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Truck riggings for a double truck that holds a single trolley car. A truck is the mechanism that consists of the trolley wheels and motors. This type of rigging was used in the early twentieth century. This mechanism allows the trolley to pull an extraordinary amount of weight: between 2,000 and 5,000 pounds. (P) is a lever that is secured to the car body by fulcrum (f) which is stationary. (C, C) are two pieces of metal bent to suit the movements of the trolley car.

Truck Riggings

Truck riggings for a double truck that holds a single trolley car. A truck is the mechanism that consists…

An air-brake system that was in use in the early twentieth century on trolleys. This model was recommended by the Christensen Company, a popular manufacturing company of the time. The diameter of the brake pistons were 6 inches. A and B are brake levers; C, X, and Y are tension rods that lessen the strain on the brakes.

Lever System

An air-brake system that was in use in the early twentieth century on trolleys. This model was recommended…

The general arrangement of a Westinghouse electric brake commonly used in trolleys at the turn of the century. (a) and (a') are the track shoes, (b) and (b') are the brake shoes, (c) is the magnetizing coil that receives current from motors running temporarily as generators, (d) and (d') are springs that the brakes are suspended from, and (e), (k), (h), and (f) are levers that assist with the movement of the brake system.

Electric Brake

The general arrangement of a Westinghouse electric brake commonly used in trolleys at the turn of the…

A lima bean at different stages of soaking. This is an experiment to show how seeds get water from the soil.

Lima Bean

A lima bean at different stages of soaking. This is an experiment to show how seeds get water from the…

Seeds that are placed in hot water to see where their openings are by the air coming out of them.

Hot Water

Seeds that are placed in hot water to see where their openings are by the air coming out of them.

Seed covers placed on water and on a piece of glass. Both sets have sugar crystals placed in them. The covers on the water had water in them, which shows that the sugar in the seed helps to draw in water through the cover when placed in moist soil

Seed Covers

Seed covers placed on water and on a piece of glass. Both sets have sugar crystals placed in them. The…

Image of a young plant. R are the root hairs, C is a seed leaf, and L is a true leaf.

Young Plant

Image of a young plant. R are the root hairs, C is a seed leaf, and L is a true leaf.

An image of what a regular valley would look like if it were cut to make a plateau and lowlands.

Valley

An image of what a regular valley would look like if it were cut to make a plateau and lowlands.

A soil crumb that has been tilled to reveal its particles. This is to show what the soil is made of.

Soil Crumb

A soil crumb that has been tilled to reveal its particles. This is to show what the soil is made of.

A geranium branch. Geraniums can come in a variety of different colors.

Geranium Branch

A geranium branch. Geraniums can come in a variety of different colors.

A chestnut branch. Chestnuts branches are usually green in color and have edible nuts.

Chestnut Branch

A chestnut branch. Chestnuts branches are usually green in color and have edible nuts.

Image of a tree reaching for sunlight

Tree Branch

Image of a tree reaching for sunlight

The labeled anatomy of a cherry blossom.

Cherry Blossom

The labeled anatomy of a cherry blossom.

A description of how an apple grows from a flower.

Growing Apple

A description of how an apple grows from a flower.

A cutting of a wandering Jew plant in a glass of water. Wandering Jews are common houseplants with multicolored, heart-shaped leaves

Wandering Jew

A cutting of a wandering Jew plant in a glass of water. Wandering Jews are common houseplants with multicolored,…

Inarching, also known as approach grafting, is used to join two plants that are otherwise very difficult to join together. The pieces are tied so that each individual piece has roots beneath it and growth above it. Inarching can also be used in pleaching, which is the technique of weaving tree branches into bushes for decorative purposes.

Approach Grafting

Inarching, also known as approach grafting, is used to join two plants that are otherwise very difficult…

A codling moth worm, which is commonly known as a pest in the agricultural world. They are the pests that are most often found in apples

Codling Moth

A codling moth worm, which is commonly known as a pest in the agricultural world. They are the pests…

Peach tree borer larva. This image is about twice the actual size. Also called the peach crown borer. From its name, it is a pest found in peaches and other stone fruit

Peach Borer

Peach tree borer larva. This image is about twice the actual size. Also called the peach crown borer.…

The pupae stage of a peach tree borer, a pest that is commonly found in rotting peaches and other stone fruits. Also known as a peach crown borer

Peach Borer

The pupae stage of a peach tree borer, a pest that is commonly found in rotting peaches and other stone…

A destructive insect of corn. Also called a cucumber beetle. Diabrotica is the name of the genus with which this insect belongs

Corn Rootworm

A destructive insect of corn. Also called a cucumber beetle. Diabrotica is the name of the genus with…

Image of an Argentine ant. This destructive insect is native to parts of South America, but was accidentally introduced to other countries including North America, Australia, Hawaii, Europe, Japan, New Zealand, and Easter Island. The smaller image is slightly smaller than its actual size.

Argentine Ant

Image of an Argentine ant. This destructive insect is native to parts of South America, but was accidentally…

A centipede that damages asparagus.

Centipede

A centipede that damages asparagus.

Image A is of bacteria that needs air to grow. Image B is of bacteria that do not need air to grow.

Grown Bacteria

Image A is of bacteria that needs air to grow. Image B is of bacteria that do not need air to grow.

Sectional view of a sterilizing pail. Bottles are placed on the inverted pan on the bottom.

Sterilizing Pail

Sectional view of a sterilizing pail. Bottles are placed on the inverted pan on the bottom.

Various forms of cabbage. Top left: Jersey kale, bottom left: wild cabbage, right: Georgia collard. These images are drawn on the same scale.

Cabbage Plant

Various forms of cabbage. Top left: Jersey kale, bottom left: wild cabbage, right: Georgia collard.…

Various cabbage plants drawn on the same scale. Upper left: Brussels sprouts, lower left: cabbage, upper right: Swede turnip, middle right: Kohlrabi, bottom right: cauliflower

Cabbage Plant

Various cabbage plants drawn on the same scale. Upper left: Brussels sprouts, lower left: cabbage, upper…

The digestive system of a fowl. 1 is the tongue, 3 is the crop, 6 is the gizzard, 10 is the small intestine, 1 is the pancreas, 16 is the liver, 17 is the gall bladder, and 18 is the spleen. All other organs are analogous to organs of humans

Fowl Digestion

The digestive system of a fowl. 1 is the tongue, 3 is the crop, 6 is the gizzard, 10 is the small intestine,…

Human lungs. 1 and 2 make up the larynx, or voice box. 1 is thyroid cartilage, 2 is cricoid cartilage. A thin layer is held stretched from the top of the thyroid cartilage and extends to the hyoid bone, which is the only bone in the body that is not connected to another bone.

Human Lungs

Human lungs. 1 and 2 make up the larynx, or voice box. 1 is thyroid cartilage, 2 is cricoid cartilage.…

Different types of horse breeds. Left is a draft horse, middle is a Shetland pony, and the right is a trotter.

Horse Breeds

Different types of horse breeds. Left is a draft horse, middle is a Shetland pony, and the right is…

Image of a bucking bronco with a rider.

Bucking Bronco

Image of a bucking bronco with a rider.

A diagram which shows how cows are cut. Various sections of the cow body are labelled with respect to the final product.

Meat of Cow

A diagram which shows how cows are cut. Various sections of the cow body are labelled with respect to…

A Texas Longhorn. They are characterized by their horns, which can grow up to 7 feet for a cow, or 36 - 80 inches for a bull.

Texas Longhorn

A Texas Longhorn. They are characterized by their horns, which can grow up to 7 feet for a cow, or 36…

A hog that is raised for its lard, or pig fat.

A Lard Hog

A hog that is raised for its lard, or pig fat.

A diagram showing how a pig is cut for meats. The body of the pig is labelled with respect to the finished meat product.

Pig Diagram

A diagram showing how a pig is cut for meats. The body of the pig is labelled with respect to the finished…

Various breeds of dogs. Far left: St. Bernard, left: spaniel, right: dachshund, far right: greyhound.

Various Dog Breeds

Various breeds of dogs. Far left: St. Bernard, left: spaniel, right: dachshund, far right: greyhound.

Kinds of fowl. Far left: light Brahma, behind Brahma: bantam, middle: long-tailed oriental fowl, right: jungle fowl, etc.

Kinds of Fowl

Kinds of fowl. Far left: light Brahma, behind Brahma: bantam, middle: long-tailed oriental fowl, right:…

If a lead ball and a piece of paper are placed into a glass tube in which all the air has been exhausted, then when the tube is inverted, both the ball and the piece of paper will fall at exactly the same time.

Falling Bodies

If a lead ball and a piece of paper are placed into a glass tube in which all the air has been exhausted,…

If w and W are two weights, then their center of gravity c is as shown. The moment of W about C should equal the moment of w about C. W X CW = w X Cw. The center of gravity is the average location of the weight of an object.

Center of Gravity

If w and W are two weights, then their center of gravity c is as shown. The moment of W about C should…

Finding the center of gravity of any number of bodies when their weights and distances apart of their centers of gravity are known. The center of gravity is the average location C of the weight of an object.

Center of Gravity

Finding the center of gravity of any number of bodies when their weights and distances apart of their…

Finding the center of gravity of a parallelogram. The point of intersection C is the center of gravity.

Center of Gravity

Finding the center of gravity of a parallelogram. The point of intersection C is the center of gravity.

The center of gravity of a triangle is the point of intersection O of the midpoint lines.

Center of Gravity

The center of gravity of a triangle is the point of intersection O of the midpoint lines.

Finding the center of gravity of an irregular plane figure. Divide one of the parallel surfaces into a triangle, parallelogram, circle, etc., based on the shape of the figure. Find the area of each part and combine the centers of gravity found for each.

Center of Gravity

Finding the center of gravity of an irregular plane figure. Divide one of the parallel surfaces into…

The center of gravity C of a solid object that is capable of movement is in vertical line drawn through the point of support.

Center of Gravity

The center of gravity C of a solid object that is capable of movement is in vertical line drawn through…

When a vertical line is drawn to the center of gravity of an object, it is called the line of direction. As long as the line of direction falls within the base of the object, it will stand.

Center of Gravity

When a vertical line is drawn to the center of gravity of an object, it is called the line of direction.…

Images of different points about a fulcrum F. P is the power exerted on the object, W is the weight.

Simple Machines

Images of different points about a fulcrum F. P is the power exerted on the object, W is the weight.

Each of these are an example of the simple machine: lever. F c is the power arm and F w is the weight arm. W is the weight and P is power

Simple Machines

Each of these are an example of the simple machine: lever. F c is the power arm and F w is the weight…

A wheel and axle has two cylinders of different diameters that are connected so that they turn about a common axis. P is power, W is weight. The right figure is the front view of the left figure.

Simple Machine

A wheel and axle has two cylinders of different diameters that are connected so that they turn about…

A moveable pulley. What differs between a moveable pulley and a fixed pulley is the fact that a moveable pulley, as its name entails, has a moveable block.

Simple Machine

A moveable pulley. What differs between a moveable pulley and a fixed pulley is the fact that a moveable…

A complex moveable pulley. It consists of a fixed and moveable block.

Simple Machine

A complex moveable pulley. It consists of a fixed and moveable block.

A combination of pulleys. P is power exerted on the rope and W is the weight.

Simple Machine

A combination of pulleys. P is power exerted on the rope and W is the weight.

A simple inclined plane. The power multiplied by the length of the plane equals the weight multiplied by the height of the plane

Simple Machine

A simple inclined plane. The power multiplied by the length of the plane equals the weight multiplied…

An inclined plane with a different pulley system layout.

Simple Machine

An inclined plane with a different pulley system layout.

An inclined plane with an inverted pulley system. No rule can be given for the ratio of power to weight. It can be explained using the principle of resolution of forces.

Simple Machine

An inclined plane with an inverted pulley system. No rule can be given for the ratio of power to weight.…

A wedge is a moveable inclined plane that is used to move heavy materials short distances as shown in the image.

Simple Machine

A wedge is a moveable inclined plane that is used to move heavy materials short distances as shown in…

A screw is a cylinder with a groove wrapped helically around its circumference. The groove is called a thread and the distance that the thread is drawn is the pitch.

Simple Machine

A screw is a cylinder with a groove wrapped helically around its circumference. The groove is called…

Friction is the tendency of a body to resist movement when it is being moved on a surface. The coefficient of friction is the ratio between the resistance of the motion and the perpendicular pressure between the surfaces as shown. P/W

Elementary Mechanics

Friction is the tendency of a body to resist movement when it is being moved on a surface. The coefficient…

Hydrostatics is a branch of hydrodynamics that deals with the statics of fluids that are usually combined to an equilibrium and pressure of liquids. Image a is a vessel with a wooden block of the same size and image b, which has the same dimensions as image a, is filled with water and has a depth the same length as the wooden block. The pressure per square inch would be 100/10 = 10

Hydromechanics

Hydrostatics is a branch of hydrodynamics that deals with the statics of fluids that are usually combined…

Water that is placed in an apparatus will have equal pressure if the pistons pushing on it push at the same time with the same frequency.

Hydromechanics

Water that is placed in an apparatus will have equal pressure if the pistons pushing on it push at the…

The effects of lateral pressure. The lateral pressures of any two points of the surface of the apparatus and its opposite side are equal.

Lateral Pressure

The effects of lateral pressure. The lateral pressures of any two points of the surface of the apparatus…

A hydraulic press which uses a hydraulic cylinder to generate force. The inventor of the device, Joseph Bramah, had also developed the flush toilet and studied the motion of the fluids in the toilet and developed the press to test it. O is a lever, which forces down piston a upon the water in cylinder A. The water goes through tube d into the cylinder where piston C works, causing it to rise which lifts platform K and compresses bales.

Hydraulic Press

A hydraulic press which uses a hydraulic cylinder to generate force. The inventor of the device, Joseph…