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"1. In rope-drilling, a cylinder, provided with a valve at the bottom, which is lowered into the drill-hole from time to time to remove the pulverized rock, or sludge. Also called a sludger. 2. A powerful water-jet with an annular nozle inclosing a tube which is sunk in loose sand, and operates as an injector to lift the sand with the water which discharges back through the tube. a. sand to be removed, b. suction-pipe, c. induction-pipe, d. discharge-pipe" —Whitney, 1889

Sand Pump

"1. In rope-drilling, a cylinder, provided with a valve at the bottom, which is lowered into the drill-hole…

<i>Pristis pectinatus</i>. "1. An elasmobranchiate or selachian fish of the family <i>Pristidae</i>, having the snout prolonged into a flat saw or serra beset on each side with horizontal teeth pointing sidewise." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Sawfish, Side View

Pristis pectinatus. "1. An elasmobranchiate or selachian fish of the family Pristidae, having the snout…

"An iron implement placed at or near the door of a house, on which to scrape the dirt from the soles of the shoes." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>A small, u-shaped device, attached to the ground.

Scraper for Shoes at the Front Door of a House

"An iron implement placed at or near the door of a house, on which to scrape the dirt from the soles…

<i>Pristis pectinatus</i>. "1. An elasmobranchiate or selachian fish of the family <i>Pristidae</i>, having the snout prolonged into a flat saw or serra beset on each side with horizontal teeth pointing sidewise." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Sawfish, View from Underneath

Pristis pectinatus. "1. An elasmobranchiate or selachian fish of the family Pristidae, having the snout…

"A propeller acting on the principle of the screw, attached to the exterior end of a shaft protruding through the hull of a vessel at the stern. It consists of a number of spiral metal blades either cast together in one piece or bolted to a hub... D, diagrammatic view of hull of a screw propeller ship, in which k shows position of boilers; l, the engines; f, propeller shaft; e, thrust block; g, propeller." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Screw Propeller Ship, Diagrammatic View of the Hull

"A propeller acting on the principle of the screw, attached to the exterior end of a shaft protruding…

The coin (front) bears the image of the Virgin Mary receiving Gabriel's salutation. The back of the coin is decorated with a Christian cross. It was issued by Charles VI of France and by Henry V and Henry VI of England. It weighs approximately 54 grains.

Salute, a Golden Coin (Reverse)

The coin (front) bears the image of the Virgin Mary receiving Gabriel's salutation. The back of the…

Rifle on the United States cruiser, Atlanta. The illustration shows a detailed view of the rifle, specifically, the shield, which is labeled "a".

Six-inch Breech Loading Rifle

Rifle on the United States cruiser, Atlanta. The illustration shows a detailed view of the rifle, specifically,…

"A, acromion; C, coracoid; CA, carpus; CL, clavicle; H, humerus; M, metacarpals; O, ventral surface of the scapula; P, phalanges, proximal row; R, radius; T, head of humerus; U, ulna." —Whitney, 1889

Bones of the Shoulder and Upper Extremity - Front View

"A, acromion; C, coracoid; CA, carpus; CL, clavicle; H, humerus; M, metacarpals; O, ventral surface…

Illustration of the Cathedral at Monreale, near Palermo. It is an example of Sicilian and Norman architecture. Construction was begun in 1174. The interior includes monolithic columns with Corinthian capitals. There are numerous pointed arches. Mosaics cover all of the interior walls and ceilings.

Cathedral of Monreale - Interior View

Illustration of the Cathedral at Monreale, near Palermo. It is an example of Sicilian and Norman architecture.…

"They are small hump-backed gnats, of a gray or blackish color, with broad pale wings." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>This is a dorsal view of the larva, with fan-shaped appendages spread.

Fish-Killing Buffalo Gnat Larva

"They are small hump-backed gnats, of a gray or blackish color, with broad pale wings." —Whitney,…

"A, side view of American club-skate; B, bottom of the skate with the runner removed. a, runner; b, heel-plate; c, sole-plate; d, riveting by which the runner is attached to the heel- and sole-plates; e, e, clamps which grasp the sole when they are drawn rearward by the action of the curved slots f upon pins fixed firmly in the sole plate. Both these clamps are pivoted at their rear extremities to a bar g, connected by a winged adjusting screw h, to a collar i, which is pivoted to the heel-clamp j; k, spur which engages the front part of the heel when the heel-clamp is drawn foward; l, toggle-lever, by which the sole-clamps are drawn rear-ward and the heel-clamp forward simultaneously. In B this lever is shown turned out; to clamp the skate to the shoe, it is pressed inward under the sole out of sight." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

American Club Ice Skate - View from Side and Bottom

"A, side view of American club-skate; B, bottom of the skate with the runner removed. a, runner; b,…

"A contrivance for enabling a person to glide swiftly on ice, consisting of a steel runner fixed either to a wooden sole provided with straps and buckles, or to a light iron or steel framework having adjustable clamps or other means of attachment to a shoe or boot. C is a roller skate in which a plate with rollers replaces the runner." &mdash; Whitney, 1889

Roller Skate - Side View

"A contrivance for enabling a person to glide swiftly on ice, consisting of a steel runner fixed either…

"A wooden runner, of tough wood, from five to ten feet long, an or an inch and a half thick at the middle, but thinner toward the ends, an inch wider than the shoe of the user, and turned up in a curve at the front." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Ski - Side and Bottom View

"A wooden runner, of tough wood, from five to ten feet long, an or an inch and a half thick at the middle,…

An illustration of a pichiciago, a small burrowing armadillo. The front half of the animal is covered in the endoskeleton. The back half of the animal is stripped of the outer skeleton so that the exoskeleton or dermoskeleton can be viewed. The scientific name of the pichiciago is <i>Chlamydophorus truncatus</i>.

Armadillo - Endoskeleton and Exoskeleton or Dermoskeleton

An illustration of a pichiciago, a small burrowing armadillo. The front half of the animal is covered…

"A money formerly used in Scandinavia and northern Germany, in some places as a coin and in others as a money of account. It varied in value from 1/4d. in Denmark to nearly 1d. (about 2 cents) in Hamburg." <p>This illustration is of the front of the copper coin and features a profile of Oscar I.

Skilling Coin - Obverse

"A money formerly used in Scandinavia and northern Germany, in some places as a coin and in others as…

A large tower looms over what is presumably a town hall with a public square in front.

Town Hall with Large Tower

A large tower looms over what is presumably a town hall with a public square in front.

"A forked branch of a tree, four or five feet long, used by slave-hunters in Africa to prevent the slaves they had captured or purchased from running away when on the march from the interior to the coast. The forked part was secured on the neck of the slave by lashings passing from the end of one prong to the end of the other, so that the heavy stick hung down nearly to the ground, or (as was usually the case) was connected with the fork on the neck of another slave." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>In this illustration, the slave sits on the ground with the slave fork out in front of him. He is in an enclosure with a thatched roof.

Slave Fork

"A forked branch of a tree, four or five feet long, used by slave-hunters in Africa to prevent the slaves…

"A pair of runners connected by a framework, used (sometimes with another pair) to carry loads or support the body of a vehicle, or, when of lighter build and supporting a light platform or seat, in the sport of coasting and for drawing light loads by hand. A, bob-sled, composed of two short sleds a, a1 connected by a perch b, which is attached to the sled a1 by a king bolt c, on which the sled a1 turns freely, thereby enabling it to be turned around in a space a little wider than its own length: the box or body of the sled, when one is used, is supported on the bolsters d, d1." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Bobsled - Side View

"A pair of runners connected by a framework, used (sometimes with another pair) to carry loads or support…

<Sminthurus roseus</i>. "A family of collembolous insects, typified by the genus <i>Sminthurus</i>, having a globular body, four-jointed antennae with a long terminal joint, saltatory appendage composed of a basal part and two arms, and tracheae well developed. They are found commonly among grass and fungi; many species have been described." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>These animals are no longer considered insects. This illustration shows a tiny creature with six legs, two appendages at the back, and two antennae.

Springtail - View from Top

<i>Liparis lineata</i>. A fish of the genus <i>Liparis</i>; so called from their soft unctuous feel, and their habit of adhering to rocks by means of a ventral sucker. <p>This illustration shows a profile view of the fish.

Snailfish

Liparis lineata. A fish of the genus Liparis; so called from their soft unctuous feel, and their habit…

"A contrivance attached to the foot to enable the wearer to walk on deep snow without sinking to the extent of being disabled...The Canadian is a contracted oval in front and pointed behind, and is from 3 to 5 feet long and from 1 to 2 feet wide, the foot being fastened on the widest part of the shoe by means of thongs and so as to leave the heel free. It has a light rim of tough wood, on which is woven from side to side a web of rawhide." —Whitney, 1889

Canadian Snow Shoe

"A contrivance attached to the foot to enable the wearer to walk on deep snow without sinking to the…

<i>Amphidotus cordatus</i> or <i>Echinocardium cordatum</i>, commonly called a sea urchin, viewed from above. a, anterior ambulacrum, forming with b, b, anterolateral ambulacra, the trivium; c, c, two posterolateral ambulacra, forming the bivium; d, madreporic tubercle surrounded by genital pores; e, intrapetalous semita or fasciole; f, circumanal semita." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Sea Urchin - View from Above

Amphidotus cordatus or Echinocardium cordatum, commonly called a sea urchin, viewed from above. a, anterior…

"A, spectacles with bows hinged to the shoulders on the rims connected by the nose or bridge. B, spectacles with hook-bows and with bridge and shoulders riveted to the lenses. C, detail showing construction of shoulder. D, side view, showing rim. In all the figures: a, bows; b, shoulders; c, rims; d, bridge." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

A Collection of Spectacles

"A, spectacles with bows hinged to the shoulders on the rims connected by the nose or bridge. B, spectacles…

"One of the numberless microscopic bodies contained in semen, to which the seminal fluid owes its vitality, and which are the immediate and active means of impregnating or fertilizing the ovum of the female... I. broadest view; II. profile, of k, kernel or nucleus of the head, and m, filamentous body, ending in s, the long slender tail." —Whitney, 1889

Human Spermatozoa

"One of the numberless microscopic bodies contained in semen, to which the seminal fluid owes its vitality,…

"One of the numberless microscopic bodies contained in semen, to which the seminal fluid owes its vitality, and which are the immediate and active means of impregnating or fertilizing the ovum of the female... I. broadest view; II. profile, of k, kernel or nucleus of the head, and m, filamentous body, ending in s, the long slender tail." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>Illustration of two spermatozoa from an ape.

Spermatozoa of an Ape

"One of the numberless microscopic bodies contained in semen, to which the seminal fluid owes its vitality,…

<i>Latrodectus mactans</i>. Spiders are "dimerosomatous - that is, have the body divided into two principal regions, the cephalothorax, or head and chest together, and the abdomen, which is generally tumid or globose...In those species which are poisonous the falces are traversed by the duct of a venom-gland." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Female Black Widow Spider with a View of the Under Side of the Abdomen

Latrodectus mactans. Spiders are "dimerosomatous - that is, have the body divided into two principal…

"Then shall the kingdom of heaven be likened unto ten virgins, who took their lamps, and went forth to meet the bridegroom. And five of them were foolish, and five were wise. For the foolish, when they took their lamps, took no oil with them: but the wise took oil in their vessels with their lamps." Matthew 25:1-4 ASV <p>Illustration of ten virgin brides going to meet the bridegroom. The five in front hold lighted lamps, while the five lagging behind have no light. The writing reads "Gif ven oss af eder olja, ty våra lampor slockna" at the top, and "de tio jungfrurna" at the bottom.

The Parable of the Wise and Foolish Virgins

"Then shall the kingdom of heaven be likened unto ten virgins, who took their lamps, and went forth…

This divider features stars in a horizontal line across the front, as well as folded, fluttery corners that appear almost like seashells. The divider can also be used as a banner with writing in between the stars.

Divider with Star Pattern

This divider features stars in a horizontal line across the front, as well as folded, fluttery corners…

"And he arose, and came to his father. But while he was yet afar off, his father saw him, and was moved with compassion, and ran, and fell on his neck, and kissed him." Luke 15:20 ASV <p>Illustration of a son returning home to his family. He has fallen on his knees in front of his father. His mother emerges from the home. A man with a pick-ax over his shoulder and a shepherd stand nearby. A dog lingers behind the son.

The Prodigal Son Returns to His Family

"And he arose, and came to his father. But while he was yet afar off, his father saw him, and was moved…

Illustration of Jesus preaching to a crowd of people. One man is sitting on the ground. Jesus' left arm is lifted and he is standing in front of a large tree.

Jesus Preaches to a Crowd

Illustration of Jesus preaching to a crowd of people. One man is sitting on the ground. Jesus' left…

"They took Jesus therefore: and he went out, bearing the cross for himself, unto the place called The place of a skull, which is called in Hebrew, Golgotha..." John 19:17 ASV <p>Illustration of Jesus on his hands and knees with the cross on his back. A soldier is standing over him with a whip raised over his head. Simon of Cyrene is in the process of taking the cross from Jesus. Women have fallen on their knees in front of Jesus.

Jesus Falls While Carrying His Cross

"They took Jesus therefore: and he went out, bearing the cross for himself, unto the place called The…

"And when he had said these things, as they were looking, he was taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight." Acts 1:9 ASV <p>Illustration of Jesus ascending into heaven while his apostles watch from the ground. Eight of the apostles are standing, while three are kneeling. Mountains and palm trees are visible in the background. Jesus is wearing a flowing robe and a halo of light surrounds his head.

The Ascension of Jesus in front of the Apostles

"And when he had said these things, as they were looking, he was taken up; and a cloud received him…

"Now there was a certain man in Caesarea, Cornelius by name, a centurion of the band called the Italian band, a devout man, and one that feared God with all his house, who gave much alms to the people, and prayed to God always. He saw in a vision openly, as it were about the ninth hour of the day, an angel of God coming in unto him, and saying to him, Cornelius." Acts 10:1-3 ASV <p>Illustration of Cornelius kneeling with hands clasped in prayer in front of an angel. The angel is kneeling on a rock. A small tree stands behind Cornelius.

Cornelius the Centurion is Visited by an Angel

"Now there was a certain man in Caesarea, Cornelius by name, a centurion of the band called the Italian…

"And when it came to pass that Peter entered, Cornelius met him, and fell down at his feet, and worshipped him. But Peter raised him up, saying, Stand up; I myself also am a man." Acts 10:25-26 ASV <p>Illustration of Cornelius bowing before Peter. Cornelius is dressed in a centurion's uniform. Peter is wearing robes and his right arm is raised. A man in a turban and decorated robe stands to Peter's left. Several other men are kneeling as well.

Cornelius Kneels in Front of Peter

"And when it came to pass that Peter entered, Cornelius met him, and fell down at his feet, and worshipped…

"Two men went up into the temple to pray; the one a Pharisee, and the other a publican. The Pharisee stood and prayed thus with himself, God, I thank thee, that I am not as the rest of men, extortioners, unjust, adulterers, or even as this publican. I fast twice in the week; I give tithes of all that I get. But the publican, standing afar off, would not lift up so much as his eyes unto heaven, but smote his breast, saying, God, be thou merciful to me a sinner." Luke 18:10-13 <p>Illustration of two men, one a Pharisee and one a publican, praying on the steps of the temple. The Pharisee in front is standing, while the publican behind him kneels and bows on the steps, arms folded on his chest. Incense burns in a large container behind them.

A Pharisee and a Publican Praying on the Steps of the Temple

"Two men went up into the temple to pray; the one a Pharisee, and the other a publican. The Pharisee…

A close-up, front view of the gold Alfred Jewel, which was made in the late 9th century. The inscription reads "aelfred mec heht gewyrcan", which means "Alfred had me wrought". You can clearly see the animal head at the base and the snout, which would have been hollow so that a rod could be fitted onto the jewel.

The Gold Alfred Jewel, Front View

A close-up, front view of the gold Alfred Jewel, which was made in the late 9th century. The inscription…