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This illustration shows fertilization of a flower, by means of pollen falling from stamens (male organ) onto a pistil (female organ).

Fertilization (Flower)

This illustration shows fertilization of a flower, by means of pollen falling from stamens (male organ)…

A leaf which has "the form of a fiddle or violin; pandurate or panduriform: applied in botany to an obovate leaf which is contracted above the base." -Whitney, 1911

Fiddle-Shaped Leaf

A leaf which has "the form of a fiddle or violin; pandurate or panduriform: applied in botany to an…

An American Elm, with Spruce-trees, and on the left Arbor Vitae.

Field of Trees

An American Elm, with Spruce-trees, and on the left Arbor Vitae.

An illustration of the inflorescence of the field scabious. Knautia arvensis, commonly known as Field Scabious, is a species in the genus Knautia. It is a perennial plant that grows between 25 and 100 cm. It prefers grassy places and dry soils, avoiding heavy soils, and flowers between July and September. The flowered head is flatter than similar species Devils bit scabious and Small Scabious. There are 4 stamens in each flower, and 1 notched long stigma. The fruit is nut like, cylindrical and hairy, 5-6mm in size. It has a tap root. The stem has long stiff hairs angled downwards. There are no stipules. The leaves form a basal rosette, are paired on the stem, the lowest typically 300mm long, spear shaped, whereas the upper are smaller.

Inflorescence of Field Scabious

An illustration of the inflorescence of the field scabious. Knautia arvensis, commonly known as Field…

An illustration of a ray-floret of the field scabious. Knautia arvensis, commonly known as Field Scabious, is a species in the genus Knautia. It is a perennial plant that grows between 25 and 100 cm. It prefers grassy places and dry soils, avoiding heavy soils, and flowers between July and September. The flowered head is flatter than similar species Devils bit scabious and Small Scabious. There are 4 stamens in each flower, and 1 notched long stigma. The fruit is nut like, cylindrical and hairy, 5-6mm in size. It has a tap root. The stem has long stiff hairs angled downwards. There are no stipules. The leaves form a basal rosette, are paired on the stem, the lowest typically 300mm long, spear shaped, whereas the upper are smaller.

Ray-floret of Field Scabious

An illustration of a ray-floret of the field scabious. Knautia arvensis, commonly known as Field Scabious,…

An illustration of a ray-floret of the field scabious. Knautia arvensis, commonly known as Field Scabious, is a species in the genus Knautia. It is a perennial plant that grows between 25 and 100 cm. It prefers grassy places and dry soils, avoiding heavy soils, and flowers between July and September. The flowered head is flatter than similar species Devils bit scabious and Small Scabious. There are 4 stamens in each flower, and 1 notched long stigma. The fruit is nut like, cylindrical and hairy, 5-6mm in size. It has a tap root. The stem has long stiff hairs angled downwards. There are no stipules. The leaves form a basal rosette, are paired on the stem, the lowest typically 300mm long, spear shaped, whereas the upper are smaller.

Ray-floret of Field Scabious

An illustration of a ray-floret of the field scabious. Knautia arvensis, commonly known as Field Scabious,…

An illustration of the seed of the field scabious. Knautia arvensis, commonly known as Field Scabious, is a species in the genus Knautia. It is a perennial plant that grows between 25 and 100 cm. It prefers grassy places and dry soils, avoiding heavy soils, and flowers between July and September. The flowered head is flatter than similar species Devils bit scabious and Small Scabious. There are 4 stamens in each flower, and 1 notched long stigma. The fruit is nut like, cylindrical and hairy, 5-6mm in size. It has a tap root. The stem has long stiff hairs angled downwards. There are no stipules. The leaves form a basal rosette, are paired on the stem, the lowest typically 300mm long, spear shaped, whereas the upper are smaller.

Seed of Field Scabious

An illustration of the seed of the field scabious. Knautia arvensis, commonly known as Field Scabious,…

An illustration of the young inflorescence of the field scabious. Knautia arvensis, commonly known as Field Scabious, is a species in the genus Knautia. It is a perennial plant that grows between 25 and 100 cm. It prefers grassy places and dry soils, avoiding heavy soils, and flowers between July and September. The flowered head is flatter than similar species Devils bit scabious and Small Scabious. There are 4 stamens in each flower, and 1 notched long stigma. The fruit is nut like, cylindrical and hairy, 5-6mm in size. It has a tap root. The stem has long stiff hairs angled downwards. There are no stipules. The leaves form a basal rosette, are paired on the stem, the lowest typically 300mm long, spear shaped, whereas the upper are smaller.

Young Inflorescence of Field Scabious

An illustration of the young inflorescence of the field scabious. Knautia arvensis, commonly known as…

Any plant belonging to the genus Ficus is a fig. They are widely distributed in warm climates. Some bear edible fruit. This illustration shows a fig plant, as well as the male and female flowers, and a cross-section of the fruit of a fig.

Fig

Any plant belonging to the genus Ficus is a fig. They are widely distributed in warm climates. Some…

The fruit from a fig tree (Ficus carica) showing its section.

Section of Fruit of Fig

The fruit from a fig tree (Ficus carica) showing its section.

This is a classification of type of fruit.

Fig, with Male and Female Flowers

This is a classification of type of fruit.

A fig-fruit when young.

Fig-Fruit

A fig-fruit when young.

Magnified portion of a fig-fruit, a slice, showing some of the flowers.

Fig-Fruit Flowers

Magnified portion of a fig-fruit, a slice, showing some of the flowers.

A fig-fruit when young in section.

Fig-Fruit Section

A fig-fruit when young in section.

This illustration shows a Figwort, a member of the genus Scrophularia. It has the characteristic features of a five-lobed calyx, a nearly globose corolla (the upper lip of which is two-lobed and the lower three-lobed), and a capsule opening with two valves, the edges of which are turned in. The illustration also shows 1) a cross section of a flower, and 2) fruit.

Figwort

This illustration shows a Figwort, a member of the genus Scrophularia. It has the characteristic features…

"The inflorescence of Maryland Figwort (Scrophularia Marylandica). a, the flower; b, the fruit; c, a seed; d, a leaf." -Whitney, 1911

Maryland Figwort

"The inflorescence of Maryland Figwort (Scrophularia Marylandica). a, the flower; b, the fruit; c, a…

"Cheiranthera linearis; 2. its pistil and stamens; 3. a cross section of its ovary; 4. a seed of Pittosporum undulatum, cut across to show the minute embryo." -Lindley, 1853

Finger Flower

"Cheiranthera linearis; 2. its pistil and stamens; 3. a cross section of its ovary; 4. a seed of Pittosporum…

Abies Balsamea (Balsam Fir) or Balm of Gilead Fir, lvs. dark green and lustrous above, pale below, rounded or obtusely short pointed and occasionally emarginate, acute or acuminate on fertile branches: cones oblong, cylindrical, purple, 2&1/2-4 in. long; bracts shorter or rarely slightly longer than their scales." L.H. Bailey, 1917

Balsam Fir Tree Cone

Abies Balsamea (Balsam Fir) or Balm of Gilead Fir, lvs. dark green and lustrous above, pale below, rounded…

"A. grandis (Grand Fir) - Fig. 60.- tree, 200-300ft.: trunk becoming 4ft. in diam. lvs. thin and flexable, deeply grooved, very dark green above and silvery white beneath: cones cylindrical, 2-4 in. long, rounded or retuse at the apex, the broad scales somewhat squarrose and irregularly serrate and furnished with a short point." L.H. Bailey, 1917

Grand Fir Tree Cone

"A. grandis (Grand Fir) - Fig. 60.- tree, 200-300ft.: trunk becoming 4ft. in diam. lvs. thin and flexable,…

"Picea, Silver Fir. Fig. 60. Tree, 100-200 ft: trunk 6-8 ft. in dia.: lvs. flat, distichously spreading, dark green and lustrous above, silvery white below: cones slender, cylindrical, light green to dark purple, 5-6 in. long; bracts slightly longer than their scales. Mts. of Cent. and S. Eu., often gregarious.- Wood esteemed and much used; yields Strasburg turpentine. Dwarf forms, with erect and pendulous and with much abbreviated branches, are common in gardens. Not perfectly hardy in New England." L.H. Bailey, 1917

Silver Fir Tree Cone

"Picea, Silver Fir. Fig. 60. Tree, 100-200 ft: trunk 6-8 ft. in dia.: lvs. flat, distichously spreading,…

"Young resin gland of fir: <em>a</em>, duct, an intercellular space formed by the separation of the four nucleate cells." &mdash; Coulter, 1910

Resin gland of a fir

"Young resin gland of fir: a, duct, an intercellular space formed by the separation of the…

Flagellata is an order of Protozoa characterized by the presence of flagellae (whip-like structures used for locomotion). In many flagellate forms, chlorophyll is present. These forms have been regarded by botanists as minute algae. This illustration shows 3 flagellates: 1) Ceratium Tripos, 2) Noctiluca, and 3) Euglena.

Flagellata

Flagellata is an order of Protozoa characterized by the presence of flagellae (whip-like structures…

The Common Flax flower, of the Order Linaceae.

Flax

The Common Flax flower, of the Order Linaceae.

Flax is a member of the genus <em>Linum</em> in the family <em>Linaceae</em>. It is probably native to India, though its precise native range is unknown due to extensive ancient cultivation in southwest Asia and southeastern Europe.

Pod of Flax

Flax is a member of the genus Linum in the family Linaceae. It is probably native…

Section lengthwise of flax seed cut half away, bringing contained embryo into view.

Flax Pod Cut in Half

Section lengthwise of flax seed cut half away, bringing contained embryo into view.

Common Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is a flowering plant in the Linaceae family of flaxes.

Common Flax

Common Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is a flowering plant in the Linaceae family of flaxes.

Flax-flower in section; the parts all free,-hypogenous.

Flax-Flower

Flax-flower in section; the parts all free,-hypogenous.

Upper part of Flax plant in blossom.

Flax-Plant

Upper part of Flax plant in blossom.

Section of a flax-seed magnified and divided flat-wise: turned round, so that the stem-end (caulicle) of the embryo is below: the whole broad upper part is the inner face of one of the cotyledons: the minute nick at its base is the plumule.

Flax-seed

Section of a flax-seed magnified and divided flat-wise: turned round, so that the stem-end (caulicle)…

Section through a flax seed turned edgewise, showing the thickness of the cotyledons, and the minute plumule between them.

Flax-seed Cut Sideways

Section through a flax seed turned edgewise, showing the thickness of the cotyledons, and the minute…

"1. Polyplocium inquinans, divided vertically, natural size; 2. flocci and spores; 3 and 4, the same more highly magnified." -Lindley, 1853

Flocci and Spores

"1. Polyplocium inquinans, divided vertically, natural size; 2. flocci and spores; 3 and 4, the same…

Floret of a spelt plant.

Spelt floret

Floret of a spelt plant.

Magnified section through the thickness of a leaf of Florida Star-Anise.

Florida Star-Anise

Magnified section through the thickness of a leaf of Florida Star-Anise.

A <em>flos plenus</em>, namely, a full double flower of Rose.

Flos Plenus

A flos plenus, namely, a full double flower of Rose.

This cluster of flowers is also known as a corymb.

Flower

This cluster of flowers is also known as a corymb.

This cluster of flowers is also known as an umbel.

Flower

This cluster of flowers is also known as an umbel.

A complete flower of the Trillium.

Flower

A complete flower of the Trillium.

An incomplete flower of the Anemone.

Flower

An incomplete flower of the Anemone.

An incomplete flower of Lizard's Tail.

Flower

An incomplete flower of Lizard's Tail.

An staminate, or sterile, flower of Indian corn.

Flower

An staminate, or sterile, flower of Indian corn.

A staminate flower of Moonseed.

Flower

A staminate flower of Moonseed.

A pistillate flower of Moonseed.

Flower

A pistillate flower of Moonseed.

the Larkspur has unsymmetrical flowers.

Flower

the Larkspur has unsymmetrical flowers.

the Larkspur has unsymmetrical flowers.

Flower

the Larkspur has unsymmetrical flowers.

The flower of the Violet.

Flower

The flower of the Violet.

The flower of the Violet.

Flower

The flower of the Violet.

The corolla of the Morning Glory.

Flower

The corolla of the Morning Glory.

The calyx of the Morning Glory.

Flower

The calyx of the Morning Glory.

In the Stramonium, the five sepals are united into a cup or tube.

Flower

In the Stramonium, the five sepals are united into a cup or tube.

In the Honeysuckle the sepals fuse to form a tube.

Flower

In the Honeysuckle the sepals fuse to form a tube.

In the Harebell, the tube is wide and the border spreads like a bell.

Flower

In the Harebell, the tube is wide and the border spreads like a bell.

In Phlox, the tube spreads suddenly into a flat boder.

Flower

In Phlox, the tube spreads suddenly into a flat boder.

The stamens are united in this Lobelia.

Flower

The stamens are united in this Lobelia.

The stamens are united in this Mallow.

Flower

The stamens are united in this Mallow.

Half of a Hawthorn blossom.

Flower

Half of a Hawthorn blossom.

Half of a Cherry blossom.

Flower

Half of a Cherry blossom.

Half of a Morning-glory blossom.

Flower

Half of a Morning-glory blossom.

Flowers and leaf of Dicentra, in the herb family,(Gray, 1858).

Flower

Flowers and leaf of Dicentra, in the herb family,(Gray, 1858).

Flower of Dicentra, in the herb family,(Gray, 1858).

Flower

Flower of Dicentra, in the herb family,(Gray, 1858).

Flower of Mustard, (Gray, 1858).

Flower

Flower of Mustard, (Gray, 1858).