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An aerial view of a German Benedictine Monastery compound. A small town is nestled at the foot of a hill in the background. The monastery includes a ditch surrounding the outer wall, stables, gardens, graveyard, workshops, church, cloister, living quarters, and various other buildings. It is pictured as it would have looked at the end of the Middle Ages.

A German Benedictine Monastery with a Small Town in the Background - Aerial View

An aerial view of a German Benedictine Monastery compound. A small town is nestled at the foot of a…

Illustration of Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, during one of several times that he was banished from Alexandria. Roman soldiers on horseback, with spears and shields, chase the bishop away from the city. Christians, including men, women, children, and a crippled man, follow around and in front of the bishop. A man follows just behind Athanasius, carrying the bishop's staff.

Athanasius is Banished from Alexandria

Illustration of Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, during one of several times that he was banished from…

Illustration of a bishop sitting on an ornately decorated cathedra. A crosier, pastoral staff, rests against his left shoulder. The view is of the left side of the bishop and throne. There are columns in the background, to the right of the throne. A cathedral is a church that is the cathedra, or seat, of a bishop.

A Bishop Sitting on a Bishop's Throne Called a Cathedra

Illustration of a bishop sitting on an ornately decorated cathedra. A crosier, pastoral staff, rests…

"Cardinal, an ecclesiastical prince in the Roman Catholic Church, who has a voice in the conclave at the election of a pope, the popes being taken from the cardinals. The cardinals are appointed by the pope, and are divided into three classes or orders, comprising six bishops, fifty priests, and fourteen deacons making seventy at most." — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Cardinal Hat

"Cardinal, an ecclesiastical prince in the Roman Catholic Church, who has a voice in the conclave at…

The Catholics of Maryland.

Catholics

The Catholics of Maryland.

St. Louis, Missouri's cathedral as pictured in 1874.

Church

St. Louis, Missouri's cathedral as pictured in 1874.

An illustration of the ruins of St. Finbar located in Charleston, SC.

Church Ruins

An illustration of the ruins of St. Finbar located in Charleston, SC.

This illustration shows one fragment of a French cloister built in the Middle Ages. The architecture is Gothic, with pointed arches and vaulted ceilings, Two monks huddle in the passageway. This cloister looks very similar to the cloister at Mont Saint Michel Abbey, though it is not labeled as such.

A Cloister at a French Monastery from the Middle Ages

This illustration shows one fragment of a French cloister built in the Middle Ages. The architecture…

Illustration of King Clovis kneeling before Saint Remigius. Clovis' wife, Clotilde, kneels next to him. Remigius, dressed in robes, is baptizing Clovis. Several members of Clovis' court stand behind him. Monks and other clergy as well as two altar boys with incense stand around and behind Remigius.

Clovis, King of the Franks, is Baptized by Saint Remigius

Illustration of King Clovis kneeling before Saint Remigius. Clovis' wife, Clotilde, kneels next to him.…

Illustration of the southern side of the Cathedral of Cologne. Construction on the cathedral was begun in 1248 and it was meant to be a place to hold the reliquary of the Three Kings. The cathedral was not completed until the 19th century. Its Gothic architecture is based largely on the Amiens Cathedral. From the view, the cathedral's enormous Germanic spires are visible.

A Southern View of the Cathedral of Cologne in Germany

Illustration of the southern side of the Cathedral of Cologne. Construction on the cathedral was begun…

(1839-1902) Catholic Archbishop of New York 1885

Archbishop Michael Corrigan

(1839-1902) Catholic Archbishop of New York 1885

The ceremonial mitre of the Archbishop Cranley, 1407.

Mitre of Archbishop Cranley

The ceremonial mitre of the Archbishop Cranley, 1407.

Illustration of a monk, riding horseback, surrounded by other Crusaders. Two other monks are in the crowd. A woman kneels at the head of the group and raises her child up to see the soldiers. The monk on horseback holds a cross in his raised hand. Pope Urban II proclaimed the First Crusade in 1095. The goal was to restore Christian access to holy places in and around Jerusalem.

The Crusades being Preached by a Monk on Horseback

Illustration of a monk, riding horseback, surrounded by other Crusaders. Two other monks are in the…

"The deacon's robe, in the Roman Catholic Church. the most ancient form of the dalmatic is exhibited in the annexed wood-cut, after an early Christian painting on the walls of catacombs at Rmb. It was originally of linen, but it is now generally made of the same heavy silk as the Planeta, worn by the priest." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Dalmatic

"The deacon's robe, in the Roman Catholic Church. the most ancient form of the dalmatic is exhibited…

Catholic system of dragooning the French protesants after the revocation of the edict of the Nantes, under Louis XIV. Caption under illustration: " When one party of these tormentors were weary, they were relieved by another, who practiced the same cruelties with fresh vigor."

Dragooning

Catholic system of dragooning the French protesants after the revocation of the edict of the Nantes,…

(1786-1860) Banker, politician and religious leader that became leader of the Catholic Apostolic Church.

Henry Drummond

(1786-1860) Banker, politician and religious leader that became leader of the Catholic Apostolic Church.

A fan used in Catholic liturgies to keep insects away from the bread and wine.

Liturgical Flabellum

A fan used in Catholic liturgies to keep insects away from the bread and wine.

A fan used in Catholic liturgies to keep insects away from the bread and wine.

Papal Flabellum

A fan used in Catholic liturgies to keep insects away from the bread and wine.

Illustration of Saint Francis being carried on a pallet by five other clergy members. He is emerging from a wooded area. His right arm is upraised and his arm is around one of his companions. The facade of the Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi can be seen up on a hill in the background.

The Death of Saint Francis of Assisi with the Basilica of Saint Francis in the Background

Illustration of Saint Francis being carried on a pallet by five other clergy members. He is emerging…

Illustration of Saint Francis of Xavier preaching to the Portuguese at Goa. Several men and women are gathered around Xavier. A child examines his robe. Xavier is showing one man the crucifix. There is a ship approaching in the background.

Saint Francis Xavier on the Coast at the Portuguese Settlement of Goa

Illustration of Saint Francis of Xavier preaching to the Portuguese at Goa. Several men and women are…

(1834-1921) American Catholic leader for over 50 years.

Cardinal Gibbons

(1834-1921) American Catholic leader for over 50 years.

The traditional mitre of Bishop Goodryke. Thomas Goodrich (or Goodricke) (1494 – 10 May 1554) was an English ecclesiastic and statesman.

Mitre of Bishop Goodryke

The traditional mitre of Bishop Goodryke. Thomas Goodrich (or Goodricke) (1494 – 10 May 1554) was…

"By embracing the Catholic religion he made his way to the throne of France; and this monarch, Henry the Fourth, secured to his Protestant subjects, by the famous Edict of Nantes, in 1598, a full enjoyment of their civil rights and privileges, without persecution or molestation from any quarters." — Goodrich, 1844

Henry IV

"By embracing the Catholic religion he made his way to the throne of France; and this monarch, Henry…

An illustration of the coat of arms of the Holy See with a crosier, processional cross, and some decorative foliage in the background.The coat of arms includes the crossed Keys of Heaven underneath the papal tiara.

The Holy See Coat of Arms with Crosier, Processional Cross, and Decorative Foliage

An illustration of the coat of arms of the Holy See with a crosier, processional cross, and some decorative…

James II of England and Ireland, James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701) was King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 6 February 1685. He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The Parliament of England deemed James to have abdicated on 11 December 1688. The Parliament of Scotland on 11 April 1689 declared him to have forfeited the throne. He was replaced not by his Catholic son, James Francis Edward, but by Mary II and William III. William and Mary became joint rulers in 1689. Mary was the eldest daughter of James and a Protestant. William was both his nephew and son-in-law. James II made one serious attempt to recover his crowns, when he landed in Ireland in 1689.

James II of England

James II of England and Ireland, James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701) was…

(1810-1903) Cardinal

Leo XIII

(1810-1903) Cardinal

The official seal of Sir Thomas Lucy, a magistrate who persecuted recusant Catholic families. The seal consists of three white luces interlaced.

Seal of Sir Thomas Lucy

The official seal of Sir Thomas Lucy, a magistrate who persecuted recusant Catholic families. The seal…

Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death. The fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty, she is remembered for restoring England to Roman Catholicism after succeeding her short-lived half brother, Edward VI, to the English throne. In the process, she had almost 300 religious dissenters burned at the stake in the Marian Persecutions, earning her the sobriquet of "Bloody Mary". Her re-establishment of Roman Catholicism was reversed by her successor and half-sister, Elizabeth I.

Mary I of England

Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19…

John Cardinal McCloskey, (March 10, 1810 - October 10, 1885) was an American cardinal, the fifth bishop (second archbishop) of the Roman Catholic diocese of New York.

Cardinal McCloskey

John Cardinal McCloskey, (March 10, 1810 - October 10, 1885) was an American cardinal, the fifth bishop…

An example of a modern archbishop's mitre.

An Archbishop's Mitre

An example of a modern archbishop's mitre.

Illustration of a monk, displaying an open book. His hood is pointed and appears to be unattached from his habit. His habit includes a robe-like undergarment with a short tunic on top. Crosses appear in a vertical line down the center of the front of the tunic.

A Monk with a Pointed Hood and Crosses on His Habit

Illustration of a monk, displaying an open book. His hood is pointed and appears to be unattached from…

The monstrance is a device used in the Roman Catholic, Old Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran Churches to display the consecrated Host. The Host is also known as the Sacramental Bread, the Lamb, or Communion Bread.

Monstrance

The monstrance is a device used in the Roman Catholic, Old Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran Churches…

Illustration of Saint Patrick on the shores of Ireland, with bishop's miter and crosier, and other clergy behind him. He is holding his hand in blessing over several men, women, and children. Women kneel on the ground, one with a basket of fish. A little boy and girl watch the saint. A boat can be seen on the water and mountains rise in the background. Snakes slither on the ground in front of Saint Patrick.

Saint Patrick Blesses the Irish and Banishes Snakes

Illustration of Saint Patrick on the shores of Ireland, with bishop's miter and crosier, and other clergy…

The second longest-reigning elected Pope in Church history, serving from 1846 until his death in 1878. He defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary.

Pope Pius IX

The second longest-reigning elected Pope in Church history, serving from 1846 until his death in 1878.…

Illustration of Pope Leo, dressed in full papal costume and holding the primatial cross, approaches Attila the Hun. Several clergy follow behind Leo, one carrying the cross of Christ. Attila bows slightly. He is wearing a crown and carrying a sword. His army follows behind. The face of a horse is visible. God, carrying a sword, floats in a cloud over the scene.

Pope Leo the Great Approaches Attila, King of the Huns, on the Battlefield

Illustration of Pope Leo, dressed in full papal costume and holding the primatial cross, approaches…

Profile of Pop Leo XIII. He was elected pope on February 20th, 1878 and died July 20th, 1903. He was called the "Rosary Pope" and was known for being an intellectual. This is a very simple side portrait.

Pope Leo XIII - Side Portrait

Profile of Pop Leo XIII. He was elected pope on February 20th, 1878 and died July 20th, 1903. He was…

An illustration of the reading of the decree in Vatican City on July 18th, 1870.

Reading of the Decree, July 18th

An illustration of the reading of the decree in Vatican City on July 18th, 1870.

Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu, Cardinal-Duc de Richelieu (September 9, 1585 – December 4, 1642), was a French clergyman, noble, and statesman. Consecrated as a bishop in 1607, he later entered politics, becoming a Secretary of State in 1616. Richelieu soon rose in both the Church and the state, becoming a cardinal in 1622, and King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624. He remained in office until his death in 1642; he was succeeded by Jules Cardinal Mazarin.

Richelieu

Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu, Cardinal-Duc de Richelieu (September 9, 1585 – December 4, 1642),…

Saint Augustine, bishop of Hippo in Africa, sits among various other clergy and teaches from his writings. He is dressed in a bishop's cassock. His head is surrounded by a halo. Some of the men surrounding him are holding books.

Saint Augustine of Hippo Teaches from His Writings

Saint Augustine, bishop of Hippo in Africa, sits among various other clergy and teaches from his writings.…

An illustration of the sarcophagus of Ferdinand and Isabella.

Sarcophagus of Ferdinand & Isabella

An illustration of the sarcophagus of Ferdinand and Isabella.

(1215-1270) French King who married Blanche of Castille. He is known for protecting the French clergy and strictly enforcing laws against blasphemy. He was canonized in 1297.

St. Louis

(1215-1270) French King who married Blanche of Castille. He is known for protecting the French clergy…

"St. Patrick appears to have been a native of Boulogne, in France, and to have been born about the year 387, A.D. In his sixteenth year, he was made captive in a marauding expedition, conducted by Nial of the Nine Hostages." — Goodrich, 1844

St. Patrick

"St. Patrick appears to have been a native of Boulogne, in France, and to have been born about the year…

Tobias, after being sent by his blind father to collect a debt, meets the archangel Raphael on the road. Tobias is kneeling next to a river. He is holding an enormous, open-mouthed fish and looking up at Raphael. The angel is dressed in plain clothes and holds a staff in his right hand. A small animal watches from behind Tobias.

Tobias Meets the Angel Raphael Disguised as His Kinsman

Tobias, after being sent by his blind father to collect a debt, meets the archangel Raphael on the road.…

A portrait of the Vatican in Italy.

The Vatican

A portrait of the Vatican in Italy.