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An instrument for writing with a fluid ink, usually made of metl and fitted to a holder. The ancients used pens made from reeds for writing on papyrus or parchment, and reed-pens are still in use among the people of Persia and other countries of western Asia.

Fountain Pen

An instrument for writing with a fluid ink, usually made of metl and fitted to a holder. The ancients…

An important and largely cultivated cereal. It is excelled by rice alone with reference to the number of people using it as a stample food.

Wheat

An important and largely cultivated cereal. It is excelled by rice alone with reference to the number…

A tool used to create cloth by the people of Java.

Javanese Loom

A tool used to create cloth by the people of Java.

An endangered indigenous people living in Khanty-Mansi autonomous disrict, an autonomous region within Tyumen Oblast in the Russian Federation.

Vogul Encampment

An endangered indigenous people living in Khanty-Mansi autonomous disrict, an autonomous region within…

A man fishing in Lapland. Lapland is the name of the cultural region traditionally inhabited by the Sami people.

Lapland

A man fishing in Lapland. Lapland is the name of the cultural region traditionally inhabited by the…

A Lapland Church. Lapland is the name of the cultural region traditionally inhabited by the Sami people.

Lapland Church

A Lapland Church. Lapland is the name of the cultural region traditionally inhabited by the Sami people.

Ancient people native to the area of Siberia.

Native Siberians

Ancient people native to the area of Siberia.

A Yakut woman. The Yakuts are a Turkic people associated with the Sakha Republic.

Yakut Woman

A Yakut woman. The Yakuts are a Turkic people associated with the Sakha Republic.

Tombs for the ancient people of Pompeii.

Tombs of Pompeii

Tombs for the ancient people of Pompeii.

A specific container used to keep bees. People use these containers to collect the bees honey.

Beehive

A specific container used to keep bees. People use these containers to collect the bees honey.

This illustration shows the costumes people wore during King Richard II's reign.

Mediaeval Costumes

This illustration shows the costumes people wore during King Richard II's reign.

The people of Kazan submitting to Ivan the Terrible in 1552.

Kazan

The people of Kazan submitting to Ivan the Terrible in 1552.

An image of people curing the sick in Hispaniola, during Columbus' exploration there.

Hispaniola

An image of people curing the sick in Hispaniola, during Columbus' exploration there.

(1499-1590) A Franciscan missionary to the Aztec people.

Bernardino de Sahagun

(1499-1590) A Franciscan missionary to the Aztec people.

"A primitive mill for grinding corn, the stone of which was turned by the hand before the invention of windmills or water-mills. It is a contrivance of great antiquity, and so well adapted for the wants of a primitive people, that we find it perpetuated to the present day in remote districts of Ireland, and some parts of the Western Islands of Scotland." — Chambers, 1881

Quern

"A primitive mill for grinding corn, the stone of which was turned by the hand before the invention…

"The Chinese lower orders live much in tents. They are ordinarily of matting. These people are clever in their construction, and make them of great size, and with considerable comfort." — Chambers, 1881

Chinese Tent

"The Chinese lower orders live much in tents. They are ordinarily of matting. These people are clever…

A common plant of the north temperate Europe. It has purple spotted leaves and can force people to have allergic reactions to it.

Cuckoo Pint

A common plant of the north temperate Europe. It has purple spotted leaves and can force people to have…

An irrigation tool invented by the people of ancient Sumer. It uses weights to make lifting buckets of water almost effortless.

Shadoof

An irrigation tool invented by the people of ancient Sumer. It uses weights to make lifting buckets…

"Bayeux Tapestry. The crown offered to Harold by the people." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Bayeux Tapestry

"Bayeux Tapestry. The crown offered to Harold by the people." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

"Crowns were originally garlands of leaves; and in this form they have probably been used as an ornament for the head by almost every people. they were much used by both the classical nations of joyous and on solemn occasions." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Crown

"Crowns were originally garlands of leaves; and in this form they have probably been used as an ornament…

"Crowns were originally garlands of leaves; and in this form they have probably been used as an ornament for the head by almost every people. they were much used by both the classical nations of joyous and on solemn occasions." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Crown

"Crowns were originally garlands of leaves; and in this form they have probably been used as an ornament…

"Ethelbert met Augustine in the open air, under a tree at Canterbury, and heard him tell about the true God and Jesus Christ, whom He has sent; and, after some time, and a great deal of teaching, Ethelbert gave up worshiping Wooden and Thor, and believed in the true God and was baptized, and many of his people with him."

Augustine and Ethelbert

"Ethelbert met Augustine in the open air, under a tree at Canterbury, and heard him tell about the true…

Julius Caesar heard that a little way off there was a country nobody knew anything about, except that the people were very fierce and savage, and that a sort of pearl was found in the shells of mussels which lived in the rivers. He could not bear that there should be any place that his own people, the Romans, did not know and subdue. So he commanded the ships to be prepared, and he and his soldiers embarked, watching the white cliffs in the other side of the sea grow higher and higher as he came nearer and nearer.

Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar heard that a little way off there was a country nobody knew anything about, except that…

All this time John Lacklands cruelty and savageness were making the whole kingdom miserable; and at last the great barons bear it no longer. They met together and agreed that they would make John swear to govern by the good old English laws that had prevailed before the Normans came. The difficulty was to be sure of what these laws were, for most of the copies of them had been lost. However, Archbishop Langton and some of the wisest of the barons put together a set of laws-some copied, some recollected, some old, some new-but all such as to give the barons some control of the king, and hinder him from getting savage soldiers together to frighten people into doing whatever he chose to make them. These laws they called Magna Charta, or the great charter; and they all came in armor, and took John by surprise at Windsor. He came to meet them in a meadow named Runnymede, on the bank of the Thames, and there they force him to sign the charter, for which all Englishmen are grateful to them.

John's Anger after Signing Magna Charta

All this time John Lacklands cruelty and savageness were making the whole kingdom miserable; and at…

King Henry was a builder of beautiful churches. Westminster Abbey, as it is now, was one. And he was charitable to the poor that, when he had his children weighed, he gave their weight in gold and silver in alms. But he gave to everyone who asked, and so always wanted money; and sometimes his men could get nothing for the king and queen to eat, but by going and taking sheep and poultry from the poor farmers around; so that things were nearly as bad as under William Rufus-because the king was so foolishly good-natured. The Pope was always sending for money, too; and the king tried to raise it in ways that, according to Magna Carta, he had sworn not to do. His foreign friends told him that if he minded Magna Carta he would be a poor creature-not like a king who might do all he pleased; and whenever he listened to them he broke the laws of Magna Carta. Then, when his barons complained and frightened him, he swore again to keep them; so that nobody could trust him, and his weakness was almost as bad for the kingdom as John's wickedness. When they could bear it no longer, the barons all met him at the council, which was called the Parliament, from a French word meaning talk. This time they came in armor, binging all their fighting men, and declared that he had broken his word so often that they should appoint some of their own number to watch him, and hinder his doing anything against the laws he had sworn to observe, or from getting money from the people without their consent.

King Henry and His Barons

King Henry was a builder of beautiful churches. Westminster Abbey, as it is now, was one. And he was…

Daniel Boone as a hunter when he was a boy

Daniel Boone

Daniel Boone as a hunter when he was a boy

Boone trying to eat

Daniel Boone

Boone trying to eat

Daniel Boone escapes

Daniel Boone

Daniel Boone escapes

Lincoln rail splitting

Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln rail splitting

Boys watching a room full of people, from afar.

Boys

Boys watching a room full of people, from afar.

A scene from the story, "The Old Gravestone."

The Old Gravestone

A scene from the story, "The Old Gravestone."

A scene from the story, "The Old Gravestone."

The Old Gravestone

A scene from the story, "The Old Gravestone."

This banner has floral and vine arrangements on it with two mermaids in the center of the print.

Banner

This banner has floral and vine arrangements on it with two mermaids in the center of the print.

This painting is by Andrea Mantegna is a good example of how the artist placed the figures in the background. The people seem to flow together in his work. The painting can now be found Hampton Court in Kensington Palace.

Part of the Triumphs of Julius Cesar

This painting is by Andrea Mantegna is a good example of how the artist placed the figures in the background.…

This banner contains images of people with tools and weapons chasing after a duck and fox with an animal in its mouth.

Banner

This banner contains images of people with tools and weapons chasing after a duck and fox with an animal…

This sculpture by the great artist, Donatello, is of many people kneeling and standing around the body of Jesus Christ. It is a Bronze-relief and can now be found in S. Lorenzo, Florence.

The Deposition

This sculpture by the great artist, Donatello, is of many people kneeling and standing around the body…

One of the greatest of the Girondists, was born at Marseilles, March 6, 1767. At first an advocate and journalist at Marseilles, he was sent by that city to the Constituent Assembly at Paris. There he opposed the Court party, and took part with the Minister, Roland, then out of favor. After the events of the 10th of August, 1792, he returned to his native town, where he was received with enthusiasm, and was soon after chosen delegate to the Convention. In the Convention he adhered to the Girondists, and belonged to the party who, at the trial of the King, voted for an appeal to the people. He boldly opposed the party of Marat and Robespierre, and even directly accused the latter of aiming at the dictatorship; consequently, he was, in May, 1793, proscribed as a royalist and enemy of the Republic. He fled to Calvados, and thence with a few friends to the Gironde, where he wandered about country, hiding himself as he best could for about 13 months. At last, on the point of being taken, he tried to shoot himself; but the shot miscarried, and he was guillotined at Bordeaux, June 25, 1794. This "brave and beautiful young Spartan" was one of the great spirits of the Revolution. There was no loftier-minded dreamer in the Girondist ranks; hardly a nobler head than his fell in that reign of terror. He was "ripe in energy, not ripe in wisdom," says Carlyle, or the history of France might have been different.

Charles Jean Marie Barbaroux

One of the greatest of the Girondists, was born at Marseilles, March 6, 1767. At first an advocate and…

An Italian military officer; formed the first regular company of Italian troops organized to resist foreign mercenaries, about 1379. This organization, named the "Company of St. George," proved to be an admirable school, as from its ranks sprang many future officers of renown. He became Grand Constaable of Naples in 1384, and died in 1409.

Abrecht da Barbiano

An Italian military officer; formed the first regular company of Italian troops organized to resist…

A French Jacobin, born in Province, in 1755, of an ancient family; served as second lieutenant in the regiment of Languedoc until 1775. He made, about this time, a voyage to the Isle-de-France, the governor of which was one of his relations, and entered into the garrison of Pondicherry. On his return, he gave himself up to gambling and women, and dissipated his fortune. The Revolution broke out. He immediately showed himself an opponent of the Court, and had a seat in the <em>tiers-etat</em>, while his brother was sitting in that of the nobility. July 14, 1789, he took part in the attack upon the Bastille, and Aug. 10, 1792, upon the Tuileries. In 1792 he was elected a member of the National Convention, and voted for the unconditional death of Louis XVI. He was sent, in 1793, to the South of France, and commanded the left wing of the besieging army under Dugommier, and it was here that he first met Napoleon Bonaparte, then captain of artillery. The patriotic reputation of Barras was so well established that he abd Freron were the only representatives not denounced by the popular societies. Robespierre, however, was friend of his, and often wished to arrest him. Barras, knowing this, became one of the principle actors of the 9th Thermidor, and put himself at the head of the troops which surrounded Robespierre at the Hotel de Ville. In 1794 he was named one of the Committee of Public Safety, and became a great enemy to the members of the members of the "Mountain." In February, 1795, he was elected President of the Convention, and, in that capacity, declared Paris in a state of siege, when the Assembly was attacked by the populace. Afterward, when the Convention was assailed, Bonaparte, by Barras' advice, was appointed to command the artillery; and that general, on the 13th Vendemaire, decisively repressed the royalist movement. For his services, Barras was now named one of the Directory, and took a prominent part in the changes which that body unerwent until Napoleon's <em>coup d'etat</em> on the 18th Brumaire, which effectually overthrew the power of Barrras and his colleagues. His life, from this date, was, generally speaking, one of retirement. He died in Paris, Jan. 29, 1829. His "Memoirs" appeared in 1895.

Comte de Barras

A French Jacobin, born in Province, in 1755, of an ancient family; served as second lieutenant in the…

One of the most distinguished masters of the Floretine school of painting, born at Savignano, in Tuscany, in 1469. His subjects are mostly religious, and the greater part belong to the later period of his life. He was a warm adherent of Savonarola, after whose tragical end in 1500 he took the habit of the cloister. He imparted to Raphael his knowledge of coloring, and acquired from him a more perfect knowledge of perspective. He died in Florence in 1517.

Fra Bartolommeo

One of the most distinguished masters of the Floretine school of painting, born at Savignano, in Tuscany,…

A shady street in a town.

Town

A shady street in a town.

"Double convex lenses are used in the eyeglasses for old people, becoming more spherical according to the age of the person or the magnifing power required." -Comstock 1850

Double Convex Lens Magnifing an Arrow

"Double convex lenses are used in the eyeglasses for old people, becoming more spherical according to…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge with remote, very sharp spine-like teeth, with rounded spaces between. Outline - oval. Apex and Base - pointed. Leaf - about two inches long; dark polished green above; below rather yellowish-green; thick and stiff; smooth throughout; ribs very indistinct below. Bark - light gray and smooth. Fruit - a nearly round, bright-red berry, the size of a pea. It ripens in September and continues upon the branches into the winter. Found - from Massachusetts southward near the coast to Florida, and from Southern Indiana southwest, and southward to the Gulf. General Information - The use of holly and other evergreens in religious ceremonies dates from pagan times. "Trummying of the temples with floures, boughes, and garlondes, was taken of the heathen people, whiche decked their idols and houses with suche array.: Early church councils made rules and restrictions concerning the practice - e.g., in France Christians were forbidden "to decke up their houses with lawrell, yvie, and green gouches in the Christmas season," for "Hedera est gratissima Baccho." (The ivy is most acceptable to Bacchus.)

Genus Ilex, L. (Holly)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge with remote, very sharp spine-like teeth, with rounded spaces between.…

A man brings home a freshly chopped pine tree and shows his wife.

People with Tree

A man brings home a freshly chopped pine tree and shows his wife.

(1814-1869) Secretary of War under President Lincoln.

Edwin M. Stanton

(1814-1869) Secretary of War under President Lincoln.

A woman of Norway.

Norwegian Woman

A woman of Norway.

The sternum in this cut consists of two bones. The first is broad and thick above, and contracts as it descends. It is convex before and concave behind. At the upper angle a, the collarbone is articulated; b, the articular surface for the cartilage of the first rib; b, for the second rib; c,d,e,f,g, mark the articular surfaces of the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th ribs; h, the ensiform cartilage, terminates the lower extremity of the sternum. In older people, this cartilages is often changed into bone.

Sternum

The sternum in this cut consists of two bones. The first is broad and thick above, and contracts as…

Nursery rhymes combined: the knave of hearts, Bo Peep, Jack and Jill, and Jack Horner.

People Looking

Nursery rhymes combined: the knave of hearts, Bo Peep, Jack and Jill, and Jack Horner.

Perhaps the earliest people to form real cities in the western region of the world, were a people of mysterious origin called Sumerians. This drawing is a very early Sumerian stone carving showing Sumerian warriors in phalanx.

Stone Carvings of Sumerian Warriors

Perhaps the earliest people to form real cities in the western region of the world, were a people of…

Combat between Menclaus and Hector, Aryan Speaking people. Greek writing was just beginning therefore this is probably the earliest known vase bearing a Greek inscription.

Aryan Speaking People, Menclaus and Hector

Combat between Menclaus and Hector, Aryan Speaking people. Greek writing was just beginning therefore…

From an archaic Greek vase, a picture of horses and chariots.

Aryan Speaking People, Horses and Chariots

From an archaic Greek vase, a picture of horses and chariots.

"The great Bartholdi statue, 'Liberty Enlightening the World,' erected upon Bedloe's Island in New York Bay, was the gift of France to the American People."-Lupton

Statue of Liberty

"The great Bartholdi statue, 'Liberty Enlightening the World,' erected upon Bedloe's Island in New York…

A castle and different classes of people in Medieval Europe.

Middle Ages

A castle and different classes of people in Medieval Europe.

People traveling westward on the overland route to California in covered wagons.

Westward Expansion

People traveling westward on the overland route to California in covered wagons.

In prehistoric times, a woman finds sleeping men from a different tribe and studies them.

Prehistoric People

In prehistoric times, a woman finds sleeping men from a different tribe and studies them.

"Charles I. Insulted by the Soldiers of Cromwell. From the painting by Paul Delaroche." -Rees, 1894

Charles I. Insulted by the Soldiers of Cromwell

"Charles I. Insulted by the Soldiers of Cromwell. From the painting by Paul Delaroche." -Rees, 1894

"Christ Bearing the Cross. By Albrecht D&uuml;rer. From the wood engraving in 'The Great Passion.'" -Heath, 1901

Christ Bearing the Cross

"Christ Bearing the Cross. By Albrecht Dürer. From the wood engraving in 'The Great Passion.'"…

"The Trinity. By Albrect D&uuml;rer. In the Belvedere, Vienna.'" -Heath, 1901

The Trinity

"The Trinity. By Albrect Dürer. In the Belvedere, Vienna.'" -Heath, 1901

Greek people standing and talking under a tree.

Greeks

Greek people standing and talking under a tree.

A group of adult men and women caring for and bringing presents to a sick child in bed.

People Caring for the Sick

A group of adult men and women caring for and bringing presents to a sick child in bed.