"When a grapevine is first set in a vineyard, it closely resembles the plant shown in [the image]. Such a rooted cutting may be one or two years old, the former being preferable in the majority of cases. The cane is cut back to two buds, and during the first season its shoots are allowed to lie prone upon the surface of the soil."—Government Printing Office, 1897

Rooted Grape Cutting

"When a grapevine is first set in a vineyard, it closely resembles the plant shown in [the image]. Such…

"The cross-wire system is another method of training which appears to be confined in this country to the Hudson River Valley, and even there it is used only to a limited extent. But at Juraçon, Bassess-Pyrénées, France, this system is regularly followed. Poles are used in place of the wires, however. [The image] represents vines trained in this manner."—Government Printing Office, 1897

Cross-Wire System of Grape Training

"The cross-wire system is another method of training which appears to be confined in this country to…

A grapevine sprung from a small cutting after one year.

Grapevine

A grapevine sprung from a small cutting after one year.

An illustration of a grapevine.

Grapevine

An illustration of a grapevine.

An illustration of a grapevine.

Grapevine

An illustration of a grapevine.

An illustration of the grapevine fruit, a grape.

Grapevine Fruit

An illustration of the grapevine fruit, a grape.

A diagram of the horizontal arm spur system, depicting the various parts of a vine.

Horizontal Arm Spur System

A diagram of the horizontal arm spur system, depicting the various parts of a vine.

Hungry fox eyes grapes just out of reach. "People very often pretend to dislike things that they are not able to get."

The Fox and the Grapes

Hungry fox eyes grapes just out of reach. "People very often pretend to dislike things that they are…

An image depicting a pruned vine that was trained according to the umbrella system. This system is also called the two-cane Kniffin.

Pruned System According to the Umbrella System

An image depicting a pruned vine that was trained according to the umbrella system. This system is also…

A diagram depicting an unpruned vine trained according to the umbrella system. This image shows stem renewal. This system is also known as the two-cane Kniffin system.

Unpruned Vine According to the Umbrella System

A diagram depicting an unpruned vine trained according to the umbrella system. This image shows stem…

An unpruned vine trained according to the Hudson horizontal system.

Unpruned Vine

An unpruned vine trained according to the Hudson horizontal system.