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"A genus of cephalapodous mollusca, pretty generally known by the name of Paper Nautilus, and in consequence of similarity in the form of the shell, often confounded with the genus Nautilus, but in fact much more nearly allied to the Poulpe (Octopus)." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Argonaut

"A genus of cephalapodous mollusca, pretty generally known by the name of Paper Nautilus, and in consequence…

It has received the strange name of the Watering-pot because of a convex disk that is pierced with holes like a watering-pot. The animal is attached by certain muscles to the interior of the tube.

Aspergillum Vaginiferum (Lamarck)

It has received the strange name of the Watering-pot because of a convex disk that is pierced with holes…

"Liassic 'Thunder bolt' (Belemnites hastata)." -Taylor, 1904

Belemnite

"Liassic 'Thunder bolt' (Belemnites hastata)." -Taylor, 1904

"Belemnite (restored)." -Taylor, 1904

Belemnite

"Belemnite (restored)." -Taylor, 1904

"Oolitic 'Thunder-bolt' (Belemnites abbreviatus)." -Taylor, 1904

Belemnites abbreviatus

"Oolitic 'Thunder-bolt' (Belemnites abbreviatus)." -Taylor, 1904

"Natural flint cast of phragmocone of...Belemnites mucronatus." -Taylor, 1904

Belemnites Fossil

"Natural flint cast of phragmocone of...Belemnites mucronatus." -Taylor, 1904

"Belemnites mucronatus." -Taylor, 1904

Belemnites mucronatus

"Belemnites mucronatus." -Taylor, 1904

"Oolitic 'Thunder-bolt' (Belemnites puzosianus)." -Taylor, 1904

Belemnites puzosianus

"Oolitic 'Thunder-bolt' (Belemnites puzosianus)." -Taylor, 1904

Magellania cranium. A, ventral; B, dorsal valve.

Brachiopoda

Magellania cranium. A, ventral; B, dorsal valve.

Rhynchonella psittacea

Brachiopoda

Rhynchonella psittacea

Thecidea

Brachiopoda

Thecidea

Thecidea

Brachiopoda

Thecidea

Spirifer. Dorsal valve showing calcareous spiral coils

Brachiopoda

Spirifer. Dorsal valve showing calcareous spiral coils

Orthis calligramma

Brachiopoda

Orthis calligramma

Leptaena transversalis. A, ventral; B, dorsal valve.

Brachiopoda

Leptaena transversalis. A, ventral; B, dorsal valve.

Productus horridus

Brachiopoda

Productus horridus

Lingula pyramidata

Brachiopoda

Lingula pyramidata

Discinisca lamellosa

Brachiopoda

Discinisca lamellosa

Crania anomala. Interior of dorsal valve, showing muscular impressions and labial appendages.

Brachiopoda

Crania anomala. Interior of dorsal valve, showing muscular impressions and labial appendages.

Magellania flavescens. Interior of ventral valve. <em>f</em>, foramen; <em>d</em>, deltidium; <em>t</em>, teeth; <em>a</em>, adductor impressions; <em>c</em>, divaricator

Brachiopoda

Magellania flavescens. Interior of ventral valve. f, foramen; d, deltidium; t,…

Magellania flavescens. Interior of dorsal valve.

Brachiopoda

Magellania flavescens. Interior of dorsal valve.

Magellania flavescens. Longitudinal section of valves. A, ventral; B, dorsal valves; l, loop; q, crura; ss, septum; c, cardinal process.

Brachiopoda

Magellania flavescens. Longitudinal section of valves. A, ventral; B, dorsal valves; l, loop; q, crura;…

Terebratula vitrea. Interior of dorsal valve.

Brachiopoda

Terebratula vitrea. Interior of dorsal valve.

Loop of Terebratulina caput serpentis

Brachiopoda

Loop of Terebratulina caput serpentis

Longitudinal section of Terebratella dorsata

Brachiopoda

Longitudinal section of Terebratella dorsata

Longitudinal section of Magas pumilus

Brachiopoda

Longitudinal section of Magas pumilus

Magellania flavescens. Interior of dorsal valve, to show the position of the labial appendages. v, mouth.

Brachiopoda

Magellania flavescens. Interior of dorsal valve, to show the position of the labial appendages. v, mouth.

Magellania flavescens. Longitudinal section with a portion of the animal.

Brachiopoda

Magellania flavescens. Longitudinal section with a portion of the animal.

A diagram of the left half of an Argiope, which has been bisected in the median plane. 1, the ventral valve; 2, the dorsal valve; 3, the pedicle; 4, the mouth; 5, lip which overhangs the mouth and runs all around the lophophore; 6, tentacles; 7, ovary in dorsal valve; 8, liver diverticula; 9, occlusor muscle; 10, internal opening of left nephridium; 11, external opening of the same; 12, ventral adjustor; 13, divaricator muscle; 14, sub-oesophageal nerve ganglion; 15, the heart; 16, dorsal adjustor muscle.

Brachiopoda

A diagram of the left half of an Argiope, which has been bisected in the median plane. 1, the ventral…

Diagrammatic section through an arm of the lophophore of Crania. 1, the lip; 2, the base of a tentacle bisected in the middle line; 3, great arm-sinus; 4, small arm-sinus, containing muscle-fibres; 5, tentacular canal; 6, external tentacular muscle; 7, tentacular blood-vessel arising from the cut arm-vesel in the small arm-sinus; 8, chief arm-nerve; 9, secondary arm-nerve; 10, under arm-nerve.

Brachiopoda

Diagrammatic section through an arm of the lophophore of Crania. 1, the lip; 2, the base of a tentacle…

Rhynchonella psittacea. Interior of dorsal valve. s, Sockets; b, dental plates; V, mouth; de, labial appendage in its natural position; d, appendage extended or unrolled.

Brachiopoda

Rhynchonella psittacea. Interior of dorsal valve. s, Sockets; b, dental plates; V, mouth; de, labial…

Magellania flavescens. Diagram showing the muscular system. M, ventral; N, dorsal valve; l, Loop; V, Mouth; Z, Extremity of intestine; a, Adductor; c, Divaricators.

Brachiopoda

Magellania flavescens. Diagram showing the muscular system. M, ventral; N, dorsal valve; l, Loop; V,…

Lingula anatina

Brachiopoda

Lingula anatina

Lingula anatina

Brachiopoda

Lingula anatina

Lingula anatina. Diagram showing the muscular system. A, dorsal; B, ventral valve; p, penduncle; e, heart; a, alimentary tube; z, anal aperture.

Brachiopoda

Lingula anatina. Diagram showing the muscular system. A, dorsal; B, ventral valve; p, penduncle; e,…

Diagram of nervous system of Crania; from the dorsal side. The nerves running to the dorsal parts are white, with black edges; those running to the ventral parts are solid black.

Brachiopoda

Diagram of nervous system of Crania; from the dorsal side. The nerves running to the dorsal parts are…

Megathyris. Larva which has just left brood-pouch

Brachiopoda

Megathyris. Larva which has just left brood-pouch

Megathyris larvae stage; longitudinal section through a somewhat later stage.

Brachiopoda

Megathyris larvae stage; longitudinal section through a somewhat later stage.

Megathyris larvae stages; the fully formed embryo just before fixing - the neo-embryo of Beecher.

Brachiopoda

Megathyris larvae stages; the fully formed embryo just before fixing - the neo-embryo of Beecher.

Terebratulina, the larva (neo-embryo) just come to rest.

Brachiopoda

Terebratulina, the larva (neo-embryo) just come to rest.

Terebratulina, the turning forward of the second or mantle segment

Brachiopoda

Terebratulina, the turning forward of the second or mantle segment

Terebratulina, the turning forward of the second or mantle segment

Brachiopoda

Terebratulina, the turning forward of the second or mantle segment

Terebratulina, the turning forward of the second or mantle segment

Brachiopoda

Terebratulina, the turning forward of the second or mantle segment

Terebratulina, completion of the mantle segment stages

Brachiopoda

Terebratulina, completion of the mantle segment stages

Terebratulina, a young brachiopod

Brachiopoda

Terebratulina, a young brachiopod

Shell of larval Brachiopod, Phylembryo stage.

Brachiopoda

Shell of larval Brachiopod, Phylembryo stage.

Diagram of the pedicle-opening of Rhymchonella

Brachiopoda

Diagram of the pedicle-opening of Rhymchonella

Organization of the mussel.

Byssus, mantle and oviduct of the Mytilus

Organization of the mussel.

"The familiar cockles are among the most widely distributed of shells. The greatest number are furnished with regular ripples, generally obtuse, sometimes in ridges diverging from the point and armed with straight or curved spines, arranged in the oddest manner"

Cardium Aculeatum (Linnaeus)

"The familiar cockles are among the most widely distributed of shells. The greatest number are furnished…

"The familiar cockles are among the most widely distributed of shells. An exotic species which inhabits the coast of Guinea and Senegal, the shell of which, white and fragile, is much sought after by collectors."

Cardium Costatum (Linnaeus)

"The familiar cockles are among the most widely distributed of shells. An exotic species which inhabits…

"The familiar cockles are among the most widely distributed of shells. A species common to the Atlantic coast. It's white or fawn-colored shell being hollowed out into twenty-six furrows, forming so many corrugated ripples on the side. It is considered good for food."

Cardium Edulis (Linnaeus)

"The familiar cockles are among the most widely distributed of shells. A species common to the Atlantic…

"The familiar cockles are among the most widely distributed of shells. The accessory ornamentation varies with the species, some being smooth."

Cardium Groenlandicum (Chemnitz)

"The familiar cockles are among the most widely distributed of shells. The accessory ornamentation varies…

Anatomy of a bivalve clam. (ss) respiratory tubes; (aa) muscles by which the shell is closed (b) gills; (h) heart; (o) mouth; (f) foot; (m) cut edge of mantle.

Clam

Anatomy of a bivalve clam. (ss) respiratory tubes; (aa) muscles by which the shell is closed (b) gills;…

The body of the cuttlefish is soft and covered only with a leathery skin. Its eight arms are very long.

Cuttlefish

The body of the cuttlefish is soft and covered only with a leathery skin. Its eight arms are very long.

Cephalopods are the most highly organized Molluscs. The head is distinct, carrying two large globular eyes, and having the mouth in its center.

Cuttlefish

Cephalopods are the most highly organized Molluscs. The head is distinct, carrying two large globular…

The side view of Sepia officinalis, or the common cuttlefish.

Cuttlefish

The side view of Sepia officinalis, or the common cuttlefish.

"Diagram of circulatory and excretory systems in a Decapod-like Sepia. 1, Gill; 2, renal sac; 3, afferent branchial vessel; 4, branchial heart; 5, abdominal vein; 6, heart; 7, viscero-pericardial sac (body cavity); 8, genital organ; 9, posterior aorta; 10, "auricle"; 11, glandular appendix of branchial heart; 12, renal appendices of branchial vein; 13, external aperure of kidney; 14, vena cava; 15, anterior aorta; 16, bifurcation of vena cava; 17, reno-pericardial aperture." -Thomson, 1916

Cuttlefish Circulatory and Excretory Systems

"Diagram of circulatory and excretory systems in a Decapod-like Sepia. 1, Gill; 2, renal sac; 3, afferent…

"Diagram of the structure of Sepia. a., Eight short arms around mouth; l.a., one of the two long arms; b., beak of the mouth; c.g., cerebral ganglia, with commissures to the others; E., eye; g., gullet; d.g., digestive gland (the "salivary glands" are not represented); st., stomach; a., anus; sh., shell-sac with sepiostaire; k., kidney; R., reproductive organ; br.h., branchial heart; g., a gill; i.b., ink-bag; m.c., mantle cavity; f., funnel." -Thomson, 1916

Cuttlefish Structure

"Diagram of the structure of Sepia. a., Eight short arms around mouth; l.a., one of the two long arms;…

The Common Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) is a mollusc in the Sepiidae family of cephalopods.

Common Cuttlefish

The Common Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) is a mollusc in the Sepiidae family of cephalopods.

"Among the cast number of species belonging to the Veneridae family, many are extremely rare, and much sought after by collectors in consequence of their great beauty"

Cytherea Maculata (Linn.)

"Among the cast number of species belonging to the Veneridae family, many are extremely rare, and much…