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Diagram on frozen section, showing relations of bodies and spines of vertebrae to levels at which spinal nerves escape from vertebral canal.

Spine

Diagram on frozen section, showing relations of bodies and spines of vertebrae to levels at which spinal…

Anterior and posterior view of adult spine.

Anterior and Posterior Views of Spine

Anterior and posterior view of adult spine.

Lateral view of adult spine.

Lateral View of Spine

Lateral view of adult spine.

Ligamenta subflava as seen from the front after removal of he bodies as the vertebrae by sawing through the pedicles.

Ligamenta Subflava of the Spine

Ligamenta subflava as seen from the front after removal of he bodies as the vertebrae by sawing through…

Anterior common ligament of the vertebral column, and the costo vertebral joints as seen from in front.

Ligaments of the Spine

Anterior common ligament of the vertebral column, and the costo vertebral joints as seen from in front.

Posterior common ligament of the vertebral column.

Ligaments of the Spine

Posterior common ligament of the vertebral column.

Mesial section through a portion of the lumbar part of the spine.

Mesial Section of the Spine

Mesial section through a portion of the lumbar part of the spine.

"Dermal spines of a male Thornback, Raia clavata." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Spines

"Dermal spines of a male Thornback, Raia clavata." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"The spinet is a keyed musical instrument much in use from 1500 to 1760. It derived its name from the spines or crowquills which, attached to levers called jacks, plucked the string and produced the tone."—Finley, 1917

Spinet

"The spinet is a keyed musical instrument much in use from 1500 to 1760. It derived its name from the…

Sternum and ribs with ligaments, from in front. In the right half of the figure the most anterior layer has been removed and the joint cavities have been opened; the parts are separated somewhat from one another on the left side.

Sternum and Ribs

Sternum and ribs with ligaments, from in front. In the right half of the figure the most anterior layer…

Thorax, or chest; a, the sternum; b,b, the spine; c,c, the ribs.

Thorax

Thorax, or chest; a, the sternum; b,b, the spine; c,c, the ribs.

Back view of the trunk.

Back View of the Bones of the Trunk

Back view of the trunk.

Diagram of vertical median section of abdomen. The fine dots represent the great sac of the peritoneum, the coarse dots the lesser sac. Labels: A, aorta; P, pancreas; I, intestine; R, rectum; L, liver; D, duodenum; B, bladder; St, stomach; c, colon; v, vagina.

Vertical Median Section of the Trunk

Diagram of vertical median section of abdomen. The fine dots represent the great sac of the peritoneum,…

"<em>A</em>, inferior vena cava, cut off just above the hepatic veins; <em>B</em>, superior vena cava, cut off just below the junction of the innominate veins; <em>C</em>, right and left innominate veins; <em>D</em>, left internal jugular vein. The veins, known as <em>azygos</em>, with some of their main branches, are shown. These veins connect the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Vena cava

"A, inferior vena cava, cut off just above the hepatic veins; B, superior vena cava,…

Side view of the vertebra. 1: Body; 2: Processes; 3: Opening for spinal cord.

Vertebra

Side view of the vertebra. 1: Body; 2: Processes; 3: Opening for spinal cord.

Top view of the vertebra. 1: Body; 2: Processes; 3: Opening for spinal cord.

Vertebra

Top view of the vertebra. 1: Body; 2: Processes; 3: Opening for spinal cord.

A vertebra of the spinal column seen from above.

Vertebra

A vertebra of the spinal column seen from above.

A vertebra of the spine seen from the side.

Vertebra

A vertebra of the spine seen from the side.

Cervical vertebrae seen from in the front.

Vertebra

Cervical vertebrae seen from in the front.

A vertebra of the spine.

A Vertebra of the Spine

A vertebra of the spine.

A vertebra of the spine.

A Vertebra of the Spine

A vertebra of the spine.

Two views of vertebra. 24 vertebrae make up the spinal column. On the left figure, <em>a</em> is the body of the bone; <em>b</em> is the hole through the vertebra which forms its part of the canal for the spinal marrow; and <em>c</em> is the spinous process. On the right is a side view of the same vertebra.

Two Views of a Vertebra

Two views of vertebra. 24 vertebrae make up the spinal column. On the left figure, a is the…

The upper two vertebrae of the spinal column, involved in head movement. In performing the rotary motion of turning your head, the skull does not move alone, but it moves together with the first vertebra. The first vertebra in this motion moves on the second around a tooth-like process that stands up from this second vertebra. This tooth works in a smooth notch on the inside of the first vertebra. It is bound very fast in this notch by a strong ligament, so that it may not, in any of the quick motions of the head, be made to press on the delicate spinal marrow which lies against it.

Upper Two Vertebrae

The upper two vertebrae of the spinal column, involved in head movement. In performing the rotary motion…

Vertebral column with ligaments, from in front.

Vertebral Column with Ligaments

Vertebral column with ligaments, from in front.

The vertebral column from behind.

Back View of Vertebral Column

The vertebral column from behind.

The spinal column, right lateral view and dorsal view.

Lateral and Dorsal View of the Vertebral Column

The spinal column, right lateral view and dorsal view.

The vertebral column from the left side.

Side View of Vertebral Column

The vertebral column from the left side.

Ventral view of the prevertebral muscles.

Vertebral Muscles

Ventral view of the prevertebral muscles.

"It is about twelve inches long, lives in deep water, and is noted for inflicting serious wounds with its spines when carelessly handled." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Great Weaver

"It is about twelve inches long, lives in deep water, and is noted for inflicting serious wounds with…