratile fringe (f.); 6. of Ascaris, slightly amoeboid with cap (c); 7. of crayfish." -Thomson, 1916

Spermatozoa

"Forms of spermatozoa (not drawn to scale). 1 and 2. Immature and mature spermatozoa of snail; 3. of…

"Branches, and fruit (Lepidostrobus) of Lepidodendron)." -Taylor, 1904

Scale Tree

"Branches, and fruit (Lepidostrobus) of Lepidodendron)." -Taylor, 1904

A six-foot man drawn to scale during the time period of miocene.

Six Foot man

A six-foot man drawn to scale during the time period of miocene.

Three views of a rostro-carinate (earliest period) Paleolithic stone implement. All roughly drawn to scale.

Paleolithic Stone

Three views of a rostro-carinate (earliest period) Paleolithic stone implement. All roughly drawn to…

Some reptiles of the Late Paleozoic Age. The six-foot man is drawn to the same scale as the other animals.

Reptiles of the late Paleozoic age

Some reptiles of the Late Paleozoic Age. The six-foot man is drawn to the same scale as the other animals.