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Vertical section of the ankle joint and foot. Labels: 1, tibia; 2, astragalus; 3, os calci; 4, scaphoides; 5, cuneiforme internum; 6, metatarsal bone of the great toe; 7, first phalanx of the great toe; 8, second phalanx of the great toe; 9, articular cavity between the tibia and astragalus; 10, synovial capsule between astragalas and calcis; 11, calcaneo-astragaloid interosseous ligament; 12, synovial capsule between astragalas and scaphoides; 13, calcaneo-scaphoid ligament; 14, calcaneo-cuboid ligament; 15, synovial capsule between scaphoides and cuneiforme internum; 16, synovial capsule between cuneiforme internum and first metatarsal bone; 17, metatarso-phalangeal articulation of the great toe, with sesamoid bones below; 18, phalangeal articulation of the great toe.

Ankle Joint and Foot

Vertical section of the ankle joint and foot. Labels: 1, tibia; 2, astragalus; 3, os calci; 4, scaphoides;…

Coronal section through the left ankle joint, astragalus, and calcaneum.

Section Through Ankle Joint

Coronal section through the left ankle joint, astragalus, and calcaneum.

An internal view of the ankle-joint: tarsal and tarsometatarsal articulations.

Ankle-joint

An internal view of the ankle-joint: tarsal and tarsometatarsal articulations.

The skeleton of the arm and leg. Labels: H, the humerus; Cd, its articular head which fits into the glenoid fossa of the scapula; U, the ulna; R, the radius; O, the olecranon; Fe, the femur; P, the patella; Fi, the fibula; T, the tibia.

Arm and Leg Skeleton

The skeleton of the arm and leg. Labels: H, the humerus; Cd, its articular head which fits into the…

This illustration shows the plantigrade leg of a bear. Plantigrade means that the animal walks flat on its foot. P. Pelvis, FE. Femur, TI. Tibia, FI. Fibula, TA. Tarsus, MT. Metatarsus, PH. Phalanges, OC. Os Calcis

Leg of Bear

This illustration shows the plantigrade leg of a bear. Plantigrade means that the animal walks flat…

"Phalacrocorax bicristatus. Cormorant. The knee-joint of a Cormorants. F, femur; P, patella; T, tibia; Fb, fibula

The Knee-joint of a Cormorant

"Phalacrocorax bicristatus. Cormorant. The knee-joint of a Cormorants. F, femur; P, patella; T, tibia;…

"A. Pelvis and bones of the leg of the Leon or Diver; i, Innominate bone; f, Thighbone (femur); r, Tibia; r, Fibula, together forming the shank; m, Tarso-metatarsus; p Phalanges of the toes. B, Tail of the Golden Eagle; s, Ploughshare-shaped bone, carrying the great tail-feathers." — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Diver Bones

"A. Pelvis and bones of the leg of the Leon or Diver; i, Innominate bone; f, Thighbone (femur); r, Tibia;…

Section five inches above the lower end of the fibula.

Cross Section Five Inches Above the Lower End of the Fibula

Section five inches above the lower end of the fibula.

Section four inches above the lower end of the fibula.

Cross Section Four Inches Above the Lower End of the Fibula

Section four inches above the lower end of the fibula.

An oblique fracture of the shaft of the tibia.

Fractured Tibia

An oblique fracture of the shaft of the tibia.

"F. Fibula; T, tibia, with a, its cnemial process, and P, large patella, of a grebe." Elliot Coues, 1884

Leg Bones of a Grebe

"F. Fibula; T, tibia, with a, its cnemial process, and P, large patella, of a grebe." Elliot Coues,…

This illustration shows a front view of a human leg. P. Pelvis, FE. Femur, TI. Tibia, FI. Fibula, TA. Tarsus, MT. Metatarsus, PH. Phalanges, OC. Os Calcis.

Human Leg (Front View)

This illustration shows a front view of a human leg. P. Pelvis, FE. Femur, TI. Tibia, FI. Fibula, TA.…

This illustration shows a human leg (front view), and comparative diagrams showing modifications of the leg: 1. Human, 2. Ox, 3. Horse, 4. Bird, 5. Frog, 6. Crocodile, 7. Seal, 8. Dog, 9. Bear P. Pelvis, FE. Femur, TI. Tibia, FI. Fibula, TA. Tarsus, MT. Metatarsus, PH. Phalanges, OC. Os Calcis.

Human Leg (Front View), and Comparative Diagrams showing Modifications of the Leg

This illustration shows a human leg (front view), and comparative diagrams showing modifications of…

This illustration shows a side view of a human leg. P. Pelvis, FE. Femur, TI. Tibia, FI. Fibula, TA. Tarsus, MT. Metatarsus, PH. Phalanges, OC. Os Calcis.

Human Leg (Side View)

This illustration shows a side view of a human leg. P. Pelvis, FE. Femur, TI. Tibia, FI. Fibula, TA.…

Right knee joint from the lateral surface. The joint cavity and several bursae have been injected with a stiffening medium and then dissected out.

Knee Joint from Lateral Surface

Right knee joint from the lateral surface. The joint cavity and several bursae have been injected with…

Right knee joint showing interior ligaments.

Knee Joint Showing Interior Ligaments

Right knee joint showing interior ligaments.

A frontal section through the right knee joint of a boy. Seen from behind.

Frontal Section Through Knee Joint

A frontal section through the right knee joint of a boy. Seen from behind.

A sagittal section through the right knee joint of a boy. Seen from the outer side.

Sagittal Section Through Knee Joint

A sagittal section through the right knee joint of a boy. Seen from the outer side.

Right knee joint. Sagittal section through the external condyle of the femur. Mesal half of section, from lateral side. The knee is slightly flexed; the joint surfaces have been pulled a little apart.

Sagittal Section Through Knee Joint

Right knee joint. Sagittal section through the external condyle of the femur. Mesal half of section,…

A vertical section of the knee joint. Labels: femur; 3, patella; 2, 4, ligaments of the patella; 5, tibia; 6, cartilage of the tibia; 12, cartilage of the membrane.

Vertical Section of the Knee Joint

A vertical section of the knee joint. Labels: femur; 3, patella; 2, 4, ligaments of the patella; 5,…

Bones of the knee also showing muscle. Labels: s, insertion of the sartorius; g, insertion of the gracilis.

Bones of the Knee

Bones of the knee also showing muscle. Labels: s, insertion of the sartorius; g, insertion of the gracilis.

Median frontal section of the right knee, viewed from in front.

Median Frontal Section Through Knee

Median frontal section of the right knee, viewed from in front.

Sagittal section of the right knee, viewed from the outer side. The joint cavity proper lies to each side of the anterior crural ligament.

Sagittal Section Through Knee

Sagittal section of the right knee, viewed from the outer side. The joint cavity proper lies to each…

An anterior view of the right knee-joint.

Knee-joint

An anterior view of the right knee-joint.

An posterior view of the right knee-joint.

Knee-joint

An posterior view of the right knee-joint.

The right knee-joint showing interior ligaments.

Knee-joint

The right knee-joint showing interior ligaments.

"Bones of the leg. a, femur; b, tibia; c, fibula; d, tarsal bones; e, metatarsal bones; f, phalanges; g, patella." —Martin, 1917

Leg Bones

"Bones of the leg. a, femur; b, tibia; c, fibula; d, tarsal bones; e, metatarsal bones; f, phalanges;…

Bones of the leg (tibia and fibula).

Leg Bones

Bones of the leg (tibia and fibula).

The muscles of the front of the leg. 1, tendon of quadriceps; 2, spine tibia; 3, tibialis anticus; 4, extensor communis digitorum; 5, extensor proprius pollicis; 6, peroneus tertius; 7, peroneus longus; 8, peroneus brevis; 9, soleus; 10, gastrocnemius; 11, extensor brevis digitorum.

Leg Muscles

The muscles of the front of the leg. 1, tendon of quadriceps; 2, spine tibia; 3, tibialis anticus; 4,…

Section one inch above the external malleolus.

Cross Section of Leg One Inch Above External Malleolus

Section one inch above the external malleolus.

Section through the leg three inches below the right knee joint.

Cross Section Through Leg Three Inches Below Knee Joint

Section through the leg three inches below the right knee joint.

Section two and a half inches above right ankle joint.

Cross Section of Leg, Two and a Half Inches above Ankle

Section two and a half inches above right ankle joint.

Section through the leg two inches below the right knee joint.

Cross Section Through Leg Two Inches Below Knee Joint

Section through the leg two inches below the right knee joint.

The right tibia and fibula in their normal relation, rear view.

Bones of the Lower Leg

The right tibia and fibula in their normal relation, rear view.

Section through the external malleolus.

Cross Section Through Malleolus of Leg

Section through the external malleolus.

Section through lower third of lower leg.

Cross Section Through Lower Third of Lower Leg

Section through lower third of lower leg.

Section through middle of lower leg.

Cross Section Through Middle of Lower Leg

Section through middle of lower leg.

Section through middle third of lower leg.

Cross Section Through Middle Third of Lower Leg

Section through middle third of lower leg.

Section through upper third of lower leg.

Cross Section Through Upper Third of Lower Leg

Section through upper third of lower leg.

Ligaments of the right leg, from in front.

Ligaments of the Leg

Ligaments of the right leg, from in front.

Muscles of the front of the leg. Labels: 1, tendon of quadriceps; 2, spine of tibia; 3, tibialis anticus; 4, extensor communis digitorum; 5, extensor proprius pollicis; 6, peroneus tertius; 7, peroneus longus; 8, peroneus brevis; 9, soleus; 10, gastrocnemius; 11, extensor brevis digitorum.

Muscles of the Front of the Leg

Muscles of the front of the leg. Labels: 1, tendon of quadriceps; 2, spine of tibia; 3, tibialis anticus;…

"Fig 34 - Bones of a bird's hind limb: from a duck, Clangula islandica. A, hip: B, knee: C, heel or ankle-joint; D, bases of toes. A to B, thigh or "second joint"; B to C, crus, leg proper, "drumstick," often wrongly called "thigh"; C to D, metatarsus, foot proper, corresponding to instep, or foot from ankle to bases of toes; in descriptive ornithology the tarsus; often called "shank" From D outward are the toes or digits. fm. femur; tb, tibia, principal (inner) bone of leg; fi, fibula, lesser (outer) bone of leg; mt, principal metatarsal bone, consisting chiefly of three fused metatarsal bones; am, accessory metatarsal, bearing 1t, first or hind toe, with two joints; 2t second toe, with three joints; 3t, third toe, with four joints; 4t, fourth toe, with five joints. At C there are in the embryo some small tarsal bones, not shown in the figure, uniting in part with the tibia, which is therefore a tibio-tarsus, in part with the metatarsus, which is therefore a tarso-metatarsus; the ankle-joint being therefore between two rows of tarsal bones, not, as it appears to be, directly between tibia and metatarsus." Elliot Coues, 1884

Bones of a Bird's Hind Limb

"Fig 34 - Bones of a bird's hind limb: from a duck, Clangula islandica. A, hip: B, knee: C, heel or…

"Skeleton and volar Membranes of the Noctule Bat. c, clavicle; h, humerus; r, radius; u, ulna; d1, first digit or pollex; d2, d3, d4, d5, other digits of the manus supporting um, the wing-membrane; m, m, metacarpal bones; ph1, first phalanx; ph2, second phalanx; ph3, third phalanx; am, antebrachial membrane; f, femur; t, tibia; fb, fibula (rudimentary); c, calcaneum or calcar supporting im, the interfemoral membrane; pcl, post-calcaneal lobe." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Noctule Bat

"Skeleton and volar Membranes of the Noctule Bat. c, clavicle; h, humerus; r, radius; u, ulna; d1, first…

Diagram to show mechanism of fracture of the patella by muscular action. a, Line of action of quadriceps muscle; b, femur; c, tibia.

Mechanism of Fracture of the Patella by Muscular Action

Diagram to show mechanism of fracture of the patella by muscular action. a, Line of action of quadriceps…

The polar bear, Plantigrada, is part of the subdivision Carnivora, which includes other carnivorous animals, like the bear and raccoon, that walk with the heel up on the ground. a, femur, or thigh; b, tibia, or leg; c, tarsus and metatarsus, or foot; d, calx, or heel; e, planta, or sole; f, digits, or toes.

Polar Bear Leg

The polar bear, Plantigrada, is part of the subdivision Carnivora, which includes other carnivorous…

The anatomy of a polar bear's leg. a, femur (thigh); b, tibia (leg); c, tarsus and metatarsus (foot); d, calx (heel); e, planta (sole); f, digits (toes).

Polar Bear Leg

The anatomy of a polar bear's leg. a, femur (thigh); b, tibia (leg); c, tarsus and metatarsus (foot);…

A section of the bones of the crus (shank of the leg) taken at about the middle of their length (schematized) (includes the tibia and fibula).

Shank Bones

A section of the bones of the crus (shank of the leg) taken at about the middle of their length (schematized)…

An illustration of the front left tarsus of a penguin. "a, articular facet for inner condyle of tibia; b, articular facet for outer condyle; c, c, two foramina, showing incomplete fusion of three metatarsals; d, point of attachment of accessory metatarsal; 2, 3, 4, articular facets for second, third, and fourth toes." -Century, 1889

Front Left Tarsus of a Penguin

An illustration of the front left tarsus of a penguin. "a, articular facet for inner condyle of tibia;…

Anterior view of the tibia (bone of the leg). Labels: 1, spinous process; 2, surface for condyles of the femur; 3, face for head of the fibula; 4, the head; 5, the tubercle; 6, 6, spine and ankle; 9, tarsal surface; 10, face for lower end of fibula.

Tibia

Anterior view of the tibia (bone of the leg). Labels: 1, spinous process; 2, surface for condyles of…

The anterior surface of the tibia and fibula of the right leg.

Tibia and Fibula

The anterior surface of the tibia and fibula of the right leg.

The posterior surface of the tibia and fibula of the right leg.

Tibia and Fibula

The posterior surface of the tibia and fibula of the right leg.

Articular surfaces of tibia and fibula which are opposed to the astragalus.

Tibia and Fibula

Articular surfaces of tibia and fibula which are opposed to the astragalus.

"The <em>leg</em> consists, like the forearm, of two bones. The larger, a strong, three-sided bone with a sharp edge in front, is called the <em>tibia</em>. It is commonly known as the shin bone. The smaller bone, bound at both ends to the tibia, as a pin is to a brooch, is called the <em>fibula</em>, meaning a buckle or clasp. It is a long, slender bone on the outside of the leg, and is lower end forms the outer ankle." — Blaisedell, 1904

Tibia and Fibula

"The leg consists, like the forearm, of two bones. The larger, a strong, three-sided bone with…

Right tibia from before.

Tibia from Before

Right tibia from before.

Right tibia from behind.

Tibia from Behind

Right tibia from behind.

Head of tibia, with semilunar cartilages. Seen from above.

Head of Tibia Seen from Above

Head of tibia, with semilunar cartilages. Seen from above.

"When a bone is broken, blood trickles out between the injured parts, and afterwards gives place to a sticky, watery fluid, which gradually becomes thicker, like a syrup or jelly. This is slowly replaced by a new bone structure and forms a kind of cement to gold together the broken ends." — Blaisedell, 1904

Broken Tibia

"When a bone is broken, blood trickles out between the injured parts, and afterwards gives place to…

Frontal section of lower end of tibia.

Frontal Section of Lower End of Tibia

Frontal section of lower end of tibia.

Frontal section of upper end of tibia.

Frontal Section of Upper End of Tibia

Frontal section of upper end of tibia.

Upper end of right tibia from above and before.

Upper End of the Tibia

Upper end of right tibia from above and before.