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The common ivy is a wellknown native of Britian and most parts of Europe and some parts of America. It has long, creeping, branched stems, climbing on trees and walls to a great height, by means of rootlets which cling to rough surfaces.

Ivy

The common ivy is a wellknown native of Britian and most parts of Europe and some parts of America.…

Known as the soft rush, Juncus effusus is nearly as common as the most common species, J. conglomeratus. It can be distinguished from J. conglomeratus by its branching and looser inflorescence. It belongs to a genus of grass-like herbs (Juncus) that grow in boggy places.

Juncus Effusus

Known as the soft rush, Juncus effusus is nearly as common as the most common species, J. conglomeratus.…

In the manufacturing of jute, the jute fiber must first be softened. The softening machine consists of many pairs of fluted or corrugated rollers arranged in horizontal succession and driven with a reciprocating motion. The jute as it passes through may receive a sprinkling of oil ad water from automatic apparatus attached to the machine overhead, or it may be arranged in the layers and sprayed with oil after emerging from the softener, a process known as batching. In either case, the material is then allowed to lie a certain time in bulk, to permit of the fiber being thoroughly permeated with the oil.

Softening Process in the Manufacturing of Jute

In the manufacturing of jute, the jute fiber must first be softened. The softening machine consists…

Four grains united, as in most of the Heath family.

Kalmia

Four grains united, as in most of the Heath family.

Kava or Piper methysticum is a crop from the pepper family.

Kava

Kava or Piper methysticum is a crop from the pepper family.

Style of a Lady's Slipper (Cypripedium), and stamens united with it; the anther of the two good stamens; an abortive stamen, what should be its anther changed into a petal-like body; the stigma.

Lady's Slipper

Style of a Lady's Slipper (Cypripedium), and stamens united with it; the anther of the two good stamens;…

"Polygonaceae, a natural order of Dicotyledons, containing 30 genera with about 700 species, chiefly in the north temperate zone, and represented in Great Britain by three genera. They are mostly herbs characterized by the union of the stipules into a sheath or ocrea, which protects the younger leaves in the bud stage." —Encyclopaedia Britannica Company, 1910

Stem and Leaf Part of Polygonum

"Polygonaceae, a natural order of Dicotyledons, containing 30 genera with about 700 species, chiefly…

This illustration shows stages in the germination of the gametospore of Lepidium, sectional view: A, micropylar end of embryo sac, showing the enlarging gametospore provided with cell wall and attached to wall of sac. B, later growth-s, suspensor; e, embryo cell; en, endosperm cells. C, pro-embryo after first division of embryo cell. D, further divisions of embryo cell, showing formation of an epidermis and a central stem region. E, later growth, two growing regions, the cotyledons, appearing on the sides of the stem. F, plant or embryo, consisting of two cotyledons, c; stem, st, which terminates in the root, r; the endosperm cells, en, are ebing absorbed by the enlarging embryo; s, suspensor.

Lepidium

This illustration shows stages in the germination of the gametospore of Lepidium, sectional view: A,…

Lilium chalcedonicum is a variety of lily. The flowers are bright scarlet. The stem is stiff and erect, growing between two and three feet tall.

Flower Stem of Lilium Chalcedonicum

Lilium chalcedonicum is a variety of lily. The flowers are bright scarlet. The stem is stiff and erect,…

"Flowering branch of Lizardtail (Saururus cernuus). a, flower." -Whitney, 1911

Lizard's Tail

"Flowering branch of Lizardtail (Saururus cernuus). a, flower." -Whitney, 1911

Flower of Lobelia cardinalis, Cardinal flower; corolla making approach to the ligulate form; filaments (<em>st</em>) monadelphous, and anthers (<em>a</em>) syngenesious.

Lobelia cardinalis

Flower of Lobelia cardinalis, Cardinal flower; corolla making approach to the ligulate form; filaments…

Monadelphous stamens of Lupine.

Lupine

Monadelphous stamens of Lupine.

"Maerua angolensis. 1. a ripe fruit; 2. a seed; 3. a section of it." -Lindley, 1853

Maerua

"Maerua angolensis. 1. a ripe fruit; 2. a seed; 3. a section of it." -Lindley, 1853

Three early stages in the growth of ovule of a Magnolia, showing the forming outer and inner coats, which, even in the later figure have not yet completely enclosed the nucleus.

Ovule of a Magnolia

Three early stages in the growth of ovule of a Magnolia, showing the forming outer and inner coats,…

"Magnolia glauca. 1. the pistil; 2. a section of the seed." -Lindley, 1853

Sweetbay Magnolia

"Magnolia glauca. 1. the pistil; 2. a section of the seed." -Lindley, 1853

Flower of a Mallow, with calyx and corolla cut away; showing monadelphous stamens.

Mallow

Flower of a Mallow, with calyx and corolla cut away; showing monadelphous stamens.

The image shows a fascicle (bundle or cluster) of flowers of a mallow plant (Malvaceae).

Fascicle of Mallow Flowers

The image shows a fascicle (bundle or cluster) of flowers of a mallow plant (Malvaceae).

"Melochia graminifolia. 1. flower; 2. stamens and pistil; 3. ripe fruit; 4. a coccus; 5. section of a seed." -Lindley, 1853

Malvale

"Melochia graminifolia. 1. flower; 2. stamens and pistil; 3. ripe fruit; 4. a coccus; 5. section of…

An illustration of a manchineel tree stem and fruit. The Manchineel tree (Hippomane mancinella) is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), native to Florida in the United States, the Bahamas, the Caribbean, Central America, and northern South America. The name "manchineel" (sometimes written "manchioneel") as well as the specific epithet mancinella is from Spanish manzanilla ("little apple"), from the superficial resemblance of its fruit and leaves those of an apple tree. A present-day Spanish name is in fact manzanilla de la muerte, "little apple of death". This refers to the fact that manzanilla is one of the most poisonous trees in the world

Manchineel Tree Stem & Fruit

An illustration of a manchineel tree stem and fruit. The Manchineel tree (Hippomane mancinella) is a…

"1. Medinilla macrocarpa; 2. stamens of M. radicans; 3. perpendicular section of its ovary; 4. a section of its seed; 5. embryo." -Lindley. 1853

Medinilla

"1. Medinilla macrocarpa; 2. stamens of M. radicans; 3. perpendicular section of its ovary; 4. a section…

Medinilla Sieboldiana is a flowering plant of the Melastomataceae family.

Siebold's Medinilla

Medinilla Sieboldiana is a flowering plant of the Melastomataceae family.

Pollen, a pair of pollinia of a Milkweed, Asclepias, attached by stalks to a gland.

Polllinia of a Milkweed

Pollen, a pair of pollinia of a Milkweed, Asclepias, attached by stalks to a gland.

"Morphology of typical monocotyledonous plant. A, leaf, parallel-veined; B, portion of stem, showing irregular distribution of vascular bundles; C, ground plan of flower (the parts in 3's); D, top view of flower; E, seed, showing monocotyledonous embryo." -Gager, 1916

Monocotyledonous Morphology

"Morphology of typical monocotyledonous plant. A, leaf, parallel-veined; B, portion of stem, showing…

Corolla of Morning Glory laid open, to show the five stamens inserted on it, near the base.

Morning Glory

Corolla of Morning Glory laid open, to show the five stamens inserted on it, near the base.

"Flower of Tropaeolum majus showing the spur." -Lindley, 1853

Garden Nasturtium

"Flower of Tropaeolum majus showing the spur." -Lindley, 1853

"Ochna dubia. 1. expanded flower; 2. section of pistil and stamens; 3. pistil; 4. section of a ripe carpel." -Lindley, 1853

Ochna

"Ochna dubia. 1. expanded flower; 2. section of pistil and stamens; 3. pistil; 4. section of a ripe…

"Flowering Branch of Oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia). a, fruit; b, section of same." -Whitney, 1911

Oleaster

"Flowering Branch of Oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia). a, fruit; b, section of same." -Whitney, 1911

Pollinium of an Orchis (Habenaria), with its stalks attached to a sticky gland.

Polllinia of a Orchis

Pollinium of an Orchis (Habenaria), with its stalks attached to a sticky gland.

Diagram of papilionaceous flower, with bract below; axis of inflorescence above.

Papilionaceous Flower

Diagram of papilionaceous flower, with bract below; axis of inflorescence above.

Diadelphous stamens of a pea-blossom.

Pea-blossom

Diadelphous stamens of a pea-blossom.

Longitudinal section of a peach, showing flesh, stone, and seed.

Peach

Longitudinal section of a peach, showing flesh, stone, and seed.

As it were of three grains or cells united; the lateral empty and light.

Pine Pollen

As it were of three grains or cells united; the lateral empty and light.

Compound 3-carpellary pistil of common St. John's-wort, cut across: the three styles separate.

Pistil of common St. John's-wort

Compound 3-carpellary pistil of common St. John's-wort, cut across: the three styles separate.

Pistil of a Sandwort, with vertical and transverse section of the ovary: free central placenta.

Pistil of Sandwort

Pistil of a Sandwort, with vertical and transverse section of the ovary: free central placenta.

Two simple carpals or pistil-leaves, united at the base only, cut across both above and below.

Pistil of Saxifrage

Two simple carpals or pistil-leaves, united at the base only, cut across both above and below.

The same of shrubby St. John's-wort; the three styles as well as ovaries here united into one.

Pistil of shrubby St. John's-wort

The same of shrubby St. John's-wort; the three styles as well as ovaries here united into one.

Compound 3-carpellary pistil of Tradescantia or Spiderwort; the three stigmas as well as styles and ovary completely coalescent into one.

Pistil of Spiderwort

Compound 3-carpellary pistil of Tradescantia or Spiderwort; the three stigmas as well as styles and…

Simple pistil of Podophyllum, cut across, showing ovules borne on placenta.

Podophyllum

Simple pistil of Podophyllum, cut across, showing ovules borne on placenta.

Magnified pollen of a Lily, smooth and oval.

Pollen

Magnified pollen of a Lily, smooth and oval.

Pollen of Echinocystis, grooved lengthwise.

Pollen

Pollen of Echinocystis, grooved lengthwise.

Pollen of Sicyos, with bristly points and smooth bands.

Pollen

Pollen of Sicyos, with bristly points and smooth bands.

Pollen of Musk Plant (Mimulus), with spiral grooves.

Pollen

Pollen of Musk Plant (Mimulus), with spiral grooves.

Pollen of Succory, twelve-sided and dotted.

Pollen

Pollen of Succory, twelve-sided and dotted.

Of Evening Primrose, with versatile anther.

Evening Primrose

Of Evening Primrose, with versatile anther.

Evening Primrose, the three lobes as large as the central body.

Evening Primrose

Evening Primrose, the three lobes as large as the central body.

A plant with an underground reproductive structure.

Smilacina Rootstock

A plant with an underground reproductive structure.

"Ruyschia amazonica. 1. a calyx and pistil; 2. a section of the ovary; 3. a seed; 4. the same, with a portion of the testa torn open to show the cotyledons." -Lindley, 1853

Ruyschia

"Ruyschia amazonica. 1. a calyx and pistil; 2. a section of the ovary; 3. a seed; 4. the same, with…

<i>Salsola kali</i>. This plant is also called a Russian Thistle, Prickly Glasswort, Tumbleweed, and Glasswort. It is a member of the amaranth family and is an annually growing herb. It has a bushy stem with many branches. It produces a small, white flower. It is native on sea beaches in Europe, western Asia, North and South America, and Australia.

Prickly Saltwort

Salsola kali. This plant is also called a Russian Thistle, Prickly Glasswort, Tumbleweed, and Glasswort.…

"Upper part of stem with the inflorescence of Samphire (Crithmum maritimum). (a), a flower; (b), the fruit; (c), transverse section of one of the fruitlets." -Whitney, 1911

Rock Samphire

"Upper part of stem with the inflorescence of Samphire (Crithmum maritimum). (a), a flower; (b), the…

"Branch of Sarsaparilla (Smilax medica), with fruits." -Whitney, 1911

Sarsaparilla

"Branch of Sarsaparilla (Smilax medica), with fruits." -Whitney, 1911

The Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis) is a flowering plant of the Lamiaceae family. The image shows its: a, corolla; b, calyx; and c, pistil.

Summer Savory

The Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis) is a flowering plant of the Lamiaceae family. The image shows…

"Corn Sawfly: a, maggot, natural size; b, maggot, magnified; c, the maggot in its ear in the stem of the corn; d, female insect, magnified; e, female insect, natural size." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Corn Sawfly

"Corn Sawfly: a, maggot, natural size; b, maggot, magnified; c, the maggot in its ear in the stem of…

"Flowering plant of saxifrage (Saxifraga virginiensis). a, a flower; b, the fruit." -Whitney, 1911

Early Saxifrage

"Flowering plant of saxifrage (Saxifraga virginiensis). a, a flower; b, the fruit." -Whitney, 1911

A variety of leaves with scales: "a, the scale-like leaves of the stem of Lathraea squamaria (toothwort); b, the cone with the scales of Cupressus sempervirens (Mediterranean Cypress); c, the imbricate scale-like bract of the spike of Cyperus longus (common galingale)." -Whitney, 1911

Scaled Leaves

A variety of leaves with scales: "a, the scale-like leaves of the stem of Lathraea squamaria (toothwort);…

A scape is a flowering, leafless stem; shown here on two different plants. "1. Wild hyacinth (Scilla nonscripta). 2. Oxlip (Primula elatior). s, s, scapes." -Whitney, 1911

Scapes

A scape is a flowering, leafless stem; shown here on two different plants. "1. Wild hyacinth (Scilla…

"Sessile.--Said of leaves seated on the stem, without footstalks." -Newman, 1850

Sessile

"Sessile.--Said of leaves seated on the stem, without footstalks." -Newman, 1850

Longitudinal section of flower of Silene Pennsylvanica, showing stipe between calyx and corolla.

Silene Pennsylvanica

Longitudinal section of flower of Silene Pennsylvanica, showing stipe between calyx and corolla.

"Floating colonies of Siphonophora. A, Diphyes campanulata. B, A group of appendages from the stem of the same Diphyes. C, Physophora hydrostatica. D, Seperate nectocalyx of the same. E, Cluster of female sporosacs (aborted medusae) of Agalma sarsii. a, stem or axis of the colony; a', pneumatocyst (air-bladder); m, nectocalyx; c, sub-umbrellar cavity of nectocalyx; v, radiating canals of the umbrella of the nectocalyx; o, orifice formed by the margin of the umbrella; t, hydrophyilia in B, dactylozooids in C; n, stomach; i, tentacles; g, sporosacs." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Siphonophora

"Floating colonies of Siphonophora. A, Diphyes campanulata. B, A group of appendages from the stem of…

"Flowering plant of sanicle (Sanicula marilandica). (a), a male flower; (b), the fruit." -Whitney, 1911

Maryland Black Snakeroot

"Flowering plant of sanicle (Sanicula marilandica). (a), a male flower; (b), the fruit." -Whitney, 1911

"<i>Polygala senega</i> of eastern North America. It sends up several stems from hard knotty root-stocks, bearing single close racemes of white flowers. It is the source of the officinal senegaroot, and from being much gathered is said to have become scarce in the east." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>This illustration shows the knotty roots and the lower portion of the stem.

Seneca Snakeroot - Roots and Base of the Stem

"Polygala senega of eastern North America. It sends up several stems from hard knotty root-stocks, bearing…