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"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil and pen point are provided, either of which may be inserted into a socket in one leg of the instrument, for the drawing of circles in pencil or ink." — Hallock, 1905

Compasses

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil…

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil and pen point are provided, either of which may be inserted into a socket in one leg of the instrument, for the drawing of circles in pencil or ink." — Hallock, 1905

Compasses

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil…

"One of the smaller Vulturidae, of a genus differing from the true vultures in the slender bill, which is covered for more than half its length with a naked cere, and sharply hooked at the point." — Chambers, 1881

Egyptian Vulture

"One of the smaller Vulturidae, of a genus differing from the true vultures in the slender bill, which…

"Carte, Guard. Turn wrist with nails upwards; hand on a line with lower part of breast; arm somewhat bent, and elbow inclined a little to the outside; point of foil elevated at an angle of about 15 degrees, and directed at upper part of adversary's breast." — Chambers, 1881

Carte

"Carte, Guard. Turn wrist with nails upwards; hand on a line with lower part of breast; arm somewhat…

"Prime, Parade. In using prime to parry the thrust in seconde, pass your point over the adversary's blade, lower it to the waist, keeping your wrist as high as your mouth, nails downward, elbow bent, and body held back as far as possible. The left foot should also be drawn backward a few inches, to remove the body further from the hostile point." — Chambers, 1881

Prime

"Prime, Parade. In using prime to parry the thrust in seconde, pass your point over the adversary's…

"Quinte, Parade. Wrist in high carte, sword-point low, and oppose adversary from the forte of the outside edge of your blade." — Chambers, 1881

Quinte

"Quinte, Parade. Wrist in high carte, sword-point low, and oppose adversary from the forte of the outside…

"A framework of iron, balanced upon two large wheels. To each side of this framework there are attached four plough-bodies and coulters, so that four furrows are cut at one 'bout,' and the headland on which the anchor is stationed being reached, the end of the beam that was out of the ground is depressed, and the four plough-bodies that were out of the ground, and which point in the opposite direction, are inserted in the soil, and turn up the furrows on the way back to the engine." — Chambers, 1881

Fowler's Plough

"A framework of iron, balanced upon two large wheels. To each side of this framework there are attached…

A girl standing with her arm in front of her, pointing at something.

Girl Pointing

A girl standing with her arm in front of her, pointing at something.

"The shank is the straight part, ab; the square, ac, is that part of the shank to which the stock and the shackle are attached; d is the crown; de and df the arms; gg the palms or flukes; the pee, the bill or the point is the extreme end of the arm beyond the palm; the blade is the part of the arm at the back of the palm; h is the shackle or ring to which the cable is attahed; kl is the stock, placed at right angles to the plane or the arms and shank." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Common Anchor

"The shank is the straight part, ab; the square, ac, is that part of the shank to which the stock and…

"The anchor is represented in the position in which it lies on the ground just before taking hold. The shank is made in one forging, is of rectangular section, having a shoulder for the stock to fit against, and is increased both in thickness and area at the crown; the arms with the palms are forged in one piece, and then bent to the required shape; one of the arms is passed through a hole in the crown and is kept in position by a bolt screwed through the end of the crown, so that its point reaches a little way into an indent made for it in the round part at the back of the arms." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Martin's Anchor

"The anchor is represented in the position in which it lies on the ground just before taking hold. The…

"Sectional compartment of the Nave of Lincoln Cathedral." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Lincoln Cathedral

"Sectional compartment of the Nave of Lincoln Cathedral." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

"Sectional compartment of the Choir of Lincoln Cathedral." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Lincoln Cathedral

"Sectional compartment of the Choir of Lincoln Cathedral." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

A fish constellation and zodiac sign.

Pisces

A fish constellation and zodiac sign.

An ancient southern constellation, the Southern Fish.

Piscis Austrinus

An ancient southern constellation, the Southern Fish.

A cathedral with pointed towers.

Cathedral

A cathedral with pointed towers.

"E represents the scape-wheel turning in a minute, and e its pinion, which is driven by the wheel D having a pinion d driven by the wheel C, which we may suppose to turn in an hour. The arbors of the scape-wheel and hour-wheel are distinct, their pivots-meeting in a bush fixed somewhere between the wheels. The pivots of the wheel, D are set in the frame AP, which rides on the arbors of the hour-wheel and scape-wheel, or on another short arbor between them. The hour-wheel also drives another wheel G, which again drives the pinion f on the arbor which carries the two arms f A, f B; and on the same arbor is set a fly with a ratchet, like a common striking fly, and the numbers of the teeth are so arranged that the fly will turn once for each turn of the scapewheel. The ends of the remontoire arms f A, f B are capable of alternately passing the notches cut half through the arbor of the scape-wheel, as those notches successively come into the proper position at the end of every half minute; as soon as that happens the-hour-wheel raises the movable wheel D and its frame through a small angle; but nevertheless, that wheel keeps pressing on the scape-wheel as if it were not moving, the point of contact of the wheel C and the pinion d being the fulcrum or center of motion of the level A d P." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Gravity Train Remontoire

"E represents the scape-wheel turning in a minute, and e its pinion, which is driven by the wheel D…

A sharp iron point upon which a candle may be struck; hence, a candlestick, either seperate or one of several connected together.

Pricket

A sharp iron point upon which a candle may be struck; hence, a candlestick, either seperate or one of…

A sovereign crown of Egypt, composed of the tall pointed miter, or white crown, of southern Egypt, combined with te red crown, square in front and rising to a point behind, of northern Egypt.

Pschent

A sovereign crown of Egypt, composed of the tall pointed miter, or white crown, of southern Egypt, combined…

"The crown of Henry III has a plain circlet heightened with trefoils, a slightly raised point intervening between each pair of the leaves." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Crown

"The crown of Henry III has a plain circlet heightened with trefoils, a slightly raised point intervening…

"Palaechinus sphaericus, Scouler; Carbouiferous, Ireland." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Palaechinus sphaericus, Scouler; Carbouiferous, Ireland." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Archaeocidaris Urii, Flem (spine and intermediate plate); Carboniferous, Ireland." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Archaeocidaris Urii, Flem (spine and intermediate plate); Carboniferous, Ireland." — Encyclopedia…

"Cidaris glandifera, Goldf (spine); Jura, Mount Carmel." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Cidaris glandifera, Goldf (spine); Jura, Mount Carmel." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Hemicidaris intermedia, Flem.; Corallian, Calne." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Hemicidaris intermedia, Flem.; Corallian, Calne." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Salenia petalifers, Desm., U Greensand, Wilts." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Salenia petalifers, Desm., U Greensand, Wilts." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Dysaster ringens, Ag., Inferior Oolite, Dorset." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Dysaster ringens, Ag., Inferior Oolite, Dorset." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Hemipneustes Greenovii, Forbes, U. Greensand, Blackdown" — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Hemipneustes Greenovii, Forbes, U. Greensand, Blackdown" — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Catopygus carinatus Goldf., U. Greensand, Wilts." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Catopygus carinatus Goldf., U. Greensand, Wilts." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Cidaris florigemma, with spine, a, and single ambulacral plate, magnified, b, (after Wright; Coral Rag." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Cidaris florigemma, with spine, a, and single ambulacral plate, magnified, b, (after Wright; Coral…

"Ananchytes ovatus, Lam.; U. Chalk, Europe." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Ananchytes ovatus, Lam.; U. Chalk, Europe." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Pygaster semisulcatus, Ph.; Inf. Oolite, Cheltenham." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Pygaster semisulcatus, Ph.; Inf. Oolite, Cheltenham." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Galerites albogalerus, Lam.; U. Chalk, Kent." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Galerites albogalerus, Lam.; U. Chalk, Kent." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Scutella subrotunda; Miocene, Malta." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Scutella subrotunda; Miocene, Malta." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"The common British species of Solaster, S. papposus, has ordinarily 13 rays." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Solaster Papposus

"The common British species of Solaster, S. papposus, has ordinarily 13 rays." — Encyclopedia…

"The rays are sometimes very short, or altogether wanting, the body having the form of a pentagonal disk." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Astrogonium Phrygianum

"The rays are sometimes very short, or altogether wanting, the body having the form of a pentagonal…

"Section of ray of Astropecten aurantiacus. a, vertebral ossicles; b, adambulacral ossicles; c, d, marginal ossicles; e, paxillae." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Astropectenn Aurantiacus

"Section of ray of Astropecten aurantiacus. a, vertebral ossicles; b, adambulacral ossicles; c, d, marginal…

"Tergal skeleton of Asterius rubens. a, connecting pieces; b, spinebearing plates." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Asterius Rubens

"Tergal skeleton of Asterius rubens. a, connecting pieces; b, spinebearing plates." — Encyclopedia…

"Asterias rubens. a, 4-ranked pedicelis; b, end of pedicel magnified." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Asterius Rubens

"Asterias rubens. a, 4-ranked pedicelis; b, end of pedicel magnified." — Encyclopedia Britannica,…

"Antambulacral surface of Asterias rubens. a, madreporite; a', the same magnified; b, anus." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Asterius Rubens

"Antambulacral surface of Asterias rubens. a, madreporite; a', the same magnified; b, anus." —…

"The diamond point chisel." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Chisel

"The diamond point chisel." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"The fire is made under the principal arch a; the flame and smoke return through the flue b, and then turn back over the top of the boiler to the outlet c, which can be placed at whatever point is in each case most convenient. The other parts referred to are d, flow pipe; e, return pipes, f, soot-door for cleaning flues, g, furnace door." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Saddle Boiler

"The fire is made under the principal arch a; the flame and smoke return through the flue b, and then…

"The simplest and most generally practised form of budding is that called Shield budding or T-budding. The operator should be provided with a budding-knife in which the cutting edge of the blade is rounded off at the point, and which has a thin ivory or bone handle, for raising the bark of the stock. A horizonal incision is made in the bark quite down to the wood, and from this a perpendicular slit is drawn downwards to the extent of perhaps an inch, so that the slit has a resemblance to the letter T, as at a. A bud is then cut by a clean incision from the tree intended to be propagated, having a portion of the wood attached to it, and so that the whole may be an inch and a half long, as at d." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Shield-Budding

"The simplest and most generally practised form of budding is that called Shield budding or T-budding.…

"An improvement of great importance in the hosiery trade was effected through the invention of the tumbler needle, patented by Mr. M. Townsend in 1858. The tumbler needle consists of a stem somewhat bulged near the point. The bulged part contains a groove in which there is hinged a short pin. The pin is so placed that, when turned to the hooked or curved point, its own point falls into a spoon-like indent, thus forming a smooth metal loop." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Tumbler Needle

"An improvement of great importance in the hosiery trade was effected through the invention of the tumbler…

"M. Cailleter's apparatus is represented. The gas under experiment is contained in a stout glass tube of narrow bore. To fill this tube with gas, both ends being open, a globule of mercury is first introduced at the lower curved extremity; the tube is then placed in a nearly horizontal position, the curved extremity is connected with the holder contraining the gas, or with the apparatus in which the gas is being evolved, by means of caoutehone tubing, and a current of the pure dry gas is passed through the tube until the air is entirely expelled; this being effected, the point opposite to the curved extremity is sealed in the blowpipe flame; the tube is then brought into a vertical position, so that the globule of mercury closes the lower extremity, the caoutchouc tube is withdrawn, and the tube AA thus filled is screwed into its place in the cylinder B." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Gas Liquidation

"M. Cailleter's apparatus is represented. The gas under experiment is contained in a stout glass tube…

"M. Cailleter's apparatus is represented. The gas under experiment is contained in a stout glass tube of narrow bore. To fill this tube with gas, both ends being open, a globule of mercury is first introduced at the lower curved extremity; the tube is then placed in a nearly horizontal position, the curved extremity is connected with the holder contraining the gas, or with the apparatus in which the gas is being evolved, by means of caoutehone tubing, and a current of the pure dry gas is passed through the tube until the air is entirely expelled; this being effected, the point opposite to the curved extremity is sealed in the blowpipe flame; the tube is then brought into a vertical position, so that the globule of mercury closes the lower extremity, the caoutchouc tube is withdrawn, and the tube AA thus filled is screwed into its place in the cylinder B." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Gas Liquidation

"M. Cailleter's apparatus is represented. The gas under experiment is contained in a stout glass tube…

"Acropolis, 'the highest point of the city.' Many of the important cities of Greece and Asia Minor were protected by strongholds, so named. The A. occupied a lofty position, commanding the city and its environs; inaccessible on all sides except one, which had, for the most part, artificial defences. It contained some of the most important public buildings, especially temples, besides affording a last refuge in case of a hostile attack." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Acropolis

"Acropolis, 'the highest point of the city.' Many of the important cities of Greece and Asia Minor were…

"Ambulacra of Star-fish, As seen in a longitudinal and vertical section of one of the rays; and three of them in a separate figure on a larger scale, in which they are shown in different conditions; a, a, a, tubular feet; b, b, b, internal vesicles; c, the organ which supplies the fluid with which they are filled." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Ambulacra

"Ambulacra of Star-fish, As seen in a longitudinal and vertical section of one of the rays; and three…

"Star of the order of the Thistle." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Order of the Thistle

"Star of the order of the Thistle." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

"The religious Order of the Heavenly Annunciation, or of the Nuns of the Annunciation of Mary, was instituted by Victoria Fornare at Genoa in 1682, after the rule of St. Augustine. All the convents of the order in France, Germany, and the Netherlands have disappeared since the French Revolution. Some still exist in Italy." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Order of the Annunciation

"The religious Order of the Heavenly Annunciation, or of the Nuns of the Annunciation of Mary, was instituted…

"The Steelyard is more portable then the ordinary balance. It consists of a lever, AB, moving round a knife-edge or point at C. The body to be weighed, W, is put into the scale which hangs from A; and a movable weight P, is made to slide along the longer arm, until the lever, AB, remains horizontal." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Steelyard

"The Steelyard is more portable then the ordinary balance. It consists of a lever, AB, moving round…

"Star of the Bath." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Star of Bath

"Star of the Bath." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

"Cusp, in architecture, is the point formed by the meeting of two small arches, or foils, in foil arches, or tracery. Cusps often terminate in rich bosses of flowers and leaves." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Cusp

"Cusp, in architecture, is the point formed by the meeting of two small arches, or foils, in foil arches,…

"Star of the Order of the Black Eagle." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Black Eagle

"Star of the Order of the Black Eagle." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

"Section through a portion of the lateral eye of Limulus, showing three ommatidia—A, B and C. hyp, The epidermic cell-layer (so-called hypodermis), the cells of which increase in volume below each lens, l, and become nerve-end cells or retinula-cells, rl; in A, the letters rh point to a rhabdomere secreted by the cell rl; c, the peculiar central spherical cell; n, nerve fibers; mes, mesoblastic skeletal tissue; ch, chitinous cuticle." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Limulus

"Section through a portion of the lateral eye of Limulus, showing three ommatidia—A, B and C.…

"Transverse section of the rhabdom of a retinula of the scorpion's central eye, showing its five constituent rhabdomeres as rays of a star." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Rhabdom

"Transverse section of the rhabdom of a retinula of the scorpion's central eye, showing its five constituent…

"A wheel driven by water shot over the top. The buckets of the wheel receive the water as nearly as possible at the top, and retain it until they approach the lowest point of the decent. The water acts principally by its gravity, though some effect is of course due to the velocity with which it arrives." — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Water-wheel

"A wheel driven by water shot over the top. The buckets of the wheel receive the water as nearly as…

"Dormoy's rabble differs from others of this class in being worked by rotation like a hair-brushing machine; the tool being made to revolve very rapidly (300 to 500 turns per minute for white iron and 800 to 1000 for grey pig) gives the metal such an impulse that it gyrates horizontally round the bed, continually renewing the surface in contact with the atmosphere; this is further aided, by making the end of the rabble to carry a disk, which is replaced by a short twisted point when the metal comes to nature." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Dormoy's Rabble

"Dormoy's rabble differs from others of this class in being worked by rotation like a hair-brushing…

"Dormoy's rabble differs from others of this class in being worked by rotation like a hair-brushing machine; the tool being made to revolve very rapidly (300 to 500 turns per minute for white iron and 800 to 1000 for grey pig) gives the metal such an impulse that it gyrates horizontally round the bed, continually renewing the surface in contact with the atmosphere; this is further aided, by making the end of the rabble to carry a disk, which is replaced by a short twisted point when the metal comes to nature." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Dormoy's Rabble

"Dormoy's rabble differs from others of this class in being worked by rotation like a hair-brushing…

"The following simple experiment illustrates the effect of refraction:—Place a silver coin, m, at the bottom of the basin. The rays, i i, proceeding to the eye from the silver surface, render the coin visible. The point a, the eye, is then moved farther bck, so that the edge of the basin obstructs the direct rays, and of course the coin is no longer seen. If an attendant carefully pours water into the basin, so that the object is not moved, it will presently, as the water rises in the basin, become again visible. This arises from the refraction of the rays by the water, the image, indeed, appearing at n instead of at m." —Wells, 1857

Refraction

"The following simple experiment illustrates the effect of refraction:—Place a silver coin, m,…

"A representation of the manner in which the image is formed in the eye, when the cornea or crystalline lens is flattened. The perfect image would be produced at m m, behind the retina, and, of course, beyond the point necessary to secure perfect vision." —Wells, 1857

Flattened Eye

"A representation of the manner in which the image is formed in the eye, when the cornea or crystalline…

"Morse magnetic telegraph will be understood by reference to the accompanying diagram, which represents the construction and arrangement of this form of telegraph. F and E are pieces of soft iron surrounded by coils of wire, which are connected at a and b with wires proceeding from a galvanic battery. When a current is transmitted from a battery located one, two, or three hundred miles, as the case may be, it passes along the wires and into the coils surrounding the pieces of soft iron F and E, thereby converting them into magnets. Above these pieces of soft iron is a metallic bar or lever, A, supported on its center, and haing at one end the arm D, and at the other a small steel point, o. A ribbon of paper, p h, rolled on the cylinder B, is drawn slowly and steadily off by a train of clock-work, K, moved by the action of the weight P on the cord C. This clock-work gives motion to two metal rollers, G and H, between which the ribbon of paper passes, and which, turnin in opposite directions, draw the paper from the cylinder B. The roller H has a groove arond its circumference (not represented in the engraving) above which the paper passes. The steel point, r, or the lever, A, is also directly opposite this groove. The spring r prevents the point from resting upon the paper when the telegraph is not in operation." —Wells, 1857

Magnetic Telegraph

"Morse magnetic telegraph will be understood by reference to the accompanying diagram, which represents…