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A cultivator is a farm implement for stirring and pulverizing the soil, either before planting or to remove weeds and to aerate and loosen the soil after the crop has begun to grow. It is powered by a tractor and stirs the soil, usually to a greater depth than does the harrow.

Seeder and Cultivator

A cultivator is a farm implement for stirring and pulverizing the soil, either before planting or to…

Fertilizers are roughly broken up between organic and inorganic fertilizer, with the main difference between the two being sourcing, and not necessarily differences in nutrient content. Broadcast seeders/spreaders can be roughly divided into three groups. The smallest of the broadcast seeders/spreaders can be carried or pushed while spreading seed or fertilizer.

One Wheel Fertilizer Distributor

Fertilizers are roughly broken up between organic and inorganic fertilizer, with the main difference…

An illustration of the Great Coxwell Tithe Barn built during the fourteenth century. The barn was used to store a tenth of the farm's produce given to the church.

Great Coxwell Tithe Barn

An illustration of the Great Coxwell Tithe Barn built during the fourteenth century. The barn was used…

A fourteenth century illustration of ploughing the field using ox and plough equipment.

Fourteenth Century Ploughing Field Farming

A fourteenth century illustration of ploughing the field using ox and plough equipment.

A fourteenth century farmers harrowing the field. Harrowing is a cultivation method to break up clods and lumps of soil for finer finish.

Fourteenth Century Harrowing Field Farming

A fourteenth century farmers harrowing the field. Harrowing is a cultivation method to break up clods…

A planter is an agricultural farm implement towed behind a tractor, used for sowing crops through a field. It is connected to the tractor with a draw-bar, or a three-point hitch.

Combined Planter and Fertilizer

A planter is an agricultural farm implement towed behind a tractor, used for sowing crops through a…

This disk harrow is another farm implement that is used to cultivate the soil where crops are to be planted.

Disk Harrow

This disk harrow is another farm implement that is used to cultivate the soil where crops are to be…

A farm implement consisting of a heavy blade at the end of a beam, usually hitched to a draft team or motor vehicle and used for breaking up soil and cutting furrows in preparation for sowing.

Agricultural Plow

A farm implement consisting of a heavy blade at the end of a beam, usually hitched to a draft team or…

A farm implement consisting of a heavy blade at the end of a beam, usually hitched to a draft team or motor vehicle and used for breaking up soil and cutting furrows in preparation for sowing.

Tool Plow

A farm implement consisting of a heavy blade at the end of a beam, usually hitched to a draft team or…

A bin or boxlike device from which farm animals may eat, esp. such a device designed to allow a number of chickens to feed simultaneously or to release a specific amount of feed at regular intervals.

Poultry Drink Feeder

A bin or boxlike device from which farm animals may eat, esp. such a device designed to allow a number…

A bin or boxlike device from which farm animals may eat, esp. such a device designed to allow a number of chickens to feed simultaneously or to release a specific amount of feed at regular intervals.

Combination Fountain Feeder

A bin or boxlike device from which farm animals may eat, esp. such a device designed to allow a number…

An illustration of man on a farm with two young boys. He is pointing at a building with a weather vane on top of it.

Man Pointing

An illustration of man on a farm with two young boys. He is pointing at a building with a weather vane…

Farm implement for hauling hay or straw.

Hay Rack

Farm implement for hauling hay or straw.

A farm building for housing poultry

Chicken Coop

A farm building for housing poultry

Farm machine that gathers a food crop from the fields

Tea Harvester

Farm machine that gathers a food crop from the fields

A farm tool having one or more heavy blades to break the soil and cut a furrow prior to sowing

Motile Plow

A farm tool having one or more heavy blades to break the soil and cut a furrow prior to sowing

A farm implement used to break up the surface of the soil for aeration and weed control and conservation of moisture

Agricultural Cultivator

A farm implement used to break up the surface of the soil for aeration and weed control and conservation…

"Devices for lifting water are older than written history, and various forms of pumps are used on almost every farm in the country, every citizen being familiar with a number of ways of lifting water."—Government Printing Office, 1897

Homemade Jumbo Windmill

"Devices for lifting water are older than written history, and various forms of pumps are used on almost…

"The wind has blown the gate quite open wide; / To shut it, no one will step aside: / 'I have no business with another's gate,' / So thus the selfish man will surely prate: / An open gate, the cattle soon find out, / And trample in with hogs who root about; / A motley drove now wander o'er the ground, / And desolation, is seen around."—Barber, 1857

What is Everybody's Business is Nobody's Business

"The wind has blown the gate quite open wide; / To shut it, no one will step aside: / 'I have no business…

A scene from the Middle Ages, in which two people are plowing their land. One drives the oxen with a whip, while the other guides the plow. The original image is from a 14th century manuscript.

Plowing in the Middle Ages

A scene from the Middle Ages, in which two people are plowing their land. One drives the oxen with a…

A machine used to separate immature seeds from wheat, oats, rye, barley, and other grains. This diagram shows the process of how the machine works.

Diagram of a Fanning Mill

A machine used to separate immature seeds from wheat, oats, rye, barley, and other grains. This diagram…

A farmhouse surrounded by trees.

Farmhouse

A farmhouse surrounded by trees.

Blueprint of the design of a dairy barn.

Dairy Barn

Blueprint of the design of a dairy barn.

A dairy barn.

Dairy Barn

A dairy barn.

"Ventilating a barn having a silo at or near the center. The fresh air enters at AB, and finds its way to the foul-air shaft CE, passing out through the cupola F. The ventilators, CE, are spaces in the walls around the silo."—The Federal Digest, 1921

Barn Blueprint

"Ventilating a barn having a silo at or near the center. The fresh air enters at AB, and finds its way…

A barn used for beef cattle.

Barn

A barn used for beef cattle.

A side view of a barn used for beef cattle.

Cattle Barn

A side view of a barn used for beef cattle.

A feeding shed used for beef cattle.

Feeding Shed

A feeding shed used for beef cattle.

A barn used primarily to house horses.

Horse Barn

A barn used primarily to house horses.

A barn used to house horses and cattle.

Cattle and Horse Barn

A barn used to house horses and cattle.

An example of self-closing pen doors.

Pen Doors

An example of self-closing pen doors.

A tier of nests with a broody coop on top.

Tier of Nests

A tier of nests with a broody coop on top.

A barn used primarily to house sheep.

Sheep Barn

A barn used primarily to house sheep.

A perspective of a potato warehouse.

Potato Warehouse

A perspective of a potato warehouse.

A side angle view of a potato warehouse.

Potato Warehouse

A side angle view of a potato warehouse.

"A portable engine and feed grinder that saves frequent trips to the Grist Mill."—The Federal Digest, 1921

Portable Engine

"A portable engine and feed grinder that saves frequent trips to the Grist Mill."—The Federal Digest,…

An influential breed of sheep prized for its wool.

Merino Sheep

An influential breed of sheep prized for its wool.

This design features an adjustable plough allowing for the wing to pivot.

Landscaping Plough

This design features an adjustable plough allowing for the wing to pivot.

Jute, also known as Calcutta Hemp, is a fiber obtained from several species of the genus Corchorus of the order Tiliaceæ, and employed in the manufacture of the coarser textiles. The great bulk of the world's supply is derived from two species, C. capsularis and C. olitorius (Jew's Mallow), both of which are indigenous to Bengal, India, where from remote times they have been cultivate for economic purposes. The two species are similar in appearance, but may be distinguished by the form of the seed pods, which are nearly spherical in C. capsularis, and long and narrow in C. olitorius. Both plants are herbaceous annuals with straight, slender stalks from 5 to 15 feet in height, branched at the top, and bearing small yellow flowers. The fiber, which is derived from the inner bark, is of a creamy yellow or light buff color and of a silky luster. It spins well, but is not as strong as flax or hemp, and deteriorates rapidly. The young shoots are used as pot herbs. Jute is grown chiefly in Bengal, though it is raised to a limited extent in China, Formosa, and Southern Japan. It can be grown successfully in the South Atlantic and Gulf States of the United States, but lack of mechanical methods for preparing the fiber has prevented its cultivation on an industrial scale. Attempts to naturalize it elsewhere have generally failed. For its most successful cultivation, jute requires a soft, deep soil and a hot, moist atmosphere, alluvial lands being especially adapted to its production. This illustration shows Corchorus capsularis.

Jute

Jute, also known as Calcutta Hemp, is a fiber obtained from several species of the genus Corchorus of…

An image of a farm house with cows in the front of the property with a broken cart.

Farm House

An image of a farm house with cows in the front of the property with a broken cart.

A woman holding a broom stands on the steps to a house. A man stands with a dog as he adjusts his jacket cuff. They are surrounded by chickens.

A Man with a Dog Speaks with a Woman with a Broom

A woman holding a broom stands on the steps to a house. A man stands with a dog as he adjusts his jacket…

Corey and Gloyd Wrestling by J. W. Ehninger. Two men fighting in front of spectators. Some onlookers are sitting, some are standing, and one is holding a scythe. The location is presumably a field.

Men Fighting

Corey and Gloyd Wrestling by J. W. Ehninger. Two men fighting in front of spectators. Some onlookers…

A weeder.

Weeder

A weeder.

Farm workers husking and shredding corn.

Corn Husker

Farm workers husking and shredding corn.

A Hinds chain cultivator that is used for tillage and drawing fallen squares to water furrow.

Hinds Chain Cultivator

A Hinds chain cultivator that is used for tillage and drawing fallen squares to water furrow.

Illustration of a Roman farmer driving his plow, called an <i>aratrum</i>. The man wears a typical brimmed hat and a tunic with no toga or outer gown. He is driving two oxen that are pulling the plow.

A Roman Farmer with a Plow

Illustration of a Roman farmer driving his plow, called an aratrum. The man wears a typical brimmed…

Two medieval peasants, a man and woman, break clods of earth apart with mallets. The man is swinging his mallet, while the woman appears to be resting on hers. The man is wearing a short tunic and a hood. The woman wears a long dress and a head-covering.

Peasants Using Mallets to Break Clods of Earth Before Farming the Land

Two medieval peasants, a man and woman, break clods of earth apart with mallets. The man is swinging…

Two young men prepare the field using a simple harrow pulled by a horse. One man follows behind the harrow. He is wearing a short tunic and his hood is pushed back. The other man goes in front of the horse, guiding it, and using a whip to drive it forward. Two birds fly overhead.

Harrowing a Field for Farming in the Middle Ages

Two young men prepare the field using a simple harrow pulled by a horse. One man follows behind the…

Men and women reap the grain from a field in the 14th century. Two women are bent over using sickles to cut the grain. One man stands behind them, gathering the reaped grain. He has a sickle tucked in his belt. A second man oversees the scene with his hands on his hips. A bundle of grain sits in the background. The original image is pictured in an old psalter.

Reaping Grain the 14th Century

Men and women reap the grain from a field in the 14th century. Two women are bent over using sickles…

Two men thresh a sheaf of wheat using flails. The flails appear to be made from two sticks joined together at a bendable joint. The men are beating the grain. One man's flail is in the air, while the other man's flail hits the bundle of wheat. Both are wearing short, belted tunics and knee length pants. The original drawing is from a 14th century psalter called "The Luttrell Psalter".

Threshing Wheat with Flails in the 14th Century

Two men thresh a sheaf of wheat using flails. The flails appear to be made from two sticks joined together…

"And she went, and came and gleaned in the field after the reapers: and her hap was to light on the portion of the field belonging unto Boaz, who was of the family of Elimelech. And, behold, Boaz came from Bethlehem, and said unto the reapers, Jehovah be with you. And they answered him, Jehovah bless thee. Then said Boaz unto his servant that was set over the reapers, Whose damsel is this? And the servant that was set over the reapers answered and said, It is the Moabitish damsel that came back with Naomi out of the country of Moab:" Ruth 2:3-6 ASV <p>Illustration of Ruth gleaning grain in the fields of Boaz. She is on her knees at the feet of Boaz, who walks with a staff and a dog behind him. His servant tells him about Ruth. Four men and women, also gleaning, watch in the background. A small town and some trees are pictured in the background.

Ruth Meets Boaz While Gleaning in the Fields

"And she went, and came and gleaned in the field after the reapers: and her hap was to light on the…

"An apparatus drawn by oxen or horses, and used for scraping the earth in making or repairing roads, digging cellars, canals, etc. and generally for raising and removing loosened soil, etc. In use the scraper is held with the handles slightly elevated till it scoops up its charge of earth, which is held by the sides and back." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Scraper, Meant to be Drawn by Oxen or Horses

"An apparatus drawn by oxen or horses, and used for scraping the earth in making or repairing roads,…