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Another view of the correct position to hold a pen.

Penmanship

Another view of the correct position to hold a pen.

The front view of the hand showing the position of the forefinger, which should rest squarely on the top of the holder.

Penmanship

The front view of the hand showing the position of the forefinger, which should rest squarely on the…

View of Tiahuanacu restored.

Tiahuanacu

View of Tiahuanacu restored.

A front view of a Hochelagan skull, surrounded by the outline, on a larger scale, of the Cromagnon skull.

Hochelagan Skull

A front view of a Hochelagan skull, surrounded by the outline, on a larger scale, of the Cromagnon skull.

View of a dog sitting.

Dog

View of a dog sitting.

A view of a horse drawn cart in Central Park.

Central Park

A view of a horse drawn cart in Central Park.

The tower of St. Front, Perigueux.

St. Front Tower

The tower of St. Front, Perigueux.

A woman and a child reading in a hammock on a front porch.

Hammock on Porch

A woman and a child reading in a hammock on a front porch.

A rear and side view of an outhouse.

Outhouse

A rear and side view of an outhouse.

"a, axis cylinder; b, inner border of white substance; c, c, outer border of same; d, d, tubular membrane; B, tubular fibres; e, in natural state; f, under pressure; g, varicose fibres." — Richardson, 1906

Nerves

"a, axis cylinder; b, inner border of white substance; c, c, outer border of same; d, d, tubular membrane;…

"The wheel and axle consists of two cylinders of different diameters, rigidly connected, so that they turn together about a common axis." — Hallock, 1905

Wheel and Axle

"The wheel and axle consists of two cylinders of different diameters, rigidly connected, so that they…

A blueprint showing the elevation of a house from the front.

Front Elevation

A blueprint showing the elevation of a house from the front.

A blueprint showing the sectional elevation of a house.

Sectional Elevation

A blueprint showing the sectional elevation of a house.

The front elevation of the Temple of Aegina, restored.

Temple of Aegina

The front elevation of the Temple of Aegina, restored.

The front and back of a stone idol found at Copan, in Central America.

Stone Idol

The front and back of a stone idol found at Copan, in Central America.

"Park Front of Castle Howard." — Chambers, 1881

Castle Howard

"Park Front of Castle Howard." — Chambers, 1881

"Part of Park Front of Bridgewater House." — Chambers, 1881

Bridgewater House

"Part of Park Front of Bridgewater House." — Chambers, 1881

"Magnified view of transverse section of the spinal cord through the middle of the Lumbad Enlargement: showing, on the right side, the course of the Nerve-roots, and on the left, the position of the principal tracts of Vesicular Matter. A, anterior columns; P, posterior columns; L, lateral columns; a, anterior median fissure; p, posterior median fissure; b, anterior roots of spinal nerves; c, posterior roots; d, tracts of vesicular matter in anterior column; e, tracts of vesicular matter in posterior column; f, spinal canal." — Chambers, 1881

Spinal Cord

"Magnified view of transverse section of the spinal cord through the middle of the Lumbad Enlargement:…

A girl standing with her arm in front of her, pointing at something.

Girl Pointing

A girl standing with her arm in front of her, pointing at something.

"The stock is of iron in large as well as small anchors, and is made with a mortice, to fit over the shank instead of passing through it. It is somewhat heavier than the stocks of other anchors; the arms are shorter than usual in proportion to the length of the shank, and are of a wedge shape, varying in sharpness from the throat to the head of the palms; the back part of the arms is parallel from palm to palm; the palm is double concave on the front, and has a small border at the edge for confining the soil through which it is dragged." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Rodger's Anchor

"The stock is of iron in large as well as small anchors, and is made with a mortice, to fit over the…

The side view and base of the skull of an ape.

Ape Skull

The side view and base of the skull of an ape.

"The side view of the skull of an adult Orang" — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Orangutang Skull

"The side view of the skull of an adult Orang" — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

An aeriel view of the temple at Tiravalur, which measures 945 by 700 feet.

Temple, Tiravalur

An aeriel view of the temple at Tiravalur, which measures 945 by 700 feet.

"The front elevation of a Greek Doric Hexastyle-peripteral Temple." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Doric Temple

"The front elevation of a Greek Doric Hexastyle-peripteral Temple." — Encyclopedia Britanica,…

"Exterior view of Kaid Bey Mosque, Cairo." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Kaid Bey Mosque

"Exterior view of Kaid Bey Mosque, Cairo." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

"Interior view of Kaid Bey Mosque, Cairo." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Kaid Bey Mosque

"Interior view of Kaid Bey Mosque, Cairo." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

"The Danglish apparatus consists of the following parts: 1st, a generator A, in which carbonic acid is evolved from chalk by sulphuric or hydrochloric acid; 2nd, a gas-holder, in which the carbonic acid is stored for use after being purified in passing through water; 3rd, an air pump, for pumping carbonic acid from the gas-holder, and forcing it into the water vessel and mixer; 4th, another air-pump, for withdrawing atmospheric air from the mixer before the aerated water is admitted; 5th, a water vessel B, a strong cylinder of copper capable of withstanding a pressure of 100 lbs on the square inch, and of sufficient size to contain water for a full charge of the mixer; attached to this water vessel there are a gauge-glass C, and a pressure gauge D, for indicating the pressure of gas as it is pumped in; 6th, the mixer E, a globular vessel of cast-iron, capable of bearing high pressure, through the center of which an axle runs, fitted with iron kneating arms extending to the circumference of the vessel." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Danglish Apparatus

"The Danglish apparatus consists of the following parts: 1st, a generator A, in which carbonic acid…

"Interior view of Trajan's Basilica." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Trajan's Basilica

"Interior view of Trajan's Basilica." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

"Sectional view of the old Basilica of St. Peter, before its destruction in the 15th century." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Basilica

"Sectional view of the old Basilica of St. Peter, before its destruction in the 15th century." —…

The front of a common coin of spain.

Pistole

The front of a common coin of spain.

"A hive largely and successfully used in Scotland, it is octagonal, and the "Quinby hive" of America is much deeper from back to front than it is wide. The Stewarton is not properly a frame, but a bar-hive, although frames are sometimes fitted to it. It usually consists of three octagon breeding-boxes, 14 inches in diameter by 6 inches deep, each furnished with nine bars placed equidistant, the spaces between being occupied by movable slides of wood working in grooves in the bars." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Stewarton Hive

"A hive largely and successfully used in Scotland, it is octagonal, and the "Quinby hive" of America…

"An American machine, introduced into England by Mr. Ellis. It consists of an iron cylindrical casing A, open about a fourth part of its circumference (a to b) for admission of air, and an exit pipe B. Inside the casing is another cylinder, placed eccentrically to it, and which always fits close up against the wooden packing C. This cylinder acts as a driver for the three fan blades or pistons D, which are capable of passing out and in through longitudinal slits in its circumference. There is a shaft passing through the small cylinder, and concentric with it at the ends, but cranked in the middle part so as to become concentric with the casing. The inner cylinder revolves round the axis of the ends of the shaft, and on the cranked part revolve the fan blades or pistons, driven by the cylinder." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Blowing-Machine

"An American machine, introduced into England by Mr. Ellis. It consists of an iron cylindrical casing…

The front of a Scotch billon coin worth about two thirds of the United States cent in the fifteenth century.

Plack

The front of a Scotch billon coin worth about two thirds of the United States cent in the fifteenth…

"The Geometrina in the larval condition have only four prolegs, the usual number being ten, and in moving these are brought close up to the last pair of thoracic limbs, thus giving the caterpillar a looped appearance, hence the term "loopers" usually applied to these moths; they then hold on by the prolegs, and releasing those in front carry the body forward until the arched appearance is gone. They thus move by an alternate process of looping and straightening their bodies. The larva of Geometers have also the curious havit of fixing themselves by their hind feet to the branch of a shrub, throwing the remainder of their bodies out, and remaining motionless in this position for hours, thus exhibiting an enormous amount of muscular energy." — Encyclopedia Britanica; 1893

Geometrina

"The Geometrina in the larval condition have only four prolegs, the usual number being ten, and in moving…

"The Geometrina in the larval condition have only four prolegs, the usual number being ten, and in moving these are brought close up to the last pair of thoracic limbs, thus giving the caterpillar a looped appearance, hence the term "loopers" usually applied to these moths; they then hold on by the prolegs, and releasing those in front carry the body forward until the arched appearance is gone. They thus move by an alternate process of looping and straightening their bodies. The larva of Geometers have also the curious havit of fixing themselves by their hind feet to the branch of a shrub, throwing the remainder of their bodies out, and remaining motionless in this position for hours, thus exhibiting an enormous amount of muscular energy." — Encyclopedia Britanica; 1893

Geometrina

"The Geometrina in the larval condition have only four prolegs, the usual number being ten, and in moving…

"A front view of a common English house clock with the face taken off, showing the repeating or rack striking movement. Here, M is the hourwheel on the pipeof which the minute-hand is set, N the reversed hour-wheel, and n its pinion, driving the 12-hour wheel H, on whose socket is ficed what is called the snail Y, which belongs to the striking work exclusively. The hammer is raised by the eight pins in the rim of the second wheel in the striking train, in the manner which is obvious." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

English House Clock

"A front view of a common English house clock with the face taken off, showing the repeating or rack…

"The front view of a large quarter clock of Sir E. Beckett's design, with all the wheels on the great horizontal bed, a gravity escapemen, and a compensated pendulum. They are made in two sizes, one wih a great striking wheels 18 inches wide, and the other 14. The striking is done by cams cast on the great wheels, about 1.125 inch broad in the large-sized clocks, which are strong enough for an hour bell of thirty cwt., and corresponding quarters. Wire ropes are used, not only because they last longer, if kept greased, but because a sufficient number of coils will go on a barrel of less than half the length that would be required for hemp ropes of the same strength, without overlapping, which it is as well to avoid, if possible, though it is not so injurious to wire ropes as it is to hemp ones. by this means also the striking cams can be put on the great wheel, instead of the second wheel, which saves more in friction than could be imagined by any one who had not tried both. In clocks of the common construction two-thirds of the power is often wasted in friction and in the bad arrangement of the hammer work, and the clock is wearing itself out in doing nothing." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Quarter Clock

"The front view of a large quarter clock of Sir E. Beckett's design, with all the wheels on the great…

"This machine consists essentially of a horizontal piston and cylinder engine fixed upon a platform carried upon four wheels, which are coupled together by side rods, so that on motion being communicated by means of a mitre wheel in the hind axle, it can be moved forward by hand. On the forward end of the frame are two bosses forming the centres for a pair of bell cranks or bent levers places close to the ground, and facing in opposite directions, either one of which can be connected with the piston rod. The outer arm of each lever carries a square socket, into which is fixed the pick, which has two cutting heads, one placed a little in front of the other so as to cut to the whole depth at one operation." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Coal-cutting Machine

"This machine consists essentially of a horizontal piston and cylinder engine fixed upon a platform…

A type of printing press.

Stop Cylinder Machine

A type of printing press.

A sovereign crown of Egypt, composed of the tall pointed miter, or white crown, of southern Egypt, combined with te red crown, square in front and rising to a point behind, of northern Egypt.

Pschent

A sovereign crown of Egypt, composed of the tall pointed miter, or white crown, of southern Egypt, combined…

"Three-cylinder Opener, Beater, and Lap Machiine." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Cotton Machine

"Three-cylinder Opener, Beater, and Lap Machiine." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"The operation which succeeds that of the drawing frame is slubbing, where the sliver has a certain amount of twist imparted to it, and is wound on a bobbin. In this process the end or sliver from the last head of the drawing frame is drawn out by means of three pairs of rollers, and this is twisted as it emerges from the front line of rollers by the action of vertical spindles and flyers, which at the same time wind the ends upon bobbins in successive layers." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Slubbing Frame

"The operation which succeeds that of the drawing frame is slubbing, where the sliver has a certain…

"The spinning frame, or throstle, is made with two sets of drawing rollers, one on each side. Between these the roving bobbins are placed, and the rove is drawn through them to the requisite fineness, and formed into thread by the action of the spindles and flyers, which are placed in front of each set of rollers, at such distances apart from one another as may be required for the different-sized bobbins and counts of yarn to be spun." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Throstle

"The spinning frame, or throstle, is made with two sets of drawing rollers, one on each side. Between…

"The spinning frame, or throstle, is made with two sets of drawing rollers, one on each side. Between these the roving bobbins are placed, and the rove is drawn through them to the requisite fineness, and formed into thread by the action of the spindles and flyers, which are placed in front of each set of rollers, at such distances apart from one another as may be required for the different-sized bobbins and counts of yarn to be spun." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Throstle

"The spinning frame, or throstle, is made with two sets of drawing rollers, one on each side. Between…

"The plain rectangular cross, with a view to its enrichment." — Encyclopedia Brittanica, 1893

Cross

"The plain rectangular cross, with a view to its enrichment." — Encyclopedia Brittanica, 1893

"ABCD is a cylinder of glass 1 foot in diameter and 1 foot high. This cylinder is closed by a glass lid pierced centrically by two openings, each about 20 lines wide. Into the middle opening is cemented a glass tube 2 feet high, to the upper end of which is fitted a torsion head; the separate parts of the head are shown larger at the side of the figure. H is a collar cemented to the glass tube; MO a metal disc, divided on the edge into 360 degrees; this disc is fastened to a tube N, which slips into the collar H. K is a button whose neck turns easily in a hole in MO; to the lower part of the button is fastened a small clamp, which seizes the wire of the balance. I is an arm with a small projecting piece which slips over the edge of the disc MO." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Torsion Balance

"ABCD is a cylinder of glass 1 foot in diameter and 1 foot high. This cylinder is closed by a glass…

"Cavallo's electroscope embodies the double pendulum principle. It consists of two fine silver wires loaded with small pieces of cork or pith, and suspended inside a small glass cylinder. Through the cap which closes the cylinder passes the stout wire from which the pendulums are suspended. This wire ends in a thimble-shaped dome A, which comes down very nearly to the cap; the outside of the cap is part of the wire and covered with sealing wax, and the object of the dome is to keep moisture from the stem, so that the electroscope could be used in the open air even in rainy weather." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Cavallos Electroscope

"Cavallo's electroscope embodies the double pendulum principle. It consists of two fine silver wires…

"Terricotta Sarcophagus from Caere, front view." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Etruria

"Terricotta Sarcophagus from Caere, front view." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Terricotta Sarcophagus from Caere, back view." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Etruria

"Terricotta Sarcophagus from Caere, back view." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

A. Cross, B. Gate-house, C. Almonry, D. Chapel, E. Inner gate-house, F. Stable, G. Dormitory of lay brethren, H. Abbot's House. I. Kitchen, K. Refectory, L. Staircase to dormitory, M. Dormitory, N. Church, P. Library, R. Infirmary, S. Door to the church for the lay brothers, T. Base court, V. Great cloister, W. Small cloister, X. Boundary wall.

Bird Eye View of Citeaux

A. Cross, B. Gate-house, C. Almonry, D. Chapel, E. Inner gate-house, F. Stable, G. Dormitory of lay…

"Hearson's machine is cylindrical in form, and is surmounted by two turrets. Internally the cylinder is divided into two compartments by a transverse portion, one being occupied by a rotary blower, an apparatus similar in construction to the drum of a water-meter, and the other by an elevator or dipper wheel, the function of which is to raise gasolin into the blower chamber, where the gasoline must be maintained at a constant level." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Auto-Pneumatic Apparatus

"Hearson's machine is cylindrical in form, and is surmounted by two turrets. Internally the cylinder…

"The cylinder is placed vertically in the jaws of a cutting instrument, having a diamond cutter, pressing by a spring, inside the glass. The cutter moves by small wheels on the table on which it is placed, and being pushed around the cylinder it makes an accurate cut of uniform height." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Glass Cutter

"The cylinder is placed vertically in the jaws of a cutting instrument, having a diamond cutter, pressing…

"Now the splitting is done with a diamond cutter fixed in the fleft of a stick and guided from end to end of the cylinder by a straight-edge K laid within it. The cylinder is now ready to be taken to the flattening kiln." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Glass Cutter

"Now the splitting is done with a diamond cutter fixed in the fleft of a stick and guided from end to…

"In the arrangement of the flattening and annealing ovens numerous improvements have been effected, which have resulted in greatly increased smoothness and uniformity of the glass, and in considerable economy of time and labor in the operations. This shows a section of a flattening (L) and annealing kiln (M) in common use. The split cylinder O is introduced and gradually pushed forward so as to be uniformly heated till it reaches P, the flattening stone or table, mounted on a movable waggon N. On this waggon after it has been flattened it is carried into the annealing arch M, as shown by the dotted outline. Here in a less heat is graually stiffens, till it is ready to be moved by a forked tool to a horizontal position on the bed of the annealing oven." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Glass Cutter

"In the arrangement of the flattening and annealing ovens numerous improvements have been effected,…

"A grain of wheat. Back view." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Wheat Grain

"A grain of wheat. Back view." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"A grain of wheat. Front view." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Wheat Grain

"A grain of wheat. Front view." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Interior view of Trajan's Basilica, as restored by Canina." — Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

Interior of Trajan's Bascilica

"Interior view of Trajan's Basilica, as restored by Canina." — Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

"Sectional view of the old Basilica of St. Peter, before its destruction in the 16th century." — Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

Basilica of Old St Peter

"Sectional view of the old Basilica of St. Peter, before its destruction in the 16th century." —…

"Side view of second upper molar tooth of Anchitherium (brachyodont form)." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Horse Molar

"Side view of second upper molar tooth of Anchitherium (brachyodont form)." — Encyclopedia Britannica,…

"Side view of skull of horse, with the bone removed so as to expose the whole of the teeth. PMx, premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal bone; Ma, malar bone; L, lacrymal bone; Fr, frontal bone; Sq, squamosal bone; Pa, parietal bone; oc, occipital condyle; pp, paroccipital process; i, the three incisor teeth; c, the canine tooth; pm1, the situation of the rudimentary first premolar, which has been lost in the lower, but is present in the upper jaw; pm2, pm3, and pm4, the three fully-developed premolar teeth; m, the three true molar teeth." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Horse Skull

"Side view of skull of horse, with the bone removed so as to expose the whole of the teeth. PMx, premaxilla;…