An aluminum set of disks that correctly finds the time needed to develop photos in solution

Watkins's Factorial Calculator

An aluminum set of disks that correctly finds the time needed to develop photos in solution

"The electric furnace is a device by which a very high temperature is obtained by using a large arc between carbon terminals. The arc consists of carbon vapor, which conducts the current over the gap between the carbons and the resistance is so great that much heat is developed." -Brownlee 1907

Electric Furance

"The electric furnace is a device by which a very high temperature is obtained by using a large arc…

"An automatic device employed with low-pressure steam-heating furnaces to maintain a uniform temperature." -Whitney, 1911

Fire Regulator

"An automatic device employed with low-pressure steam-heating furnaces to maintain a uniform temperature."…

"For measuring the gas concentration, pressure and temperature, use may be made of an apparatus of the type shown [here]." —The Encyclopedia Britannica 1910

Apparatus for Measuring Gas Concentration Pressure and Temperature

"For measuring the gas concentration, pressure and temperature, use may be made of an apparatus of the…

Water heating is a thermodynamic process using an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water are for cooking, cleaning, bathing, and space heating. In industry, both hot water and water heated to steam have many uses.

Hot Water Heater

Water heating is a thermodynamic process using an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature.…

During the day the land near the coast becomes warmer than the sea. An ascending current, therefore, rises over the land, and a breeze, called the <em>sea breeze</em>, sets in from the sea, At night the land, from its more rapid cooling, soon becomes colder than the water; the ascending current then rises from the water, and a breeze, called <em>land breeze</em>, sets in from the land.

Land and Sea Breezes

During the day the land near the coast becomes warmer than the sea. An ascending current, therefore,…

These zones, which are separated by the parallels of latitude, are generally termed the <em>astronomical</em> or <em>mathematical zones</em> to distinguish them from others called <em>physical zones</em>, which are bounded by the lines of mean annual temperature.

Mathematical Climate Zones

These zones, which are separated by the parallels of latitude, are generally termed the astronomical

Winds are masses of air in motion. They resemble the currents in the ocean, and result from the same causes-differences of density caused by differences of temperature.

Origin of Winds

Winds are masses of air in motion. They resemble the currents in the ocean, and result from the same…

"The baths of Titus, the name of each part of the building is inscribed on it. The small dome inscribed laconicum directly over the furnace, and having the clypeus over it, will be observed in the corner of the chamber named concamerata sudatio. The vessels for water are inscribed, according to their temperature, with the same names as some of the chambers, frigidarium, tepisdarium, and calidarium." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Roman Baths

"The baths of Titus, the name of each part of the building is inscribed on it. The small dome inscribed…

During the prevalence of the simoom, particles of fine sand are carried into the atmosphere and obscure the light of the sun. Becoming intensely heated, these particles, by their radiation, increase the temperature of the air, which sometimes rises as high as 120 degrees or 130 degrees Fahr. When powerful winds prevail, dense clouds of sand are carried about in the atmosphere, producing the so-called sand storms. The sand-drifts which are thus formed constantly change their position.

Sand Storm in the Desert

During the prevalence of the simoom, particles of fine sand are carried into the atmosphere and obscure…

"Three temperature scales compared against one another." -Comstock 1850

Temperature Scale

"Three temperature scales compared against one another." -Comstock 1850

An instrument for measuring temperature, founded on the principal that changes of temperature in bodies are accompanied by proportional changes in their volume of dimensions.

Thermometer

An instrument for measuring temperature, founded on the principal that changes of temperature in bodies…

"A bulb of liquid is placed in the base of the glass graduated tube. As temperature increases, the volume of the liquid increases and it expands up the tube where its level is read on the graduated scale." &mdash;Quackenbos 1859

Thermometer

"A bulb of liquid is placed in the base of the glass graduated tube. As temperature increases, the volume…

"Stevenson's louvre-boarded box for the thermometers, which is now very widely used for temperature observations. The box is made of wood, and louvred all round so as to protect the thermometers inside from radiation, and at the same time secure as free a circulation of air as is consistent with a satisfactory protection from radiation. The box is painted white, both inside and outside, and screwed to four stout wooden posts, also painted white, firmly fixed in the ground. The posts are of such a length that when the thermometers are hung in position the bulbs of the minimum thermometer and hygrometer are exactly at the same height of 4 feet above the ground, the maximum thermometer being hung immediately above the minimum thermometer." &mdash;The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Thermometer Box

"Stevenson's louvre-boarded box for the thermometers, which is now very widely used for temperature…

"Used to compare the temperature between two environments. As the temperature in one bulb increases, the liquid reading changes according to the air expanding within the bulb. If both bulbs are the same temperature, the scale measures zero." &mdash;Quackenbos 1859

Differential Thermometer

"Used to compare the temperature between two environments. As the temperature in one bulb increases,…

"Thermometers showing the corresponding points for water's freezing and boiling." -Avery 1895

Fahrenheit and Celcius scale Thermometers

"Thermometers showing the corresponding points for water's freezing and boiling." -Avery 1895

Blank Celsius Lab Thermometer

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

Blank Celsius Lab Thermometer

0 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

0 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

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Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

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Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

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Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

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Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

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Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

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Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

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Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

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Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

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-9 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

-9 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

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Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

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Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

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Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

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-13 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

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-14 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

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-15 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

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-16 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

-16 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

-17 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

-17 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

-18 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

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Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

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Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

-20 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

1 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

1 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

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Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

2 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

3 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

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4 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

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5 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

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Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

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Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

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Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

8 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

9 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

9 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

10 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

10 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

11 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

11 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

12 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

12 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

13 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

13 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

14 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

14 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

15 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

15 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

16 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

16 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

17 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

17 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

18 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

18 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

19 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

19 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

20 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

20 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

21 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

21 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

22 Degrees Celsius Centigrade

Celsius Centigrade Lab Thermometers

22 Degrees Celsius Centigrade