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In air layering moss is held into place by a cone of strong paper.

Air Layering

In air layering moss is held into place by a cone of strong paper.

"A genus of mosses constituting the natural order Andreæaceæ."-Whitdney, 1902

Andreæa

"A genus of mosses constituting the natural order Andreæaceæ."-Whitdney, 1902

"Andrea nivalis, natural size; 2. the same much magnified; 3. spore-case with the torn calyptra; 4. spore-case after the discharge of the spores; 5. columella with a few spores adhering." -Lindley, 1853

Andrea nivalis

"Andrea nivalis, natural size; 2. the same much magnified; 3. spore-case with the torn calyptra; 4.…

The moss, Andraea rupestris much magnified.

Andreaea Moss

The moss, Andraea rupestris much magnified.

"The elastic ring which surrounds the spore case."-Whitney, 1902

Annuli

"The elastic ring which surrounds the spore case."-Whitney, 1902

"Shields of Baeomyces rufus." -Lindley, 1853

Asci

"Shields of Baeomyces rufus." -Lindley, 1853

"A moss (Catharinea). The sporophytes of this moss are usually rather more slender than as here represented." -Bergen, 1896

Catharinea

"A moss (Catharinea). The sporophytes of this moss are usually rather more slender than as here represented."…

Cetraria is also known as Iceland Moss, and is used for medicinal purposes.

Cetraria Islandica

Cetraria is also known as Iceland Moss, and is used for medicinal purposes.

"Scale sporopyll and sporangium of club moss."—Finley, 1917

Spore of club moss

"Scale sporopyll and sporangium of club moss."—Finley, 1917

Large plants having spread or secund leaves with strong costa.

Dicarnum

Large plants having spread or secund leaves with strong costa.

An illustration of the flower of a moss: ar, archegonium; an, antheridium; p, paraphysis; bl, leaf.

Flower of a Moss

An illustration of the flower of a moss: ar, archegonium; an, antheridium; p, paraphysis; bl, leaf.

"1. Spore-case of Lycopodium denticulatum opened; 2. antheridium; 3. spore." -Lindley, 1853

Ground Pine

"1. Spore-case of Lycopodium denticulatum opened; 2. antheridium; 3. spore." -Lindley, 1853

"Cetraria islandica: a a. its shields; b. a shield magnified and divided vertically." -Lindley, 1853

Iceland Moss

"Cetraria islandica: a a. its shields; b. a shield magnified and divided vertically." -Lindley, 1853

celand moss (Cetraria islandica) is a lichen whose erect or ascending foliaceous habit gives it something of the appearance of a moss, whence probably the name. It is often of a pale chestnut color, but varies considerably, being sometimes almost entirely greyish white; and grows to a height of from 3 to 4 in., the branches being channelled or rolled into tubes, which terminate in flattened lobes with fringed edges.

Iceland Moss

celand moss (Cetraria islandica) is a lichen whose erect or ascending foliaceous habit gives it something…

"A greatly magnified view of a perpendicular section of Parmelia aipolia, showing the thecae in the shield, a; b, the hypothecium and some gonidia beneath it; c, the medullary region; and d, the gonimic layer." -Lindley, 1853

Leaf Lichen

"A greatly magnified view of a perpendicular section of Parmelia aipolia, showing the thecae in the…

This illustration shows a portion of Lepidodendron. Lepidodendron is the generic name of a large and important group of plants which flourished principally in the Carboniferous period. The outer surface of the bark is marked by lozenge-shaped, scale-like markings, the leaf-cushions. These are arranged in dense spirals, which wind around the stems. Often, the narrow and pointed leaves are found, still adherent; they may also carry cones <i>(lepidostrobi)</i>, which in form somewhat resemble those of the fir. The branches usually fork repeatedly, and were implanted on a massive stem which had a similar external sculpture. Some of these stems have been seen in the roofs of coal workings with a length of a hundred feet. Their roots are generally known as stigmaria. The Lepidodendra belonged to the Lycopodiaceæ, and have their nearest representatives in the diminutive club-mosses, which they resemble even in their superficial characters.

Portion of Lepidodendron

This illustration shows a portion of Lepidodendron. Lepidodendron is the generic name of a large and…

"1. Shields of Variolaria amara; 2, a portion of the thallus of the same plant." -Lindley, 1853

Lichen

"1. Shields of Variolaria amara; 2, a portion of the thallus of the same plant." -Lindley, 1853

"5. shield of Opegrapha scripta; 6. thallus of the same." -Lindley, 1853

Lichen

"5. shield of Opegrapha scripta; 6. thallus of the same." -Lindley, 1853

"A. Lecanora esculenta; B. Lecanora affinis." -Lindley, 1853

Lichens

"A. Lecanora esculenta; B. Lecanora affinis." -Lindley, 1853

"3. a piece of the thallus of Sticta pulmonacea, with lacunae and soredia; 4. thallus of the same, bearing shields." -Lindley, 1853

Tree Lungwort

"3. a piece of the thallus of Sticta pulmonacea, with lacunae and soredia; 4. thallus of the same, bearing…

"Sticta pulmonaria, or Lungs of the Oak." -Lindley, 1853

Tree Lungwort

"Sticta pulmonaria, or Lungs of the Oak." -Lindley, 1853

Mosses can withstand a variety of temperatures. They grow on rocks or plant life.

Moss

Mosses can withstand a variety of temperatures. They grow on rocks or plant life.

"Mosses are a class of small flowerless plants, important in the economy of nature, and of great interest in their life history. They are found in all climates, but are most abundant in temperate regions and in damp places."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Moss

"Mosses are a class of small flowerless plants, important in the economy of nature, and of great interest…

"Mosses are a class of small flowerless plants, important in the economy of nature, and of great interest in their life history. They are found in all climates, but are most abundant in temperate regions and in damp places."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Moss

"Mosses are a class of small flowerless plants, important in the economy of nature, and of great interest…

"Mosses are a class of small flowerless plants, important in the economy of nature, and of great interest in their life history. They are found in all climates, but are most abundant in temperate regions and in damp places."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Moss

"Mosses are a class of small flowerless plants, important in the economy of nature, and of great interest…

"Protonemata of a moss bearing young gametophyte buds." -Gager, 1916

Moss Protonemata

"Protonemata of a moss bearing young gametophyte buds." -Gager, 1916

This evergreen moss has spores that are club shaped.

Club Moss

This evergreen moss has spores that are club shaped.

A common peat-moss, <em>Hypnum</em>.

Peat Moss

A common peat-moss, Hypnum.

This illustration shows the germination of the spore Sphagnum: A, early growth of the spore. B, later development-sp, spore; b, bud developing into moss plant. C, margin of the thallus, showing the origin of the bud.

Sphagnum

This illustration shows the germination of the spore Sphagnum: A, early growth of the spore. B, later…