Seed enlarged, and divided to show the crumpled embryo which fills it.

Red Maple Seed

Seed enlarged, and divided to show the crumpled embryo which fills it.

Embryo taken out and partly opened.

Red Maple Embryo

Embryo taken out and partly opened.

Embryo which has unfolded in early stage of germination and begun to grow.

Unfolding Embryo

Embryo which has unfolded in early stage of germination and begun to grow.

Seedling with stem joints and pair of leaves.

Red Maple Seedling

Seedling with stem joints and pair of leaves.

Fruit of Silver Maple, Acer dasycarpum, of natural size, the seed-bearing portion divided to show seed.

Silver Maple Key

Fruit of Silver Maple, Acer dasycarpum, of natural size, the seed-bearing portion divided to show seed.

Embryo of the seed taken out.

Silver Maple seed

Embryo of the seed taken out.

Silver Maple seed open out, to show the thick cotyledons and the little plumule or bud between them.

Silver Maple Seed Open

Silver Maple seed open out, to show the thick cotyledons and the little plumule or bud between them.

Germination of Silver Maple, natural size; merely the base of the fruit, containing the seed, is shown.

Germination of Silver Maple

Germination of Silver Maple, natural size; merely the base of the fruit, containing the seed, is shown.

Embryo of Pumpkin-seed, partly open.

Pumpkin-Seed

Embryo of Pumpkin-seed, partly open.

Young pumpkin seedling.

Pumpkin Seedling

Young pumpkin seedling.

Embryo of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris); caulicle bent down over edge of cotyledons.

Common Bean

Embryo of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris); caulicle bent down over edge of cotyledons.

Caulicle well lengthened and root beginning; thick cotyledons partly spreading; plumule (pair of leaves) growing between them.

Common Bean Seedling

Caulicle well lengthened and root beginning; thick cotyledons partly spreading; plumule (pair of leaves)…

Caulicle with plumule developed into internodes and pair of leaves.

Large Common Bean Seedling

Caulicle with plumule developed into internodes and pair of leaves.

A Beech-nut, cut across.

Beech-nut

A Beech-nut, cut across.

Beginning germination of the Beech, showing the plumule growing before the cotyledons have opened or the root has scarcely formed.

Beech-nut Germination

Beginning germination of the Beech, showing the plumule growing before the cotyledons have opened or…

Older beech with the plumule-leaves developing, and elevated on a long internodes.

Beech-nut Germination Older

Older beech with the plumule-leaves developing, and elevated on a long internodes.

Embryo of pea, i.e. a pea with the coats removed; the short and thick caulicle presented to view.

Pea Embryo

Embryo of pea, i.e. a pea with the coats removed; the short and thick caulicle presented to view.

Pea germination: the plumule has developed four or five internodes, bearing single leaves; but the first and second leaves are mere scales, the third begins to serve as foliage; the next more so.

Pea Germination

Pea germination: the plumule has developed four or five internodes, bearing single leaves; but the first…

Half of an acorn, cut lengthwise, filled by the very thick cotyledons, the base of which encloses the minute caulicle.

Acorn

Half of an acorn, cut lengthwise, filled by the very thick cotyledons, the base of which encloses the…

Half of a horse-chestnut, similarly cut; the caulicle is curved down on the side of one of the thick cotyledons.

Horse Chestnut

Half of a horse-chestnut, similarly cut; the caulicle is curved down on the side of one of the thick…

Horse-chestnut in germination; footstalks are formed to the cotyledons, pushing out in their lengthening the growing parts.

Horse Chestnut in Germination

Horse-chestnut in germination; footstalks are formed to the cotyledons, pushing out in their lengthening…

Seed of Morning Glory divided, moderately magnified; shows a longitudinal section through the centre of the embryo as it lies crumpled in the albumen.

Morning Glory Seed

Seed of Morning Glory divided, moderately magnified; shows a longitudinal section through the centre…

A genus of plants or shrubs, mostly tropical, two species of which arecharacterized by large white flowers and deeply indented shining leaves.

Acanthus

A genus of plants or shrubs, mostly tropical, two species of which arecharacterized by large white flowers…

Embryo taken out whole and unfolded; the broad and very thin cotyledons notched at summit; the caulicle below.

Morning Glory Embryo

Embryo taken out whole and unfolded; the broad and very thin cotyledons notched at summit; the caulicle…

Seedling of Morning Glory more advanced (root cut away); cotyledons well developed into foliage-leaves: succeeding internode and leaf well developed, and the next forming.

Morning Glory Seedling

Seedling of Morning Glory more advanced (root cut away); cotyledons well developed into foliage-leaves:…

Morning Glory seedling advanced.

Morning Glory Seedling Advanced

Morning Glory seedling advanced.

Section of a seed of a Peony, showing a very small embryo in the albumen, near one end.

Peony

Section of a seed of a Peony, showing a very small embryo in the albumen, near one end.

Section of a seed of Barberry, showing the straight embryo in the middle of the albumen.

Barberry

Section of a seed of Barberry, showing the straight embryo in the middle of the albumen.

Section of a Potato-seed, showing the embryo coiled in the albumen.

Potato-seed

Section of a Potato-seed, showing the embryo coiled in the albumen.

Section of the seed of Mirabilis or Four-o'clock, showing the embryo coiled round the outside of the albumen.

Mirabilis

Section of the seed of Mirabilis or Four-o'clock, showing the embryo coiled round the outside of the…

Embryo of Abronia umbellata; one of the cotyledons very small.

Abronia

Embryo of Abronia umbellata; one of the cotyledons very small.

Section of a Pine-seed, showing its polycotyledonous embryo in the centre of the albumen; moderately magnified.

Section of Pine-seed

Section of a Pine-seed, showing its polycotyledonous embryo in the centre of the albumen; moderately…

Seedling of pine-seed, showing the freshly expanded six cotyledons in a whorl, and the plumule just appearing.

Seedling of Pine-seed

Seedling of pine-seed, showing the freshly expanded six cotyledons in a whorl, and the plumule just…

Section of a seed of the Iris, or Flower-de-Luce, enlarged, showing its small embryo in the albumen, near the bottom.

Flower-de-Luce

Section of a seed of the Iris, or Flower-de-Luce, enlarged, showing its small embryo in the albumen,…

A germinating seedling of the Iris, its plumule developed into the first four leaves (alternate), the first one rudimentary; the cotyledon remains in the seed.

Iris Germinating

A germinating seedling of the Iris, its plumule developed into the first four leaves (alternate), the…

Section of an Onion-seed, showing the slender and the coiled embryo in the albumen.

Onion Seed

Section of an Onion-seed, showing the slender and the coiled embryo in the albumen.

Hairy plants of the legume family with pinnate leaves that produce red or purple flowers.

Indigo

Hairy plants of the legume family with pinnate leaves that produce red or purple flowers.

Shoot of Horse-chestnut, of one year's growth, taken in autumn after the leaves have fallen; showing the large terminal bud and smaller auxiliary buds.

Shoot of Horse-chestnut

Shoot of Horse-chestnut, of one year's growth, taken in autumn after the leaves have fallen; showing…

Simple-stemmed vegetation.

Vegetation

Simple-stemmed vegetation.

An auxiliary bud, concealed under the hollowed base of the leafstalk, in Buttonwood or Plane-tree.

Auxiliary Bud

An auxiliary bud, concealed under the hollowed base of the leafstalk, in Buttonwood or Plane-tree.

Shoot of Lilac, with winter buds; the two uppermost auxiliary ones strong; the terminal not developed.

Shoot of Lilac

Shoot of Lilac, with winter buds; the two uppermost auxiliary ones strong; the terminal not developed.

Forking ramification of Lilac.

Forking Lilac

Forking ramification of Lilac.

Butternut branch, with accessory buds, the uppermost above the axil.

Butternut Branch

Butternut branch, with accessory buds, the uppermost above the axil.

Red-Maple branch, with accessory buds placed side by side. The annular lines toward the base are scars of the bud-scales, and indicate the place of the winter-bud of the preceding year.

Red-Maple branch

Red-Maple branch, with accessory buds placed side by side. The annular lines toward the base are scars…

An American Elm, with Spruce-trees, and on the left Arbor Vitae.

Field of Trees

An American Elm, with Spruce-trees, and on the left Arbor Vitae.

Seedling Maple, of the natural size; the root well supplied with root hairs, here large enough to be seen by the naked eye.

Maple Seedling

Seedling Maple, of the natural size; the root well supplied with root hairs, here large enough to be…

Lower end of Maple root magnified, the root seen just as root-hairs are beginning to for a little behind the tip.

End of Maple Root

Lower end of Maple root magnified, the root seen just as root-hairs are beginning to for a little behind…

Sweet-Potato plant forming thickened roots. Some in the middle are just beginning to thicken; one at the left has grown more; one at the right is still larger.

Sweet-Potato

Sweet-Potato plant forming thickened roots. Some in the middle are just beginning to thicken; one at…

Fascicled fusiform roots of a Dahlia.

Dahlia

Fascicled fusiform roots of a Dahlia.

Epidendrum conopseum, a small Orchid, and Tillandsia usneoides, the so-called Long Moss or Black Moss, which is no moss, but a flowering plant.

Epiphytes of Florida and Georgia

Epidendrum conopseum, a small Orchid, and Tillandsia usneoides, the so-called Long Moss or Black Moss,…

Roots of Yellow Gerardia, some attached to and feeding on the root of Blueberry-bush.

Yellow Gerardia

Roots of Yellow Gerardia, some attached to and feeding on the root of Blueberry-bush.

House leek (Sempervivum), with offsets.

Houseleek

House leek (Sempervivum), with offsets.

A small Passion-flower (<em>passiflora sicyoides</em>), showing the tendrils.

Passion-flower

A small Passion-flower (passiflora sicyoides), showing the tendrils.

Piece of the stem of Virginia Creeper, bearing a leaf and a tendril.

Virginia Creeper

Piece of the stem of Virginia Creeper, bearing a leaf and a tendril.

Tips of a tendril, showing the disks by which they hold fast to walls.

Virginia Creeper Tendrils

Tips of a tendril, showing the disks by which they hold fast to walls.

A branching thorn of Honey Locust, being an indurate leafless branch developed from an accessory bud far above the axial: at the cut portion below, three other buds are concealed under the petiole.

Honey Locust

A branching thorn of Honey Locust, being an indurate leafless branch developed from an accessory bud…

Spine of Cockspur Thorn developed from an auxiliary bud, as the leaf-scar below witnesses: an accessory leaf-bud is seen at its base.

Cockspur Thorn

Spine of Cockspur Thorn developed from an auxiliary bud, as the leaf-scar below witnesses: an accessory…

Rootstocks, or creeping subterranean branches of the Peppermint.

Peppermint

Rootstocks, or creeping subterranean branches of the Peppermint.

Rootstock of Solomon's Seal, with the bottom of the stalk of the season, and the bud for the next year's growth.

Solomon's Seal

Rootstock of Solomon's Seal, with the bottom of the stalk of the season, and the bud for the next year's…

The very short rootstock and strong terminal bud of a Trillium or Birthroot.

Trillium

The very short rootstock and strong terminal bud of a Trillium or Birthroot.