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"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees, than at first signt may appear. The branches should be separated by a clean cut at an angle of abouot 45 degrees, just at the back of a bud, the cut entering on a level with the base of the bud and passing out on a level with its top, for when cut in this way the wound becomes rapidly covered with new wood, as soon as growth recommences, whereas if the cut is too close the bud is starved, or if less close an ugly and awkward snag is left." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pruning

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees,…

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees, than at first signt may appear. The branches should be separated by a clean cut at an angle of abouot 45 degrees, just at the back of a bud, the cut entering on a level with the base of the bud and passing out on a level with its top, for when cut in this way the wound becomes rapidly covered with new wood, as soon as growth recommences, whereas if the cut is too close the bud is starved, or if less close an ugly and awkward snag is left." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pruning

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees,…

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees, than at first signt may appear. The branches should be separated by a clean cut at an angle of abouot 45 degrees, just at the back of a bud, the cut entering on a level with the base of the bud and passing out on a level with its top, for when cut in this way the wound becomes rapidly covered with new wood, as soon as growth recommences, whereas if the cut is too close the bud is starved, or if less close an ugly and awkward snag is left." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pruning

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees,…

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees, than at first signt may appear. The branches should be separated by a clean cut at an angle of abouot 45 degrees, just at the back of a bud, the cut entering on a level with the base of the bud and passing out on a level with its top, for when cut in this way the wound becomes rapidly covered with new wood, as soon as growth recommences, whereas if the cut is too close the bud is starved, or if less close an ugly and awkward snag is left." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pruning

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees,…

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees, than at first signt may appear. The branches should be separated by a clean cut at an angle of abouot 45 degrees, just at the back of a bud, the cut entering on a level with the base of the bud and passing out on a level with its top, for when cut in this way the wound becomes rapidly covered with new wood, as soon as growth recommences, whereas if the cut is too close the bud is starved, or if less close an ugly and awkward snag is left." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pruning

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees,…

A branch of a species of palm native to the wider Caribbean.

Branch of Pseudophoenix

A branch of a species of palm native to the wider Caribbean.

"a shows a young tree with its second year's growth, the upright shoot of the maiden tree having been moderately headed back, being left longer if the buds near the base promise to break freely, or cut shorter if they are weak and wanting in vigour. The winter pruning, carried out with the view to shape the tree into a well-grown pyramid, would be effected at the places marked by a cross line." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pyramid Pruning

"a shows a young tree with its second year's growth, the upright shoot of the maiden tree having been…

"Pyramidal Training." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pyramidal Training

"Pyramidal Training." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Also known as Populus tremuloides. A species of tree native to the cooler areas of North America.

Quaking Aspen

Also known as Populus tremuloides. A species of tree native to the cooler areas of North America.

The branch of a Quercus acuminata tree, a species of oak tree.

Branch of Quercus Acuminata

The branch of a Quercus acuminata tree, a species of oak tree.

The branch of a Quercus brevifolia, a species of oak tree.

Branch of Quercus Brevifolia

The branch of a Quercus brevifolia, a species of oak tree.

The branch of a Quercus heterophylla, a species of oak tree.

Branch of Quercus Heterophylla

The branch of a Quercus heterophylla, a species of oak tree.

The branch of a Quercus hypoleuca, a species of oak.

Branch of Quercus Hypoleuca

The branch of a Quercus hypoleuca, a species of oak.

The branch of a Quercus Minor tree, a species of oak.

Branch of Quercus Minor

The branch of a Quercus Minor tree, a species of oak.

The branch of a Quercus oblongifolia tree, a species of oak.

Branch of Quercua Oblongifolia

The branch of a Quercus oblongifolia tree, a species of oak.

The branch of a Quercus platanoides, a species of oak tree.

Branch of Quercus Platanoides

The branch of a Quercus platanoides, a species of oak tree.

The branch of a Quercus Reticulata, a species of oak tree.

Branch of Quercus Reticulata

The branch of a Quercus Reticulata, a species of oak tree.

The branch of a Quercus undulata tree, a species of oak. Native to the southwestern United States.

Branch of Quercus Undulata

The branch of a Quercus undulata tree, a species of oak. Native to the southwestern United States.

Quills, a crown, olive branches, and books

Quill doodad

Quills, a crown, olive branches, and books

Also known as Betula occidentalis. The branch of a Red Birch tree, native to western North America.

Branch of Red Birch

Also known as Betula occidentalis. The branch of a Red Birch tree, native to western North America.

Also known as Morus rubra. The branch of a Red Mulberry tree, native to eastern North America, from Ontario and Vermont to southern Florida.

Branch of Red Mulberry

Also known as Morus rubra. The branch of a Red Mulberry tree, native to eastern North America, from…

Also known as Salix laevigata. The branch of a Red Willow tree, native to Pacific Coastal California.

Branch of Red Willow

Also known as Salix laevigata. The branch of a Red Willow tree, native to Pacific Coastal California.

"Ribes rubrum. 1. perpendicular section of a flower; 2. cross section of the ovary; 3. seed; 4. a perpendicular section of it." -Lindley, 1853

Redcurrant

"Ribes rubrum. 1. perpendicular section of a flower; 2. cross section of the ovary; 3. seed; 4. a perpendicular…

A black redstart perched on a branch in front of a stone building. It greatly resembles the redstart.

Black Redstart

A black redstart perched on a branch in front of a stone building. It greatly resembles the redstart.

Also known as Betula nigra. The branch of a River Birch tree, native to eastern United States.

Branch of River Birch

Also known as Betula nigra. The branch of a River Birch tree, native to eastern United States.

Also known as Ulmus thomasii. The branch of a Rock Elm tree, native to the midwestern United States.

Branch of Rock Elm

Also known as Ulmus thomasii. The branch of a Rock Elm tree, native to the midwestern United States.

Also known as Abies lasiocarpa. A western North American fir.

Pine Cone of Rocky Mountain Fir

Also known as Abies lasiocarpa. A western North American fir.

Also known as Juniperus scopulorum. Native to western North America.

Branch of Rocky Mountain Juniper

Also known as Juniperus scopulorum. Native to western North America.

The branch of a Salix amplifolia, a species of willow.

Branch of Salix Amplifolia

The branch of a Salix amplifolia, a species of willow.

The branch of a Salix balsamifera tree, a species of willow.

Branch of Salix Balsamifera

The branch of a Salix balsamifera tree, a species of willow.

The branch of a Salix fluviatilis, a species of willow tree.

Branch of Salix Fluviatilis

The branch of a Salix fluviatilis, a species of willow tree.

The branch of a Salix longipes tree, a species of willow.

Branch of Salix Longipes

The branch of a Salix longipes tree, a species of willow.

The branch of a Salix missouriensis, a species of willow.

Branch of Salix Missouriensis

The branch of a Salix missouriensis, a species of willow.

The branch of a Salix nuttallii, a species of willow.

Branch of Salix Nuttallii

The branch of a Salix nuttallii, a species of willow.

The branch of a Salix sesillilifolia, a species of willow.

Branch of Salix Sesillilifolia

The branch of a Salix sesillilifolia, a species of willow.

Also known as Salix cordata. The branch of a Sand Dune Willow, native to northeast North America.

Branch of Sand Dune Willow

Also known as Salix cordata. The branch of a Sand Dune Willow, native to northeast North America.

Santalum album is a small tropical tree cultivated for its fragrant oil and medicinal uses.

Indian Sandalwood

Santalum album is a small tropical tree cultivated for its fragrant oil and medicinal uses.

Callitris quadrivalvis (or Tetraclinis articulata) is a coniferous tree in the cypress family known as the Sandarac.

Sandarac Tree

Callitris quadrivalvis (or Tetraclinis articulata) is a coniferous tree in the cypress family known…

"Sapodilla (Sapota zapotilla). (a), the fruit; (b), the same, transversely cut." -Whitney, 1911

Sapodilla

"Sapodilla (Sapota zapotilla). (a), the fruit; (b), the same, transversely cut." -Whitney, 1911

A group of women, with a lyre and wreath.

Sappho

A group of women, with a lyre and wreath.

"Branch of Sarsaparilla (Smilax medica), with fruits." -Whitney, 1911

Sarsaparilla

"Branch of Sarsaparilla (Smilax medica), with fruits." -Whitney, 1911

Also known as Amelanchier alnifolia. The branch of a Saskatoon shrub, native to North America, primarily from Alaska to Western Canada.

Branch of Saskatoon

Also known as Amelanchier alnifolia. The branch of a Saskatoon shrub, native to North America, primarily…

"Sassafras (Sassafras sassafras). 1. Branch with fruits. 2. Branch with sterile flowers. a, b, c, different forms of leaves." -Whitney, 1911

Sassafras

"Sassafras (Sassafras sassafras). 1. Branch with fruits. 2. Branch with sterile flowers. a, b, c, different…

Also known as Juniperus sabina. A species of juniper native to central and southern Europe, as well as western and central Asia.

Branch of Savin Juniper

Also known as Juniperus sabina. A species of juniper native to central and southern Europe, as well…

An assortment of scansores sitting in a tree.

Scansores

An assortment of scansores sitting in a tree.

Also known as Quercus coccinea. The branch of a red oak tree native to the eastern United States.

Branch of Scarlet Oak

Also known as Quercus coccinea. The branch of a red oak tree native to the eastern United States.

Also known as Coccolobis uvifera. A branch of a Sea Grape plant, native throughout tropical America and the Caribbean.

Branch of Sea Grape

Also known as Coccolobis uvifera. A branch of a Sea Grape plant, native throughout tropical America…

Also known as Alnus maritima. The branch of a Seaside Alder, native to the United States.

Branch of Seaside Alder

Also known as Alnus maritima. The branch of a Seaside Alder, native to the United States.

"Flowering branch of Senna (Cassia obovata). a, a pod." -Whitney, 1911

Senna

"Flowering branch of Senna (Cassia obovata). a, a pod." -Whitney, 1911

A branch of the Canadian Serviceberry (Amelanchier canadensis), a shrub or small tree, showing fruit.

Canadian Serviceberry

A branch of the Canadian Serviceberry (Amelanchier canadensis), a shrub or small tree, showing fruit.

A branch of the Canadian Serviceberry (Amelanchier canadensis), a shrub or small tree, showing flowers.

Canadian Serviceberry

A branch of the Canadian Serviceberry (Amelanchier canadensis), a shrub or small tree, showing flowers.

Also known as Hicoria ovata. The branch of a Shagbark Hickory tree, native to the eastern United States.

Branch of Shagbark Hickory

Also known as Hicoria ovata. The branch of a Shagbark Hickory tree, native to the eastern United States.

Also known as Quercus breviloba. The branch of a Shallow-lobed Oak tree, native to the southern United States and northern Mexico.

Branch of Shallow-Lobed Oak

Also known as Quercus breviloba. The branch of a Shallow-lobed Oak tree, native to the southern United…

Also known as Hicoria laciniosa. The branch of the Shellbark Hickory tree, native to the midwestern United States.

Branch of Shellbark Hickory

Also known as Hicoria laciniosa. The branch of the Shellbark Hickory tree, native to the midwestern…

Also known as Quercus imbricaria. The branch of a Shingle Oak tree, native primarily to the midwestern North American regions.

Branch of Shingle Oak

Also known as Quercus imbricaria. The branch of a Shingle Oak tree, native primarily to the midwestern…

"The so-called green jackdaw of Asia, <i>Cissa sinensis</i>. The sirgang inhabits the southeastern Himalayan region, and thence through Burma to Tasserim, and has occasioned much literature." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>The bird is perched on a branch with a few leaves.

Sirgang

"The so-called green jackdaw of Asia, Cissa sinensis. The sirgang inhabits the southeastern Himalayan…

Also known as Salix sitchensis. The branch of a Sitka Willow tree, native to northwestern North America.

Branch of Sitka Willow

Also known as Salix sitchensis. The branch of a Sitka Willow tree, native to northwestern North America.

Also known as Ulmus fulva. The branch of a Slippery Elm tree, native to eastern North America.

Branch of Slippery Elm

Also known as Ulmus fulva. The branch of a Slippery Elm tree, native to eastern North America.

"Branch with fruits of Sapindus drummondi. a, a flower." -Whitney, 1911

Western Soapberry

"Branch with fruits of Sapindus drummondi. a, a flower." -Whitney, 1911

Also known as Malus angustifolia. The branch of a Southern Crabapple tree, native throughout the Southeastern United States.

Branch of Southern Crabapple

Also known as Malus angustifolia. The branch of a Southern Crabapple tree, native throughout the Southeastern…