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The front of a Scotch billon coin worth about two thirds of the United States cent in the fifteenth century.

Plack

The front of a Scotch billon coin worth about two thirds of the United States cent in the fifteenth…

"The family Morphidae contains the largest and most splendid of the South American butterflies. Their wings, often 7 inches in expanse, are generally of a brilliant metallic blue, which, as the insect flies, flashes in the sunlight so as to be visible, it is said, a quarter of a mile off." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Morphidae

"The family Morphidae contains the largest and most splendid of the South American butterflies. Their…

A common butterfly in the United Kingdom.

Gatekeeper

A common butterfly in the United Kingdom.

"The Satyridae are found in every quarter of the globe, and seem equally at home on open plains, in forests, and on the slopes of mountains. Their larva feet chiefly on grass, and have the almost unique habit of remaining concealed by day and of coming forth at night to feed." — Encyclopedia Britanica; 1893

Satyrus Balder

"The Satyridae are found in every quarter of the globe, and seem equally at home on open plains, in…

A coin of Portugal made in the 16th century weighing 540 grains and worth about $22.50 United States Dollars.

Portugues

A coin of Portugal made in the 16th century weighing 540 grains and worth about $22.50 United States…

A coin of Portugal made in the 16th century weighing 540 grains and worth about $22.50 United States Dollars.

Português

A coin of Portugal made in the 16th century weighing 540 grains and worth about $22.50 United States…

A small insectivorous migratory bird of the eastern parts of the United States.

Prairie Warbler

A small insectivorous migratory bird of the eastern parts of the United States.

"The front view of a large quarter clock of Sir E. Beckett's design, with all the wheels on the great horizontal bed, a gravity escapemen, and a compensated pendulum. They are made in two sizes, one wih a great striking wheels 18 inches wide, and the other 14. The striking is done by cams cast on the great wheels, about 1.125 inch broad in the large-sized clocks, which are strong enough for an hour bell of thirty cwt., and corresponding quarters. Wire ropes are used, not only because they last longer, if kept greased, but because a sufficient number of coils will go on a barrel of less than half the length that would be required for hemp ropes of the same strength, without overlapping, which it is as well to avoid, if possible, though it is not so injurious to wire ropes as it is to hemp ones. by this means also the striking cams can be put on the great wheel, instead of the second wheel, which saves more in friction than could be imagined by any one who had not tried both. In clocks of the common construction two-thirds of the power is often wasted in friction and in the bad arrangement of the hammer work, and the clock is wearing itself out in doing nothing." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Quarter Clock

"The front view of a large quarter clock of Sir E. Beckett's design, with all the wheels on the great…

A fish having a big eye, found off the coasts of the United States.

Bigeye

A fish having a big eye, found off the coasts of the United States.

"Readily distinguished from the other groups of beetles by having the elytra much shorter then the abdomen, although they still suffice to cover the long membranous wings, which when not in use are completely folded beneah. The abdomen is long and exceedingly mobile, and is employed in folding and unfolding the wings. It is furnished at its extremity with two vesicles which can be protruded or withdrawn at pleasure, and from which, when irritated, many species emit a most disagreeable odor, although in a few the scent is more pleasing. They are voracious both in the larval and perfect states, feeding chiefly upon decaying animal and vegetable matters, although a few species devour living prey. Many of the smaller forms reside in and feed on mushrooms, some are found abundantly under putrescent plants, others in manure heaps, where they feed upon the maggots of flies, while there are a few forms which make their homes in the nests of the hornet and the ant." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Brachelytra

"Readily distinguished from the other groups of beetles by having the elytra much shorter then the abdomen,…

A large beetle native to the United States.

Beetle

A large beetle native to the United States.

"1, Portion of epithelium from the tentacle of an Actinian, showing three supporting cells and one sense cell; 2, a cnidoblast with enclosed nematocyst from the same specimen; 3 and 4, two forms of gland cell from the stomodaeum; 5a, 5b, epithelio-muscular cells from the tentacle in different states of contraction; 5c, an epithelio-muscular cell from the endoderm, containing a symbiotic zooxanthella ; 6, a ganglion cell fro mthe ectoderm of the peristome." —Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Tentacles

"1, Portion of epithelium from the tentacle of an Actinian, showing three supporting cells and one sense…

The large round edible clam of the Atlantic Coast of the United States.

Quahog

The large round edible clam of the Atlantic Coast of the United States.

"Presently in the production of ordinay connective tissue, fibers of two kinds make their appearance in the intercellular substance, and to all appearance independent of the cells. Those of the one kind are highly elastic and refracting, not easily affected by reagents, stain deeply with magenta, run singly, always branch, and become united with neighboring fibers so as to form a network throughout the tissue." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Connective Tissue

"Presently in the production of ordinay connective tissue, fibers of two kinds make their appearance…

"Gradual degeneration of the medusa bud into the form of a sporosae. The black represents the enteric cavity and its continuations; the lighter shading represents the genital products (ova or sperm). Modified medusiform person, with margin of the disc (umbrella) united above and importforato (mouthless) manubrium." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Sporosae

"Gradual degeneration of the medusa bud into the form of a sporosae. The black represents the enteric…

"States that: A body when immersed in a fluid loses exactly as much of its weight as is equal to the weight of the dluid it displaces; or: A fluid sustains as mch of the weight of a body immersed in it as is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Archimedes Principle

"States that: A body when immersed in a fluid loses exactly as much of its weight as is equal to the…

"A very beautiful American, bird, found in all parts of the United States, and as far north as 55 degrees N. lat., but migrating to tropical or subtropical regions in winter." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Oriole

"A very beautiful American, bird, found in all parts of the United States, and as far north as 55 degrees…

"Cloves are the flower-buds of the Clove-tree. The genus to which this tree belongs is of the natural order Myrtaceae; the calyx has a cylindrical tube and 4-cleft border; the corolla consists of four petals united by their tips; the stamens are in four clusters; and the fruit is an oblong dry berry with one or two cells and as many seeds." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Cloves

"Cloves are the flower-buds of the Clove-tree. The genus to which this tree belongs is of the natural…

"A genus of palms, the most important species of which is the common Date Palm, the Palm Tree of Scripture, a native of the northern half of Aftica, the south-west of Asia, and some parts of India, and which has also been brought into cultivation in the south of Europe, and might certainly be intruduced with advantage into the south of the United States, and many warm parts of America and Australia." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Date Palm

"A genus of palms, the most important species of which is the common Date Palm, the Palm Tree of Scripture,…

"A very curious and interesting genus of plants of the natural order Droseraceae, having a 5-partite calyx, 5 petals, 10-20 stamens, and one style, with 5 closely united stigmata. Only one species is known, Dionaea muscipula, sometimes called Venus's Fly-trap and the Carolina Catchfly Plant." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Dionaea

"A very curious and interesting genus of plants of the natural order Droseraceae, having a 5-partite…

"Portion of epithelium from the tentacle of an Actinian, showing three supporting cells and one sense cell (sc); 2, a enidoblast with enclosed nematocyst from the same specimens; 3 and 3, two forms of gland cell from the stomodaeum; 5a and 5b, epithelio-muscular cells from the tentacle in different states of contraction; 5c, an epithelio-muscular cell from the endoderm, containing a symbiotic zooxanthelia; 6, a ganglion cell from the ectoderm of the peristome." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Epithelium

"Portion of epithelium from the tentacle of an Actinian, showing three supporting cells and one sense…

A cyprinoid fish, the hornyhead or jerker. Widely distributed and abundant in the United States, attaining a length of from 6 to 9 inches.

River Chub

A cyprinoid fish, the hornyhead or jerker. Widely distributed and abundant in the United States, attaining…

A rose that grows naturally in th Midwestern United States.

Prairie Rose

A rose that grows naturally in th Midwestern United States.

A common species which infests roses in the United States.

Rose Bug

A common species which infests roses in the United States.

A common species which infests roses in the United States.

Rose Beetle

A common species which infests roses in the United States.

"Holothyrus nitidissimus, one of the Acari; ater Thorell. A, Lateral view with appendages III to VI removed, I, plate covering the whole dorsal area, representing the fused tergal sclerites of the prosoma and opisthosoma; 2, similarly-formed ventral plate; 3, tracheal stigma. B, dorsal view of the same animal; II to VI, 2nd to 6th pairs of appendages. The 1st pair of appendages both in this and in C are retracted. C, Ventral view of the same; II to VI as in B; a, genital orifice; b, anus; c, united basal segments of the second pair of appendages; d, basal segment of the 6th prosomatic appendage of the right side. The rest of the appendage, as also of app. III, IV and V, has been cut away." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Holothyrus Nitidissimus

"Holothyrus nitidissimus, one of the Acari; ater Thorell. A, Lateral view with appendages III to VI…

"The "roller" chain consists of a series of outside and inside links. The outside link A is made up of two steel side plates P united by two shouldered rivets R. The inside link B consists of two side plates P united by two tubular pieces T, which form bushes for the rivets R and pivots for the rollers L. The rivets, bushes and rollers are case-hardened." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Bicycle Chain

"The "roller" chain consists of a series of outside and inside links. The outside link A is made up…

"In 1763, or at latest before 1777, parabolic reflectors were first used for lighthouse illumination by Mr. Hutchinson, dockmaster of Liverpool. In his work on Practica Scamanship, published in 1777, he states that the Mersey lights were fitted with reflectors formed of small fucets of silvered glass, and made, as he says "as nearly as they can be to the parabolic curve." This is unquestionably the earliest published notice of the use of parabolic reflectors for lighthouse illumination." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Parabolic Reflector

"In 1763, or at latest before 1777, parabolic reflectors were first used for lighthouse illumination…

"In 1763, or at latest before 1777, parabolic reflectors were first used for lighthouse illumination by Mr. Hutchinson, dockmaster of Liverpool. In his work on Practica Scamanship, published in 1777, he states that the Mersey lights were fitted with reflectors formed of small fucets of silvered glass, and made, as he says "as nearly as they can be to the parabolic curve." This is unquestionably the earliest published notice of the use of parabolic reflectors for lighthouse illumination." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Parabolic Reflector

"In 1763, or at latest before 1777, parabolic reflectors were first used for lighthouse illumination…

A pivoted joint in the nature of a hinge joint, whereby two thin flat strips may be so united that each edge will turn edgewise towards and from eachother.

Prop Joint

A pivoted joint in the nature of a hinge joint, whereby two thin flat strips may be so united that each…

A reddish brown bird found in the United States during the winter.

Rusty Grackle

A reddish brown bird found in the United States during the winter.

"Atwood's Machine. This difficulty has however been overcome by a curious piece of machinery invented by Mr. Atwood. This consists of an upright pillar, with a wheel on the top. The weights A and B are of the same size and are made to balance each other, exactly, being connected by a thread passing over the wheel. The ring R admits the weight A, to fall through it in its passage to the stage S, on which it rests. The right and stage slide up and down, and are fastened by a thumb screw. The pillar is a graduated scale, and M is a small bent wire, weighing a quarter of an ounce, and longer than the diameter of the ring." —Comstock, 1850

Atwood's Machine

"Atwood's Machine. This difficulty has however been overcome by a curious piece of machinery invented…

A medium sized sparrow found in the United States.

Sage Sparrow

A medium sized sparrow found in the United States.

"Of all the contrivances for regulating the motion of machinery, this is said to be the most effectual. It will be readily understood by the following description. It consists of two heavy iron balls b, attached to the extremities of the two rods, b, e. These rods play on a joint at e, passing through a mortice in the vertical stem d, d. At f, these pieces are united, by joints to two short rods, f, h, which, at their upper ends, are again connected by joints at h, to a ring which slides upon the vertical stem d d." —Comstock, 1850

Governor

"Of all the contrivances for regulating the motion of machinery, this is said to be the most effectual.…

"Let S be the Sun, E the Earth, and A, B, C, D, F, the Moon in different parts of her orbit. Now when the Moon changes, or is in conjunction with the Sun, as at A, her dark side is turned towards the Earth, and she is invisible, as represented at a. The Sun always shines on one half of the Moon, in every direction, as represented at A and B, on the inner circle; but we at the Earth can see only such portions of the enlightened part as are turned towards us. After her change, when she has moved from A to B, a small part of her illuminated side comes in sight, and she appears horned, as at b, and is then called the new Moon. When she arrives at C, severel days afterwards, one half of her disc is visible, and she appears as at c, her appearance being the same in both circles. At this point she is said to be in her first quarter, because she has passed through a quarter of her orbit, and is 90 degrees from the place of her conjunction with the Sun. At D, she shows us still more of her enlightened side, and is then said to appear gibbous as at d. When she comes to F, her whole enlightened side is turned towards the Earth, and she appears in all the spendor of a full Moon." —Comstock, 1850

Moon Phases

"Let S be the Sun, E the Earth, and A, B, C, D, F, the Moon in different parts of her orbit. Now when…

A small coin of the former Papal States, struck in both silver and copper, worth about a cent.

Baiocco

A small coin of the former Papal States, struck in both silver and copper, worth about a cent.

A small coin of the former Papal States, struck in both silver and copper, worth about a cent.

Baiocco

A small coin of the former Papal States, struck in both silver and copper, worth about a cent.

It is common all through the United States, from Missouri northwards into Canada, and is sometimes the cause of considerable damage in orchards, particularly to young trees and nursery stock.

Buffalo Treehopper

It is common all through the United States, from Missouri northwards into Canada, and is sometimes the…

Pieris Vapae. An insect imported many years ago from Europe, and which has now spread over the largest part of the United States and Canada.

Cabbage Butterfly

Pieris Vapae. An insect imported many years ago from Europe, and which has now spread over the largest…

Pieris Vapae. An insect imported many years ago from Europe, and which has now spread over the largest part of the United States and Canada.

Cabbage Butterfly

Pieris Vapae. An insect imported many years ago from Europe, and which has now spread over the largest…

(1813-1890) An American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first Presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery

John Charles Fremont

(1813-1890) An American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for…

(1820-1857) A medical officer in the United States Navy and a member of two Arctic expeditions to rescue the explorer Sir John Franklin.

Elisha Kent Kane

(1820-1857) A medical officer in the United States Navy and a member of two Arctic expeditions to rescue…

(1844-1881) A United States Navy officer and explorer.

George Washington De Long

(1844-1881) A United States Navy officer and explorer.

An 8-quarter Brewery

Brewery

An 8-quarter Brewery

William Henry Harrison's council with Tecumseh, at Vincennes in 1810. William Harrison was the governor of the Indiana Territory. Tecumseh's War or Tecumseh's Rebellion was a conflict between the United States Army and an American Indian confederacy led by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh in the Indiana Territory.

Harrison's Council with Tecumseh

William Henry Harrison's council with Tecumseh, at Vincennes in 1810. William Harrison was the governor…

Portrait of General Monk who was at the head of the army in England

General Monk

Portrait of General Monk who was at the head of the army in England

Queen Anne of Great Britain's reign was from 1702 to 1714.

Queen Anne of England

Queen Anne of Great Britain's reign was from 1702 to 1714.

(1720-1788) Charles Edward was the exiled claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland and was known as "Bonnie Prince Charlie."

Charles Edward Stuart

(1720-1788) Charles Edward was the exiled claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland…

The death of General James Wolfe during the Battle of Quebec

General Wolfe

The death of General James Wolfe during the Battle of Quebec

Queen Victoria of the British Empire from 1837-1901.

Alexandrina Victoria

Queen Victoria of the British Empire from 1837-1901.

Flower of Standing Cypress (Gilia coronopifolia); gamopetalous: the tube answering to the long claws of the Soapwort, except that they are coalescent: the limb or border (the spreading part above) is <em>five-parted</em>, that is, the petals not there united except at very base.

Standing Cypress

Flower of Standing Cypress (Gilia coronopifolia); gamopetalous: the tube answering to the long claws…

Style of a Lady's Slipper (Cypripedium), and stamens united with it; the anther of the two good stamens; an abortive stamen, what should be its anther changed into a petal-like body; the stigma.

Lady's Slipper

Style of a Lady's Slipper (Cypripedium), and stamens united with it; the anther of the two good stamens;…

Four grains united, as in most of the Heath family.

Kalmia

Four grains united, as in most of the Heath family.

As it were of three grains or cells united; the lateral empty and light.

Pine Pollen

As it were of three grains or cells united; the lateral empty and light.

Two simple carpals or pistil-leaves, united at the base only, cut across both above and below.

Pistil of Saxifrage

Two simple carpals or pistil-leaves, united at the base only, cut across both above and below.

The same of shrubby St. John's-wort; the three styles as well as ovaries here united into one.

Pistil of shrubby St. John's-wort

The same of shrubby St. John's-wort; the three styles as well as ovaries here united into one.

(1732-1794) Six President of the United States in Congress assembled under the Articles of Confederation from 1784-1785.

Richard Henry Lee

(1732-1794) Six President of the United States in Congress assembled under the Articles of Confederation…

(1734-1806) Morris was an American merchant and a signatory of the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution. Morris was known as the "Financier of the Revolution," because of his role in securing financial assistance for the American Colonial side in the Revolutionary War.

Robert Morris

(1734-1806) Morris was an American merchant and a signatory of the United States Declaration of Independence,…

(1733-1804) General Schuyler was in the American Revolution and a United States Senator from New York.

Philip Schuyler

(1733-1804) General Schuyler was in the American Revolution and a United States Senator from New York.

(1779-1820) An American naval officer, famous for his actions at Tripoli, Libya in the Barbary Wars and in the War of 1812. Commodore Decatur was commander of the frigate of the United States of forty-four guns against the British frigate Macedonian.

Stepehen Decatur

(1779-1820) An American naval officer, famous for his actions at Tripoli, Libya in the Barbary Wars…