"Longitudinal section of an onion leaf. sca, thickened base of leaf, forming a bulb-scale; s, thin sheath of leaf; bl, blade of leaf; int, hollow interior of blade." -Bergen, 1896

Onion Leaf

"Longitudinal section of an onion leaf. sca, thickened base of leaf, forming a bulb-scale; s, thin sheath…

"A spray of a common asparagus (not the edible species)." -Bergen, 1896

Asparagus

"A spray of a common asparagus (not the edible species)." -Bergen, 1896

"Stem of "Smilax" (Myrsiphyllum). l, scale-like leaves; cl, cladophyll, or leaf-like branch, growing in the axil of the leaf; ped, flower-stalk, growing in the axil of a leaf." -Bergen, 1896

Smilax

"Stem of "Smilax" (Myrsiphyllum). l, scale-like leaves; cl, cladophyll, or leaf-like branch, growing…

"Grafting. At the left scion and stock are shown ready to be united; at the right they are joined and ready to cover with grafting wax." -Bergen, 1896

Grafting

"Grafting. At the left scion and stock are shown ready to be united; at the right they are joined and…

"Types of vernation. 1, 2, cherry; 3, 4, European walnut; 5, 6, snowball; 7, lady's mantle; 8, oxalis." -Bergen, 1896

Vernation

"Types of vernation. 1, 2, cherry; 3, 4, European walnut; 5, 6, snowball; 7, lady's mantle; 8, oxalis."…

"Leafy twig of poplar." -Bergen, 1896

Poplar Leaves

"Leafy twig of poplar." -Bergen, 1896

Plan of the body in cross-section. The systems in the body are arranged in a certain way which is the same in all animals which have a backbone. The plan of the bony skeleton is a central axis from which all other parts are extended. In this lies the central axis of the nervous system, from which its branches also extend.

Diagram of the Body Plan

Plan of the body in cross-section. The systems in the body are arranged in a certain way which is the…

"Pinnately compound leaf of pea. A tendril takes the place of a terminal leaflet." -Bergen, 1896

Pea Leaf

"Pinnately compound leaf of pea. A tendril takes the place of a terminal leaflet." -Bergen, 1896

"Leaves standing nearly vertical in compass-plant. (Silphium laciniatum). A, view from east or west; B, from north or south." -Bergen, 1896

Compass Plant

"Leaves standing nearly vertical in compass-plant. (Silphium laciniatum). A, view from east or west;…

"Melon-Cactus." -Bergen, 1896

Melon Cactus

"Melon-Cactus." -Bergen, 1896

"Common Pitcher-Plant (Sarracenia purpurea). At the right one of the pitcher-like leaves is shown in cross-section." -Bergen, 1896

Common Pitcher Plant

"Common Pitcher-Plant (Sarracenia purpurea). At the right one of the pitcher-like leaves is shown in…

"Sundew (Drosera rotundifolia)." -Bergen, 1896

Round-Leaf Sundew

"Sundew (Drosera rotundifolia)." -Bergen, 1896

"Blade of leaf of sundew." -Bergen, 1896

Sundew Leaf

"Blade of leaf of sundew." -Bergen, 1896

"Leaves of sundew. The one at the left has all its tentacles closed over captured prey; the one at the right has only half of them thus closed." -Bergen, 1896

Sundew Leaves

"Leaves of sundew. The one at the left has all its tentacles closed over captured prey; the one at the…

The Venus Flytrap.

Venus Flytrap

The Venus Flytrap.

"Spiny leaves of barberry." -Bergen, 1896

Barberry Leaves

"Spiny leaves of barberry." -Bergen, 1896

"Leaf of a nighshade (Solanum atropurpureum)." -Bergen, 1896

Nightshade Leaf

"Leaf of a nighshade (Solanum atropurpureum)." -Bergen, 1896

"Euphorbia splendens. The spines are dead and dry stipules." -Bergen, 1896

Euphorbia splendens

"Euphorbia splendens. The spines are dead and dry stipules." -Bergen, 1896

"Thorn stipules of locust." -Bergen, 1896

Locust Thorns

"Thorn stipules of locust." -Bergen, 1896

A hydrangea used for an experiment.

Hydrangea

A hydrangea used for an experiment.

"The parts of the flower. cal, calyx; cor, corolla; st, stamens; p, pistil." -Bergen, 1896

Flower Parts

"The parts of the flower. cal, calyx; cor, corolla; st, stamens; p, pistil." -Bergen, 1896

"Irregular corolla of sweet pea. A, side view; B, front view. s, standard; w, w, wings; k, keel." -Bergen, 1896

Sweet Pea Flower

"Irregular corolla of sweet pea. A, side view; B, front view. s, standard; w, w, wings; k, keel." -Bergen,…

"Flowers of willow. A, staminate flower; B, pistillate flower." -Bergen, 1896

Willow Flowers

"Flowers of willow. A, staminate flower; B, pistillate flower." -Bergen, 1896

"Tubular corolla, from head of bachelor's button." -Bergen, 1896

Cornflower

"Tubular corolla, from head of bachelor's button." -Bergen, 1896

"Parts of a stamen. A, front; B, back. a, anther; c, connective; f, filament." -Bergen, 1896

Stamen Parts

"Parts of a stamen. A, front; B, back. a, anther; c, connective; f, filament." -Bergen, 1896

"Parts of the pistil. ov, ovary; sty, style; stig, stigma." -Bergen, 1896

Pistil Parts

"Parts of the pistil. ov, ovary; sty, style; stig, stigma." -Bergen, 1896

"Monadelphous stamens of mallow." -Bergen, 1896

Mallow Stamens

"Monadelphous stamens of mallow." -Bergen, 1896

"Stamens of a thistle, with anthers united into a ring. a, united anthers; f, filaments, bearded on the sides." -Bergen, 1896

Thistle Stamens

"Stamens of a thistle, with anthers united into a ring. a, united anthers; f, filaments, bearded on…

"Diadelphous stamens of sweet pea." -Bergen, 1896

Sweet Pea Stamens

"Diadelphous stamens of sweet pea." -Bergen, 1896

"White water-lily. The inner petals and the stamens growing from the ovary." -Bergen, 1896

White Waterlily

"White water-lily. The inner petals and the stamens growing from the ovary." -Bergen, 1896

"Stigma of thorn-apple (Datura) with pollen." -Bergen, 1896

Stigma

"Stigma of thorn-apple (Datura) with pollen." -Bergen, 1896

"Stamens and pistil of the grape, with a nectar gland, g, between each pair of stamens." -Bergen, 1896

Stamens and Pistil

"Stamens and pistil of the grape, with a nectar gland, g, between each pair of stamens." -Bergen, 1896

"A violet with cleistogamous flowers. The objects which look like flower-buds are cleistogamous flowers in various stages of development. The pods are the fruit of similar flowers. The plant is represented as it appears in late July or August, after the ordinary flowers have disappeared." -Bergen, 1896

Violet

"A violet with cleistogamous flowers. The objects which look like flower-buds are cleistogamous flowers…

"Group of follicles and a single follicle of the Monkshood." -Bergen, 1896

Follicles

"Group of follicles and a single follicle of the Monkshood." -Bergen, 1896

"Cross-section of an orange. a, axis of fruit with dots showing cut-off ends of fibro-vascular bundles; p, partition between cells of ovary; S, seed; c, cell of ovary filled with a pulp composed of irregular tubes full of juice; o, oil reservoirs near outer surface of rind; e, corky layer of epidermis." -Bergen, 1896

Orange

"Cross-section of an orange. a, axis of fruit with dots showing cut-off ends of fibro-vascular bundles;…

"Fruits of Linden, with a bract joined to the peduncle and forming a wing." -Bergen, 1896

Tilia Fruit

"Fruits of Linden, with a bract joined to the peduncle and forming a wing." -Bergen, 1896

"Russian Thistle." -Bergen, 1896

Russian Thistle

"Russian Thistle." -Bergen, 1896

"Panicle of tickle-grass, a common tumbleweed." -Bergen, 1896

Tickle-Grass

"Panicle of tickle-grass, a common tumbleweed." -Bergen, 1896

"Fruits adapted for dispersal by the shaking action of the wind: pea." -Bergen, 1896

Pea Fruit

"Fruits adapted for dispersal by the shaking action of the wind: pea." -Bergen, 1896

"Fruits adapted for dispersal by the shaking action of the wind: jimson weed (Datura)." -Bergen, 1896

Datura Fruit

"Fruits adapted for dispersal by the shaking action of the wind: jimson weed (Datura)." -Bergen, 1896

"Transverse section of conceptacle of a rockweed (Fucus platycarpus). h, hairs; a, antheridia; o, oogonia." -Bergen, 1896

Rockweed Section

"Transverse section of conceptacle of a rockweed (Fucus platycarpus). h, hairs; a, antheridia; o, oogonia."…

"A mushroom (Agaricus melleus). my, mycelium; c, c', c'', young 'buttons'; st, stipe or stalk; r, ring; g, gills." -Bergen, 1896

Honey Fungus

"A mushroom (Agaricus melleus). my, mycelium; c, c', c'', young 'buttons'; st, stipe or stalk; r, ring;…

"Portions of gills of a fungus (Agaricus). A, slightly magnified; B, one of the parts of A, more magnified. hym, hymenium; h, central layer." -Bergen, 1896

Fungus Gills

"Portions of gills of a fungus (Agaricus). A, slightly magnified; B, one of the parts of A, more magnified.…

"Spore-plant of a fern (Aspidium filix-mas). A, part of a rootstock and fronds; fr, young fronds unrollin. B, under side of a pinnule, showing sori, s. C, section through a sorus at right angles to surface of leaf, showing indusium, i, and sporangia, s. D, a sporangium discharging spores." -Bergen, 1896

Fern Spore Plant

"Spore-plant of a fern (Aspidium filix-mas). A, part of a rootstock and fronds; fr, young fronds unrollin.…

"Plant of Lycopodium (L. annotinum)." -Bergen, 1896

Clubmoss

"Plant of Lycopodium (L. annotinum)." -Bergen, 1896

"A scouring-rush (Equisetum sylvaticum). At the right is a colorless fertile stem, in the middle a green sterile one, and at the left a green fertile one." -Bergen, 1896

Scouring Rush

"A scouring-rush (Equisetum sylvaticum). At the right is a colorless fertile stem, in the middle a green…

"Longitudinal section through fertilized ovule of a spruce. p, pollen grains; t, pollen tubes; n neck of the archegonium; a, body of archegonium with nucleus; e, embryo sac filled with endosperm." -Bergen, 1896

Spruce Ovule

"Longitudinal section through fertilized ovule of a spruce. p, pollen grains; t, pollen tubes; n neck…

"A, Shapes of bases of leaves; B, Peltate leaf of Tropaeolum. 1, heart-shaped; 2, arrow-shaped; 3, halberd-shaped." -Bergen, 1896

Leaf Bases

"A, Shapes of bases of leaves; B, Peltate leaf of Tropaeolum. 1, heart-shaped; 2, arrow-shaped; 3, halberd-shaped."…

"Axillary and solitary flowers of pimpernel." -Bergen, 1896

Pimpernel Flowers

"Axillary and solitary flowers of pimpernel." -Bergen, 1896

"Raceme of common red currant. p, peduncle; p', pedicel; br, bract." -Bergen, 1896

Redcurrant Raceme

"Raceme of common red currant. p, peduncle; p', pedicel; br, bract." -Bergen, 1896

"Simple umbel of cherry." -Bergen, 1896

Cherry Umbel

"Simple umbel of cherry." -Bergen, 1896

"Catkins of willow. A, staminate flowers; B, pistillate flowers." -Bergen, 1896

Willow Catkin

"Catkins of willow. A, staminate flowers; B, pistillate flowers." -Bergen, 1896

"Head of yarrow. A, top view; B, lengthwise section. re, receptacle; i, involucre; r, ray-flowers; d, disk-flowers; c, corolla; s, stigma; ch, chaff, or bracts of receptacle." -Bergen, 1896

Yarrow

"Head of yarrow. A, top view; B, lengthwise section. re, receptacle; i, involucre; r, ray-flowers; d,…

"Compound umbel of carrot." -Bergen, 1896

Carrot Umbel

"Compound umbel of carrot." -Bergen, 1896

"Diagram of inflorescence of a grass. g, sterile glumes; P1, a flowering glume; P2, a scaly bract (palea); e, transparent scales (lodicules) at the base of the flower; B, the flower." -Bergen, 1896

Grass Inflorescence

"Diagram of inflorescence of a grass. g, sterile glumes; P1, a flowering glume; P2, a scaly bract (palea);…

"Fescue-grass (Festuca pratensis). A, spikelet; B, a flower, the lodicules in front and the palea behind; C, a lodicule; D, ovary." -Bergen, 1896

Fescue Grass

"Fescue-grass (Festuca pratensis). A, spikelet; B, a flower, the lodicules in front and the palea behind;…

"Inflorescence, flower, and seed, of a sedge. (Great Bulrush, Scirpus lacustris.) A, magnified flower, surrounded by perianth of hypogynous bristles; B, the seed; C, section of the seed, showing the small embryo enclosed in the base of the endosperm." -Bergen, 1896

Sedge

"Inflorescence, flower, and seed, of a sedge. (Great Bulrush, Scirpus lacustris.) A, magnified flower,…

"Acorus calamus. A, spadix; B, a single flower, enlarged; C, diagram of flower, enlarged." -Bergen, 1896

Common Sweet Flag

"Acorus calamus. A, spadix; B, a single flower, enlarged; C, diagram of flower, enlarged." -Bergen,…

"Iris. I, flower; II, seed, longitudinal section; III, flower with outer segments of perianth removed; stig., stigma, ov., ovary." -Bergen, 1896

Iris

"Iris. I, flower; II, seed, longitudinal section; III, flower with outer segments of perianth removed;…

"Iris. I, flower, longitudinal section, ov., ovary; II, diagram, showing stigmas opposite the stamens; III, capsule, splitting between the partitions." -Bergen, 1896

Iris

"Iris. I, flower, longitudinal section, ov., ovary; II, diagram, showing stigmas opposite the stamens;…