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"Minerva." —Bulfinch, 1897

Minerva

"Minerva." —Bulfinch, 1897

The fruid of the tropical or subtropical tree citrus medica, of the orange family, and originally native to the tropical portions of Asia. It is quite certain that lemons were unknown to the ancient Greeks and romans, and that this fruit was introduced into Spain by the Arabs about the 12th century.

Lemon

The fruid of the tropical or subtropical tree citrus medica, of the orange family, and originally native…

Queen of France and Archduchess of Austria. she was the daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Francis I and his wife Maria Theresa of Austria; wife of Louis XVI; and mother of Louis XVII. She was guillotined at the height of the French Revolution, and is interred with her husband in the royal crypt at Saint Denis Basilica in Paris.

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France and Archduchess of Austria. she was the daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Francis I…

The god of war, corresponding to the Greek Ares. He was the son of Juno, and as father of Romulus was the traditional founder of the Roman race.

Mars

The god of war, corresponding to the Greek Ares. He was the son of Juno, and as father of Romulus was…

Roman emperor, son of Sneius Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina, daughter of Germanicus, born at Antium, Dec. 15, 37 A.D.; suicided June 9, 68 A. D.

Nero

Roman emperor, son of Sneius Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina, daughter of Germanicus, born at Antium,…

An emblem seen the world over in decoration, especially in synagogues. It is common in the Caucasian and Turkoman products, especially in the form of the elongated eight-pointed star. This eight-pointed star in the centre of an octagon is said to have represented the Deity of the ancient Medes. In all probability the six-pointed star was an adaptation of the Shield of David. It is supposed to have been symbolic of divinity. To it may be traced scores of Turkish patterns.

Star Designs

An emblem seen the world over in decoration, especially in synagogues. It is common in the Caucasian…

An emblem seen the world over in decoration, especially in synagogues. It is common in the Caucasian and Turkoman products, especially in the form of the elongated eight-pointed star. This eight-pointed star in the centre of an octagon is said to have represented the Deity of the ancient Medes. In all probability the six-pointed star was an adaptation of the Shield of David. It is supposed to have been symbolic of divinity. To it may be traced scores of Turkish patterns.

Star Designs

An emblem seen the world over in decoration, especially in synagogues. It is common in the Caucasian…

An emblem seen the world over in decoration, especially in synagogues. It is common in the Caucasian and Turkoman products, especially in the form of the elongated eight-pointed star. This eight-pointed star in the centre of an octagon is said to have represented the Deity of the ancient Medes. In all probability the six-pointed star was an adaptation of the Shield of David. It is supposed to have been symbolic of divinity. To it may be traced scores of Turkish patterns.

Star Designs

An emblem seen the world over in decoration, especially in synagogues. It is common in the Caucasian…

"Derived from the Sanscrit word Svasti, which means good pretence. It dates bck three or four thousand years B.C. and has been found in nearly all excavations of prehistoric times and among the relics of primitive people all over the world. It has been known alike to Ancient Greeks, Egyptians, Chinese, Japanese, East Indians, Aztecs, mound builders, and the North and South American Indians, with all of whom it has a similar meaning, viz., good luck and happiness. In Indian it is drawn below the seats intended for bridegrooms, below the plates containing food to be offered to gods and is tattooed on the arms. It is drawn on the scalp at the thread ceremony and on the dorsum of the feet on all auspicious ceremonies, such as mariages, etc. The usual figure consists of four arms with the cross at right angles and the arms pointing in the direction of motion of a clock's hand, although it has been given different forms, as shown by the accompanying illustrations. It is very commonly used as a rug design, especially in the Chinese, Caucasian, Turkish, and Turkoman products."

Swastika Design

"Derived from the Sanscrit word Svasti, which means good pretence. It dates bck three or four thousand…

"Derived from the Sanscrit word Svasti, which means good pretence. It dates bck three or four thousand years B.C. and has been found in nearly all excavations of prehistoric times and among the relics of primitive people all over the world. It has been known alike to Ancient Greeks, Egyptians, Chinese, Japanese, East Indians, Aztecs, mound builders, and the North and South American Indians, with all of whom it has a similar meaning, viz., good luck and happiness. In Indian it is drawn below the seats intended for bridegrooms, below the plates containing food to be offered to gods and is tattooed on the arms. It is drawn on the scalp at the thread ceremony and on the dorsum of the feet on all auspicious ceremonies, such as mariages, etc. The usual figure consists of four arms with the cross at right angles and the arms pointing in the direction of motion of a clock's hand, although it has been given different forms, as shown by the accompanying illustrations. It is very commonly used as a rug design, especially in the Chinese, Caucasian, Turkish, and Turkoman products."

Swastika Design

"Derived from the Sanscrit word Svasti, which means good pretence. It dates bck three or four thousand…

"Derived from the Sanscrit word Svasti, which means good pretence. It dates bck three or four thousand years B.C. and has been found in nearly all excavations of prehistoric times and among the relics of primitive people all over the world. It has been known alike to Ancient Greeks, Egyptians, Chinese, Japanese, East Indians, Aztecs, mound builders, and the North and South American Indians, with all of whom it has a similar meaning, viz., good luck and happiness. In Indian it is drawn below the seats intended for bridegrooms, below the plates containing food to be offered to gods and is tattooed on the arms. It is drawn on the scalp at the thread ceremony and on the dorsum of the feet on all auspicious ceremonies, such as mariages, etc. The usual figure consists of four arms with the cross at right angles and the arms pointing in the direction of motion of a clock's hand, although it has been given different forms, as shown by the accompanying illustrations. It is very commonly used as a rug design, especially in the Chinese, Caucasian, Turkish, and Turkoman products."

Swastika Design

"Derived from the Sanscrit word Svasti, which means good pretence. It dates bck three or four thousand…

This design owes its origin to some ancient conception of elemental forces. It has been adopted by Korea and Japan as a national and heraldic crest. Frequently used in Mongolian ornament.

Tomoye Design

This design owes its origin to some ancient conception of elemental forces. It has been adopted by Korea…

"The favorite order was the richly-decorated Corinthian, the beauty of which the Romans strove to increase by adding to it a fulness and strength such as the Greeks never succeeded in attaining." —D'Anvers, 1895

Roman-Corinthian Capital

"The favorite order was the richly-decorated Corinthian, the beauty of which the Romans strove to increase…

"The Composite or Roman order was the outcome of the attempt to improve the Corinthian, of which it was in fact a somewhat free version." —D'Anvers, 1895

Composite capital

"The Composite or Roman order was the outcome of the attempt to improve the Corinthian, of which it…

"The finest monument of this time is the Pantheon of Rome, first built about B.C. 27, which is one of the grandest buildings of the ancient world. Whether it was erected as a Temple or as a Hall attached to the Thermae of Agrippa is a moot point. It is even now in a sufficient good state of preservation for us to be able to judge of what it was." —D'Anvers, 1895

Pantheon

"The finest monument of this time is the Pantheon of Rome, first built about B.C. 27, which is one of…

"Interior of the Basilica of San Paolo, Rome." —D'Anvers, 1895

Basilica of San Paolo

"Interior of the Basilica of San Paolo, Rome." —D'Anvers, 1895

"The Gonzaga Cameo. Ptolemy I. and Eurydice. Roman. In the St. Petersburg Museum." —D'Anvers, 1895

Gonzaga Cameo

"The Gonzaga Cameo. Ptolemy I. and Eurydice. Roman. In the St. Petersburg Museum." —D'Anvers,…

A distinguished and ambitious Roman military leader, provincial administrator and politician of the 1st century BC, the period of the Late Republic. Hailing from an Italian provincial background, Pompey first distinguished himself as a talented military leader during the dictatorship of Lucius Cornelius Sulla.

Pompey the Great

A distinguished and ambitious Roman military leader, provincial administrator and politician of the…

A fleshy plant grown extensively as a garden vegetable. It is thought to be native to India, where it was cultivated in ancient times, and was brought from that country to Europe and America.

Radish

A fleshy plant grown extensively as a garden vegetable. It is thought to be native to India, where it…

An iron or iron and steel receptacle for protecting valuables against burglers and fire. Documents and possessions of value were protected in ancient times by placing them in ironbound oaken chests and in the charter-rooms of old mansions, but these have given way to fire and burglar-proof safes of modern construction.

Safe

An iron or iron and steel receptacle for protecting valuables against burglers and fire. Documents and…

An Ancient Greek lyric poet from the city of Eressos on the island of Lesbos, which was a cultural centre in the 7th century BC. She was born sometime between 630 BC and 612 BC. The bulk of her poetry is now lost, but her reputation in her time was immense, and she was reputedly considered by Plato as the tenth Muse.

Sappho

An Ancient Greek lyric poet from the city of Eressos on the island of Lesbos, which was a cultural centre…

An ancient Welsh and Irish musical instrument, the earliest known specimen of the viol class.

Crowd

An ancient Welsh and Irish musical instrument, the earliest known specimen of the viol class.

Roman emperor, born in Arca, in 205; slain in 235 A. D. He was of Syrian parentage and originally named Alexius Bassianus, but was adopted by Emperor Heliogabalus and assumed the name by which he is known in history.

Alexander Severus

Roman emperor, born in Arca, in 205; slain in 235 A. D. He was of Syrian parentage and originally named…

A noted poet, born in Sussex, England, Aug. 4, 1792; died July 8, 1822. He was the eldest son of Sir Thomas Shelley, a man of wealthy and ancient parentage, and studied at Eton and Oxford University.

Percy Shelley

A noted poet, born in Sussex, England, Aug. 4, 1792; died July 8, 1822. He was the eldest son of Sir…

Roman dictator, born in 138; died in 78 B.C. His father was a poor nobleman, but he had the advantages of a good education, and later a fortune was left to him by a relative, thus facilitating his promotion to rank and office.

Lucius Sulla

Roman dictator, born in 138; died in 78 B.C. His father was a poor nobleman, but he had the advantages…

The second of the so-called "Five Good Emperors" of the Roman Empire. Under his rule, the Empire reached its greatest territorial extent.

Marcus Trajan

The second of the so-called "Five Good Emperors" of the Roman Empire. Under his rule, the Empire reached…

A famous Roman poet, born near Mantua, in northern Italy, Oct. 15, 70; died in Brundusium, Sept. 22, in the year 19 B.C.

Virgil

A famous Roman poet, born near Mantua, in northern Italy, Oct. 15, 70; died in Brundusium, Sept. 22,…

Ancient Ugunda tribed made huts out of straw.

Ugunda Huts

Ancient Ugunda tribed made huts out of straw.

An ornate crown, worn by the ancient kings of Abyssinia.

Abyssinian Crown

An ornate crown, worn by the ancient kings of Abyssinia.

Shields used by the peoples of the ancient Congo.

Congo Shields

Shields used by the peoples of the ancient Congo.

An ornate decoration used by the ancient tribes of Africa.

Carved Tusk

An ornate decoration used by the ancient tribes of Africa.

A head protector used by ancient tribes in Africa.

Head Protector

A head protector used by ancient tribes in Africa.

The wigs and head ornaments used by ancient tribes in Africa.

Wigs

The wigs and head ornaments used by ancient tribes in Africa.

Graves used by the ancient peoples of the tribes of Australia.

Australian Grave

Graves used by the ancient peoples of the tribes of Australia.

Hatchets used by the ancient tribes of Australia.

Hatchets

Hatchets used by the ancient tribes of Australia.

Ancient people native to the area of Siberia.

Native Siberians

Ancient people native to the area of Siberia.

An ancient Greek temple devoted to the god Neptune.

Temple of Neptune

An ancient Greek temple devoted to the god Neptune.

Decorations placed on the helmets of the Roman soldiers.

Bronze Helmet Ornament

Decorations placed on the helmets of the Roman soldiers.

Tombs for the ancient people of Pompeii.

Tombs of Pompeii

Tombs for the ancient people of Pompeii.

An ancient marble table that was found at Pimpeii.

Marble Table

An ancient marble table that was found at Pimpeii.

Ancient forms of the harp, drum, flute, and castanets.

Assorted Musical Instruments

Ancient forms of the harp, drum, flute, and castanets.

Pheron the king of ancient Egypt is moving an unthinkable amount of soldiers and supplies across the Nile.

Nile River

Pheron the king of ancient Egypt is moving an unthinkable amount of soldiers and supplies across the…

In the Roman Republic, and later the Empire, the curule seat was the chair upon which senior magistrates were entitled to sit, including dictators, masters of the horse, consuls, praetors, censors, and the curule aediles. he curule chair was traditionally made of or veneered with ivory, with curved legs forming a wide X; it had no back, and low arms. The chair could be folded, and thus an easily transportable seat, originally for magisterial and promagisterial commanders in the field, developed a hieratic significance, expressed in fictive curule seats on funerary monuments, a symbol of power which was never entirely lost in post-Roman European tradition. Sixth-century consular ivory diptychs of Orestes and of Constantinus each depict the consul seated on an elaborate curule seat with crossed animal legs.

Curule Chair

In the Roman Republic, and later the Empire, the curule seat was the chair upon which senior magistrates…

An ancient nothern constellationn representing a bird called a swan.

Cygnus

An ancient nothern constellationn representing a bird called a swan.

This illustration shows harps, pipe, and flute, from an ancient tomb near the Pyramids.

Egyptian Music

This illustration shows harps, pipe, and flute, from an ancient tomb near the Pyramids.

This illustration shows an ancient lyre. It was fixed with 6 strings all tuned differently.

Lyre

This illustration shows an ancient lyre. It was fixed with 6 strings all tuned differently.

This image shows a group of ancient egyptian street musicians. (1) Woman with a tall light harp with fourteen strings. (2) Cithara. (3) Te-bouni, or banjo. (4) Double flute. (5) Shoulder Harp. (6) Singer, clapping hands.

Ancient Egyptian Music

This image shows a group of ancient egyptian street musicians. (1) Woman with a tall light harp with…

This image shows two different forms of the ancient banjo. It is equipped with 4 string, and has a curved body.

Ancient Banjo

This image shows two different forms of the ancient banjo. It is equipped with 4 string, and has a curved…

Kinnor is the Hebrew name for an ancient stringed instrument, the first mentioned in the Bible where it is now always translated harp. The kinnor had from ten to twenty string fastened to a metal rod lying along the face of the sounding board.

Kinnor

Kinnor is the Hebrew name for an ancient stringed instrument, the first mentioned in the Bible where…

Kinnor is the Hebrew name for an ancient stringed instrument, the first mentioned in the Bible where it is now always translated harp. The kinnor had from ten to twenty string fastened to a metal rod lying along the face of the sounding board.

Kinnor

Kinnor is the Hebrew name for an ancient stringed instrument, the first mentioned in the Bible where…

There are several instances of some sort of ancient instrument, consisting of metallic plates or rods, played by means of a hammer. Many have considered these to have been the original type of the modern instruments of percussion, where metal plates are vibrated by means of hammers or mallets.

Ancient Percussion

There are several instances of some sort of ancient instrument, consisting of metallic plates or rods,…

A stringed musical instrument well known for its use in Classical Antiquity. The recitations of the Ancient Greeks were accompanied by it.

Lyre

A stringed musical instrument well known for its use in Classical Antiquity. The recitations of the…

A seven-stringed lyre with a deep, wooden sounding box. Primarily used by the ancient Greeks, this instrument was more complex then the lyra, used by musical professionals.

Cithara

A seven-stringed lyre with a deep, wooden sounding box. Primarily used by the ancient Greeks, this instrument…

The main instrument in ancient Chinese culture. It is a stringed instrument entirely unlike any other of which we have accounts, saving the Japanese ko-ko, which was most likely derived from it. The ke is strung with fifty strings of silk.

Ke

The main instrument in ancient Chinese culture. It is a stringed instrument entirely unlike any other…

This image shows an ancient pipe organ. A pipe organ is a keyboard instrument that makes its sound by forcing air through wood or metal pipes.

Pipe Organ

This image shows an ancient pipe organ. A pipe organ is a keyboard instrument that makes its sound by…

A stringed instrument well known for its use in Classical Antiquity. It was used mainly by the Ancient Greeks.

Lyre

A stringed instrument well known for its use in Classical Antiquity. It was used mainly by the Ancient…

An ancient musical instrument based on the principle of the stopped pipe, consisting usually of ten or more pipes gradually increasing in size.

Syrinx

An ancient musical instrument based on the principle of the stopped pipe, consisting usually of ten…

This illustration represents a skeleton of another species of ancient amphibian reptiles.

Raniceps Lyellii

This illustration represents a skeleton of another species of ancient amphibian reptiles.

This illustration shows the ancient fossile of an amphibian. Fossils are the mineralized or otherwise preserved remains or traces of animals, plants, and other organisms.

Fossil

This illustration shows the ancient fossile of an amphibian. Fossils are the mineralized or otherwise…

This is an illustration of the smaller animals from the time when Dinosaurs ruled the planet.

Ancient Animals

This is an illustration of the smaller animals from the time when Dinosaurs ruled the planet.