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The Kalsomine brush is a painting brush made of fiber.

Kalsomine Brush

The Kalsomine brush is a painting brush made of fiber.

"Transverse section of an open fibro-vascular bundle. c, cambium; cb, continuation of cambium between the fibro-vascular bundles; g, large pitted vessels; t, smaller pitted vessels and spiral vessels intermixed with wood-cells; y, inner phloem layers; bm bast fibers; m is the parenchyma of the pith; r, is the cortical parenchyma. Immediately external to the bark lies the bundle sheath of cells filled with starch." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Cambium

"Transverse section of an open fibro-vascular bundle. c, cambium; cb, continuation of cambium between…

Cartilage is made up of string-like fiber and few cells.

White Fiber Cartilage

Cartilage is made up of string-like fiber and few cells.

"Vertical and Longitudinal section through skull of Castor Fiber, showing the cerebral cavity, the greatly-developed turbinal lamellae, the mode of implantation of the large over-growing chisel-edged incisor, and the curved rootless molars." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Castor Fiber

"Vertical and Longitudinal section through skull of Castor Fiber, showing the cerebral cavity, the greatly-developed…

"Presently in the production of ordinay connective tissue, fibers of two kinds make their appearance in the intercellular substance, and to all appearance independent of the cells. Those of the one kind are highly elastic and refracting, not easily affected by reagents, stain deeply with magenta, run singly, always branch, and become united with neighboring fibers so as to form a network throughout the tissue." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Connective Tissue

"Presently in the production of ordinay connective tissue, fibers of two kinds make their appearance…

"Presently in the production of ordinay connective tissue, fibers of two kinds make their appearance in the intercellular substance, and to all appearance independent of the cells. Those of the other kind are excessively fine and indistinct, never run singly but always in bundles, and generally with a wavy course, are readily affected by reagents, and, in vertebrates, yield gelatin on boiling." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Connective Tissue

"Presently in the production of ordinay connective tissue, fibers of two kinds make their appearance…

"Connective tissue of sponge." — Encyclopedia BSponge Diver Counting Cardsritannica, 1893

Connective Tissue

"Connective tissue of sponge." — Encyclopedia BSponge Diver Counting Cardsritannica, 1893

"Connective tissue of slug. r, ramified cell; f, flattened cell; v, vesicular cell. The fibers in the ground substance are also indicated." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Connective Tissue

"Connective tissue of slug. r, ramified cell; f, flattened cell; v, vesicular cell. The fibers in the…

Cotton is a soft fiber that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant. The fiber is often spun into thread to make a soft breathable fabric.

Cotton

Cotton is a soft fiber that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant. The fiber is often spun into…

An illustration of a cotton plant. Cotton is a soft, staple fiber that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant (Gossypium sp.), a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, India and Africa.

Cotton Plant

An illustration of a cotton plant. Cotton is a soft, staple fiber that grows around the seeds of the…

"Epidermo-muscular cells of Hydra m, muscular-fiber processes." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Epiderm Cels

"Epidermo-muscular cells of Hydra m, muscular-fiber processes." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"The eye is moved about by six muscles. The back ends of these muscles are attached to the eye sockets. The front ends are attached to the ball of the eye." — Ritchie, 1918

Muscles of the Eyes

"The eye is moved about by six muscles. The back ends of these muscles are attached to the eye sockets.…

"Branching fiber, from spiral vessels of Gourd (Cucurbita Pepo)." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Fiber

"Branching fiber, from spiral vessels of Gourd (Cucurbita Pepo)." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

"Skull of Fiber zibethica." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Fiber Zibethica

"Skull of Fiber zibethica." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

There are two fiber types, slow-twitch muscle, or fast-twitch muscle. Most animals have some combination of these two fiber types.

Mustle Fiber

There are two fiber types, slow-twitch muscle, or fast-twitch muscle. Most animals have some combination…

Figure A shows cotton fibers which are smooth on the surface, where as figure B shows woolen fibers that are covered with scales.

Fibers

Figure A shows cotton fibers which are smooth on the surface, where as figure B shows woolen fibers…

"Longitudinal section of an open fibro-vascular bundle. c, cambium; s, spiral vessels with fibers which can be unrolled; l, scalariorm reticulated vessel; h, h', h'', h''', wood-cells; t, bordered pitted vessel; t', young pitted vessel; p, inner phloem layer; b, best layer; gs, bundle-sheath; r, cortical parenchyms; m, pith parenchyms. The elements are developed from s to t' in the xylem portion." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Fibro-vascular Bundle

"Longitudinal section of an open fibro-vascular bundle. c, cambium; s, spiral vessels with fibers which…

"<em>The involuntary muscles</em> consist of ribbon-shaped bands which surround hollow tubes or cavities in the body. They are never attached to bony levers nor are they furnished with tendons, as are the voluntary muscles." — Blaisedell, 1904

Spindle Cell of Involuntary Muscle

"The involuntary muscles consist of ribbon-shaped bands which surround hollow tubes or cavities…

Jute, also known as Calcutta Hemp, is a fiber obtained from several species of the genus Corchorus of the order Tiliaceæ, and employed in the manufacture of the coarser textiles. The great bulk of the world's supply is derived from two species, C. capsularis and C. olitorius (Jew's Mallow), both of which are indigenous to Bengal, India, where from remote times they have been cultivate for economic purposes. The two species are similar in appearance, but may be distinguished by the form of the seed pods, which are nearly spherical in C. capsularis, and long and narrow in C. olitorius. Both plants are herbaceous annuals with straight, slender stalks from 5 to 15 feet in height, branched at the top, and bearing small yellow flowers. The fiber, which is derived from the inner bark, is of a creamy yellow or light buff color and of a silky luster. It spins well, but is not as strong as flax or hemp, and deteriorates rapidly. The young shoots are used as pot herbs. Jute is grown chiefly in Bengal, though it is raised to a limited extent in China, Formosa, and Southern Japan. It can be grown successfully in the South Atlantic and Gulf States of the United States, but lack of mechanical methods for preparing the fiber has prevented its cultivation on an industrial scale. Attempts to naturalize it elsewhere have generally failed. For its most successful cultivation, jute requires a soft, deep soil and a hot, moist atmosphere, alluvial lands being especially adapted to its production. This illustration shows Corchorus capsularis.

Jute

Jute, also known as Calcutta Hemp, is a fiber obtained from several species of the genus Corchorus of…

In the manufacturing of jute, the jute fiber must first be softened. The softening machine consists of many pairs of fluted or corrugated rollers arranged in horizontal succession and driven with a reciprocating motion. The jute as it passes through may receive a sprinkling of oil ad water from automatic apparatus attached to the machine overhead, or it may be arranged in the layers and sprayed with oil after emerging from the softener, a process known as batching. In either case, the material is then allowed to lie a certain time in bulk, to permit of the fiber being thoroughly permeated with the oil.

Softening Process in the Manufacturing of Jute

In the manufacturing of jute, the jute fiber must first be softened. The softening machine consists…

In the last step of the manufacturing process of the jute plant, the material is taken on bobbins to spinning frames of the throstle type, and spun into yarn of various sizes, with a hard twist for warps and a softer twist for wefts. The warp yarns on bobbins are then passed on to the spooling and dressing machines, or are reeled in hanks and bundles for the purpose of being bleached or dyed in various colors for stripes in the fabric to be woven. The weft yarns are taken to the cop winding machines.

Spinning Process in the Manufacturing of Jute

In the last step of the manufacturing process of the jute plant, the material is taken on bobbins to…

A pod of the Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) is a tree in the Malvaceae family of mallows that produces a cotton-like fiber.

Kapok

A pod of the Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) is a tree in the Malvaceae family of mallows that produces a cotton-like…

"Spiral vessels of the Melon, showing the elastic fibers uncoiled, and the vessels overlapping at their pointed extremities a" &mdash; Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Melon Fibers

"Spiral vessels of the Melon, showing the elastic fibers uncoiled, and the vessels overlapping at their…

"Fine threads of fibers forming a muscle." &mdash;Davison, 1910

Muscle fibers

"Fine threads of fibers forming a muscle." —Davison, 1910

A. Portion of a medium sized human muscular fiber. B. Separated bundles of fibrils equally magnified. Labels: a, larger, and b, smaller collections; c, still smaller; d, smallest which could be detached, possibly representing a single series of sarcous element.

Muscular Fiber

A. Portion of a medium sized human muscular fiber. B. Separated bundles of fibrils equally magnified.…

Three muscular fibers running longitudinally, and two bundles of fibers in transverse section, M, from the tongue. The capillaries, C, are injected.

Muscular Fiber

Three muscular fibers running longitudinally, and two bundles of fibers in transverse section, M, from…

Part of a striped muscle fiber of a water beetle prepared with absolute alcohol. Labels: A, sarcolemma; B, Krause's membrane. The sarcolemma shows regular bulgings. Above and below Krause's membrane are seen the transparent "lateral discs". The chief mass of a muscular compartment is occupied by the contractile disc composed of sarcous elements. The substance of the individual sarcous elements has collected more at the extremity than in the center: hence this latter is ore transparent. The optical effect of this is that the contractile disc appears to posses a "median disc" (Disc of Hensen). Several nuclei of muscle corpuscles, C and D, are shown, and in them a minute network.

Striped Muscular Fiber of a Beetle

Part of a striped muscle fiber of a water beetle prepared with absolute alcohol. Labels: A, sarcolemma;…

Muscular fiber torn across; the sarcolemma still connecting the two parts of the fiber.

Torn Muscular Fiber

Muscular fiber torn across; the sarcolemma still connecting the two parts of the fiber.

Transverse section through muscular fibers of human tongue. The muscle corpuscles are indicated by their deeply stained nuclei situated at the inside of the sarcolemma. Each muscle fiber shows "Cohnheim's fields," that is, the sarcous elements in transverse section separated by clear (apparently linear) interstitial substance.

Muscular Fibers of the Human Tongue

Transverse section through muscular fibers of human tongue. The muscle corpuscles are indicated by their…

"The axis cylinder is in the center. On either side is seen the medullary sheath, represented by dark lines. The primitive sheath, or neurilemma, is on the outside and represented by white lines in which is a nerve corpuscle with an oval nucleus." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Portion of a medullated nerve fiber

"The axis cylinder is in the center. On either side is seen the medullary sheath, represented by dark…

"When the fibers of roots become enlarged by the deposition of starch, they form this variety of root."&mdash;Darby, 1855

Fasciculated Root

"When the fibers of roots become enlarged by the deposition of starch, they form this variety of root."—Darby,…

"This variety consists of numerous fibers proceeding from the neck of the plant, and may be seen in most grasses and grains."&mdash;Darby, 1855

Fibrous Root

"This variety consists of numerous fibers proceeding from the neck of the plant, and may be seen in…

"Diagram of a slice across the spinal cord, showing the roots of a spinal nerve to the arm on the left. The arrows show which way the messages travel. The little circles are the cut ends of fibers extending up and down the cord. Only a few of the thousands of fibers really present are here shown." —Davison, 1910

Section of Spinal Cord

"Diagram of a slice across the spinal cord, showing the roots of a spinal nerve to the arm on the left.…

"A Portion of a Striped Muscular Fiber. Highly magnified. A, fiber separating into disks; B, fibrillae; C, cross-section of a disk." — Blaisedell, 1904

Striped Muscular Fiber

"A Portion of a Striped Muscular Fiber. Highly magnified. A, fiber separating into disks; B, fibrillae;…

"A Portion of Striped Muscular Fiber, showing Stripes and Nuclei. Highly magnified." — Blaisedell, 1904

Striped Muscular Fiber

"A Portion of Striped Muscular Fiber, showing Stripes and Nuclei. Highly magnified." — Blaisedell,…

"Since the strength of the fibers in adhesion is very much less than in tension and compression, adhesion enters into nearly every test as an important factor. Thus, if a piece of wood consisting of several fibers is tested in tension, the fibers a and b would probably not break at all, but be merely pulled out, the failure, as far as they are concerned, being due to lack of adhesion and not to a lack of tensile strength. Every tension test presents numerous cases of this king, the broken fibers presenting no even fracture, but being splintered and drawn out especially if the wood is good."&mdash;Government Printing Office, 1897

Behavior of Fibers in Tension Test

"Since the strength of the fibers in adhesion is very much less than in tension and compression, adhesion…