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(1751-1836) US President 1809-1817

James Madison

(1751-1836) US President 1809-1817

(1791-1839) American politician and advocate of states' rights

Robert Young Hayne

(1791-1839) American politician and advocate of states' rights

(1844-1925) Writer who fought in the Civil War who wrote Silent South and fought for equal rights for African-Americans

George W. Cable

(1844-1925) Writer who fought in the Civil War who wrote Silent South and fought for equal rights for…

(1845-1917)Frontiersman and showman who created "Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show"

W. F. Cody

(1845-1917)Frontiersman and showman who created "Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show"

(1826-1919) US senator of Vermont who was the Author of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 and coauthor of the Sherman Antitrust Act

George F. Edmunds

(1826-1919) US senator of Vermont who was the Author of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 and coauthor of…

(1805-1879) Journalist and early abolitionist who also fought for prohibition and Women's Rights

William L. Garrison

(1805-1879) Journalist and early abolitionist who also fought for prohibition and Women's Rights

Known for their distinct crossed bill, these birds eat seed from mature conifer cones. Their unique bill structure helps them to rip the cones apart.

Crossbill

Known for their distinct crossed bill, these birds eat seed from mature conifer cones. Their unique…

Kingfishers are typically stocky, with short tails and bodies. The bill is large and strong and their heads are large with a crest. The American breed typically fish.

Crested Kingfisher

Kingfishers are typically stocky, with short tails and bodies. The bill is large and strong and their…

Known for their distinct crossed bill, these birds eat seed from mature conifer cones. Their unique bill structure helps them to rip the cones apart.

Crossbill

Known for their distinct crossed bill, these birds eat seed from mature conifer cones. Their unique…

Pelican, a water bird with webbed feet and a long bill having a pouch on the under surface. The upper part of the bill hooks over the lower.

Pelican

Pelican, a water bird with webbed feet and a long bill having a pouch on the under surface. The upper…

The loon is a diving bird that finds its food under the water. It will dip its bill into the water and perhaps its whole body to find prey.

Loon

The loon is a diving bird that finds its food under the water. It will dip its bill into the water and…

The avocet has a very long, slender bill that curves upward.

Avocet

The avocet has a very long, slender bill that curves upward.

The stilt has a very long, slender bill. It gets its name from its very long legs.

Stilt

The stilt has a very long, slender bill. It gets its name from its very long legs.

The bill of the spoonbill is approximately four times longer than its head. It ends in the shape of a spoon, hence its name.

Spoonbill

The bill of the spoonbill is approximately four times longer than its head. It ends in the shape of…

This heron has a bill like an overturned boat. It also has a beautiful black crest that falls down behind its head.

Boatbill Heron

This heron has a bill like an overturned boat. It also has a beautiful black crest that falls down behind…

Oyster-catchers are noisy birds. The bill is powerful for opening mussels, oysters and other shell-fish.

Oystercatcher

Oyster-catchers are noisy birds. The bill is powerful for opening mussels, oysters and other shell-fish.

The nutcracker has a straight bill for penetrating under the bark of trees in search of insects, (Figuier, 1869).

Nut-cracker Crow

The nutcracker has a straight bill for penetrating under the bark of trees in search of insects, (Figuier,…

Known for their distinct crossed bill, these birds eat seed from mature conifer cones. Their unique bill structure helps them to rip the cones apart.

Crossbill

Known for their distinct crossed bill, these birds eat seed from mature conifer cones. Their unique…

Known for their distinct crossed bill, these birds eat seed from mature conifer cones. Their unique bill structure helps them to rip the cones apart.

Crossbill

Known for their distinct crossed bill, these birds eat seed from mature conifer cones. Their unique…

While a woodpecker is drilling, the two parts of the bill are closed together, making a wedge-pointed drill, and at the same time a snug case for the insect-catcher.

Woodpecker

While a woodpecker is drilling, the two parts of the bill are closed together, making a wedge-pointed…

The toucan has a larger bill than most other birds.

Toucan

The toucan has a larger bill than most other birds.

"The attraction. Meeting will be addressed by a good looking suffragette by order of committee. Busy Bill--Maybe I don't know politics, but I knows human nature in the cow country. The sign fetched 'em!"

Women's Suffrage Cartoon - The Attraction

"The attraction. Meeting will be addressed by a good looking suffragette by order of committee. Busy…

Vultures are carrion eaters. The head and neck are usually bare, and the bill and claws weaker than in the raptors.

Turkey Vulture

Vultures are carrion eaters. The head and neck are usually bare, and the bill and claws weaker than…

A large marine swimming bird. The bill is straight and strong, the upper mandible hooked at the point and the lower one truncated; there are three webbed toes on each foot.

Albatross

A large marine swimming bird. The bill is straight and strong, the upper mandible hooked at the point…

Hawk's-bill Turtle (chelonia imbricata).

Hawk's-bell Turtle

Hawk's-bill Turtle (chelonia imbricata).

Beak of Hawfinch.

Hawfinch Beak

Beak of Hawfinch.

Beak of Shrike.

Shrike Beak

Beak of Shrike.

Beak of Hummingbird.

Hummingbird Beak

Beak of Hummingbird.

Beak of Swift.

Swift Beak

Beak of Swift.

A turtle with a hawk-like mouth.

Hawk's Bill Turtle

A turtle with a hawk-like mouth.

"General Porter, born at Portsmouth, N. H., June 13th, 1822, was graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1845, and assigned to the Fourth Artillery, in which he became second lieutenant, June 18th, 1846. He served in the Mexican War, was commissioned first lieutenant on May 29th, and received the brevet of captain, September 8th, 1847, for services at Molino del Rey, and that of major for Chapultepec. On May 14th, 1861, he became colonel of the Fifteenth Infantry, and on May 17th, 1861, he was made brigadier general of volunteers, and assigned to duty in Washington. In 1862 he participated in the Virginia Peninsula campaign, at Yorktown, Gaines's Mill and Malvern Hill, and received the brevet of brigadier general in the regular army for gallant conduct at the battle of Chickahominy, Va., June 27th, 1862. On November 27th, 1862, General Porter was arraigned before a court-martial in Washington, charged with disobeying orders at the second battle of Bull Run, and on January 21st, 1863, he was cashiered. A bill for his relief was signed by President Cleveland, and he was restored to the United States Army as colonel, August 7th, 1886." —Leslie, 1896

General Fitzjohn Porter

"General Porter, born at Portsmouth, N. H., June 13th, 1822, was graduated from the United States Military…

This small bird is native to Java, Sumatra, and New Guinea. It is noted for its large bill.

Java Eurylame

This small bird is native to Java, Sumatra, and New Guinea. It is noted for its large bill.

The spoon-bill tyrant fly-catcher has a large, thick bill, which it uses for feeding on butterflies.

Spoonbill Tyrant Flycatcher

The spoon-bill tyrant fly-catcher has a large, thick bill, which it uses for feeding on butterflies.

Black with a yellow bill, the blackbird feeds mostly on larvae, snails, worms, insects, and fruits.

Blackbird

Black with a yellow bill, the blackbird feeds mostly on larvae, snails, worms, insects, and fruits.

Somewhat larger than the common cross-bill, the parrot cross-bill largely resembles its habits.

Crossbill Parrot

Somewhat larger than the common cross-bill, the parrot cross-bill largely resembles its habits.

A species native to Africa, the crowned tock possess an enormous red bill.

Crowned Tock

A species native to Africa, the crowned tock possess an enormous red bill.

Chiefly making its habitat in Northern Europe, the great black woodpecker uses its long, sharp bill to bore into trees in search of insects.

Great black Woodpecker

Chiefly making its habitat in Northern Europe, the great black woodpecker uses its long, sharp bill…

"Massachusetts Bill of Three Shillings in 1741."—E. Benjamin Andrews, 1895

Three Shillings

"Massachusetts Bill of Three Shillings in 1741."—E. Benjamin Andrews, 1895

"New Hampshire Bill of Forty Shillings in 1742."—E. Benjamin Andrews, 1895

Forty Shillings

"New Hampshire Bill of Forty Shillings in 1742."—E. Benjamin Andrews, 1895

The head of a macaw, with a large, convex bill.

Head of a Macaw

The head of a macaw, with a large, convex bill.

Noted for its enormous bill, the black cockatoo is native to New Guinea.

Black cockatoo

Noted for its enormous bill, the black cockatoo is native to New Guinea.

Also known as the apteryx, the kiwi bird posses a long, slender bill, which it uses for feeding on insects at night.

Kiwi

Also known as the apteryx, the kiwi bird posses a long, slender bill, which it uses for feeding on insects…

Distinguished by a long, slender bill which curves downward, the curlew feeds mostly on worms, slugs, small testaceans, and insects.

Curlew

Distinguished by a long, slender bill which curves downward, the curlew feeds mostly on worms, slugs,…

Drawing its name from the widing of its bill towards the tip, the spoonbill frequents coastal and marshy areas, feeding on shellfish, marine animals, small snails, and fish.

Roseate Spoonbill

Drawing its name from the widing of its bill towards the tip, the spoonbill frequents coastal and marshy…

Also known as the crested savacou, the boat-bill gets its name from the shape of its beak, which resembles an upturned boat. It feeds on fish, crabs, and reptiles.

Boatbill

Also known as the crested savacou, the boat-bill gets its name from the shape of its beak, which resembles…

Also called the broad-bill and spoon-bill, the shoveler is commonly found on lakes and rivers, where it forages for worms and other food on the muddy banks.

Shoveler

Also called the broad-bill and spoon-bill, the shoveler is commonly found on lakes and rivers, where…

The American scaup duck is common in North America, accidental in Europe. It is also known as the creek broad-bill.

American Scaup Duck

The American scaup duck is common in North America, accidental in Europe. It is also known as the creek…

Found in both Europe and North America, the goosander is also known as the buff-breasted sheldrake, saw-bill, and as the dun-diver.

Goosander

Found in both Europe and North America, the goosander is also known as the buff-breasted sheldrake,…

A scene depicting a great auk, as well as razor-bills and puffins. The great auk is now extinct.

Great auk, razor-bills, and puffins

A scene depicting a great auk, as well as razor-bills and puffins. The great auk is now extinct.

"Reverse of a Massachusetts Treasury note. This is a fac simile of the device on the back of one of the first of the Massachusetts treasury notes or bills of credit. The literal translation of the Latin inscription is 'He seeks by the sword calm repose under the auspices of Freedom.' In othe words, to use a phrase of the present time, they were determined 'to conquer a peace.' The face of the bill has a neatly-engraved border of scroll-work; and on the left of the brace where the names of the committee are signed, is a circle with a ship within it."—Lossing, 1851

Treasury Note

"Reverse of a Massachusetts Treasury note. This is a fac simile of the device on the back of one of…

"Woodhull's Grave. Nathaniel Woodhull was born at Mastic, Long Island, December 30, 1722. Agriculture was the chief pursuit of his life. He was a major, under Abercrombie, in the attack upon Crown Point and Ticonderoga, and afterward accompanied Bradstreet against Fort Frontenac. He was a colonel, under Amherst, in 1760, and at the close of the campaign he returned home and married Ruth Floyd. He espoused the popular side in the Stamp Act movements, and, possessing the esteem of the people, he was elected, with William Nicoll, a representative of Suffolk county, in the Colonial Assembly in 1769. He represented Suffolk in the first Provincial Congress in 1775, and was elected president of that body. He was appointed a brigadier of militia in August of that year, and in July, 1776, he was summoned home to embody the militia of Suffolk and Queens, to assist in repelling invasion. He was engaged in this service when he ws made a prisoner, cruelly wounded by a British officer, and died of his injuries three weeks afterward, at New Utrecht. His wife, who was with him in his last moments, conveyed his body to Mastic, and there, in a secluded family cemetary, a short distance from his residence, his remains rest. A marble slab marks his grave, and bears the following inscription: 'In memory of General Nathaniel Woodhull, who, wounded and a prisoner, died on the twentieth of September, 1776, in the fifty-fourth year of his age; regretted by all who knew how to value his many private virtues, and that pure zeal for the rights of his country to which he perished a victim.'"—Lossing, 1851

Woodhull's Grave

"Woodhull's Grave. Nathaniel Woodhull was born at Mastic, Long Island, December 30, 1722. Agriculture…

"Counterfeit Continental Bill."—Lossing, 1851

Counterfeit Bill

"Counterfeit Continental Bill."—Lossing, 1851

"Flag of the Dutch West India Company. When the rights of the company ceased, a new and more powerful company was forced in Holland in 1621, called the West India Company, with full control of New Netherland. It was a trading company like the others, but it was intended also to dispute the Spanish power in America. The Dutch captains, like the English, found a profitable business in capturing Spanish vessels. The West India Company encouraged people to settle on its lands; it explored the North River and the South River, now known as the Delaware; and villages grew up about Fort Orange, and at New Amsterdam, as the Dutch called the settlement on Manhattan Island."—Scudder, 1897

Dutch West India Flag

"Flag of the Dutch West India Company. When the rights of the company ceased, a new and more powerful…

"Stamp from the Stamp Act. The first direct issue of importance between the colonies and England came when Parliament undertook to lay a tax to be collected by officers appointed for the purpose. This was the Stamp Act, by which it was required that a stamp should be affixed to any deed, contract, bill of sale, will, and the like, made in America before it could be legal. These stamps were to be made in England and sent over to American to be sold by the government officers. It was intended that the money thus raised should be used for the support of the king's troops in America. The Stamp Act was passed by Parliament in March, 1765, and as soon as this was known in America, the colonies, from one end of the land to the other, were full of indignation. Parliament, they said, might make laws to regulate the commerce of the empire, and so draw revenue from America; but it had no right to lay a direct tax like this. Only the colonial governments, elected by the people, could lay such a tax."—Scudder, 1897

Stamp Act

"Stamp from the Stamp Act. The first direct issue of importance between the colonies and England came…

"Western Grebe. Æchmophorus- A genus of large, long-necked grebes of America, having the bill extremely long, slender, and acute, whence the name."-Whitney, 1902

Grebe

"Western Grebe. Æchmophorus- A genus of large, long-necked grebes of America, having the bill…

"Stamp from the Stamp Act. The first direct issue of importance between the colonies and England came when Parliament undertook to lay a tax to be collected by officers appointed for the purpose. This was the Stamp Act, by which it was required that a stamp should be affixed to any deed, contract, bill of sale, will, and the like, made in America before it could be legal. These stamps were to be made in England and sent over to American to be sold by the government officers. It was intended that the money thus raised should be used for the support of the king's troops in America. The Stamp Act was passed by Parliament in March, 1765, and as soon as this was known in America, the colonies, from one end of the land to the other, were full of indignation. Parliament, they said, might make laws to regulate the commerce of the empire, and so draw revenue from America; but it had no right to lay a direct tax like this. Only the colonial governments, elected by the people, could lay such a tax."—Scudder, 1897

Stamp Act

"Stamp from the Stamp Act. The first direct issue of importance between the colonies and England came…

"Roseate Spoonbill-a large grallatorial bird of the genus Platalea, family Plataledidæ, related to the ibis."-Whitney, 1902

Spoonbill

"Roseate Spoonbill-a large grallatorial bird of the genus Platalea, family Plataledidæ, related…

"Apteryx is a genus of birds, the typical one of the family apterygidæ. Two species are known- the A. australis and A. mantelli, both from New Zealand. The natives call the former, and probably also the latter, Kiwikiwi, which is an imitation of their peculiar cry. The A. austalis is somewhat less in size than an ordinary goose. It runs when pursued, shelters itself in holes, and defends itself with its long bill; but unable as it is to fly, its fate, it is to be feared, will soon be that of the dodo- it is now almost extinct."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Apteryx

"Apteryx is a genus of birds, the typical one of the family apterygidæ. Two species are known-…

"The Canada Goose is an American wild goose 30 to 35 inches long, brownish above, lighter below, head, neck, bill and feet black, a white patch on the cheek; breeds in the N. of the continent and migrates S. when the frost becomes severe."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Canada Goose

"The Canada Goose is an American wild goose 30 to 35 inches long, brownish above, lighter below, head,…

"The Goosander is a web-footed bird in the duck family. The adult male, which measures 26 inches in length, has the head and upper part of the neck of a rich shining green, the feathers of the crown and back of the head elongated, the back black and gray, the wings black and white, the breast and belly of a delicate reddish-buff color. The bill, legs, and feet are orange-red. the female, which is rather smaller, has the head reddish-brown, with a less decided tuft than the male, and much grayer plumage. The goosander is a native of the Arctic regions, extending into the temperate parts of America, Europe and Asia."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Goosander

"The Goosander is a web-footed bird in the duck family. The adult male, which measures 26 inches in…