This illustration represents a border or long piece of ground that can be marked out permanently with tiles, stones, or pebbles and filled in with sand or gravel. Each number represents a type of plant to be grown.

Design for Bedding

This illustration represents a border or long piece of ground that can be marked out permanently with…

Oncidium serratum flowers are usually rich, bright brown with a yellow border. The margins are crisped or very serrated.

Flower of Oncidium Serratum

Oncidium serratum flowers are usually rich, bright brown with a yellow border. The margins are crisped…

Pictured is a monument to the McIntosh apple erected by Popular Subscription in 1912. The monument reads "The original McIntosh red apple tree stood about twenty rods north of this spot. It was one of a number of seedlings taken from the border of the clearings and transplanted by John McIntosh in the year 1796".

Monument to the McIntosh Apple

Pictured is a monument to the McIntosh apple erected by Popular Subscription in 1912. The monument reads…

The numbers represent different plants in the French border pattern bedding. (1) marquerite, (2) coleus, (3) scarlet geranium, (4) <I>Cineraria maritima</I>, (5) <I>Calendula officinalis</I>, (6) blue perfection, and (7) white geranium.

French Border Pattern Bedding

The numbers represent different plants in the French border pattern bedding. (1) marquerite, (2) coleus,…

Pictured is an English border pattern from the eighteenth century. The numbers represent different plants. (1) <I>Lobelia erinus</I>, blue, (2) begonia, (3) <I>Cineraria maritima</I>, (4) <I>Calendula officinalis</I>, (5) <I>Lobelia erinus</I>, white, and (6) <I>Alternanthera paronychioides</I>.

English Border Pattern Bedding

Pictured is an English border pattern from the eighteenth century. The numbers represent different plants.…

Illustrated is an example of border planting about a residence.

Border Planting Plan for a House

Illustrated is an example of border planting about a residence.

Illustrated is a border enclosure of a city square.

Border Enclosure

Illustrated is a border enclosure of a city square.

Illustrated is a border enclosing the back area of a city place, the central area being planted for shade.

Border Enclosing an Urban Backyard

Illustrated is a border enclosing the back area of a city place, the central area being planted for…

Illustrated is a good mixed border with many attractive plant forms.

Mixed Border Planting for a Large Lawn or Park

Illustrated is a good mixed border with many attractive plant forms.

Illustrated is a single plant specimen set against a border planting.

Border Planting to Showcase a Single Specimen

Illustrated is a single plant specimen set against a border planting.

The flowers of cattleya citrina are yellow except for the white border of the front lobe of the lip. Each stem usually bears only one flower. The leaves are four to seven inches long.

Cattleya Citrina

The flowers of cattleya citrina are yellow except for the white border of the front lobe of the lip.…

<i>Nicotiana sylvestris</i> is native to Argentina. The flowers are white and fragrant. Pictured is a good border effect with the plant.

Nicotiana Sylvestris

Nicotiana sylvestris is native to Argentina. The flowers are white and fragrant. Pictured is a good…

<p>A decorative border for Halloween featuring a jolly Jack-O-Lantern.</p>

<p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Jack-O-Lantern Corner

A decorative border for Halloween featuring a jolly Jack-O-Lantern. Illustrated by James Basom Seaman…

<p>A full frame border of a spider and her web. Suitable for Halloween and other spooky occasions.</p>

<p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Spider Web Border

A full frame border of a spider and her web. Suitable for Halloween and other spooky occasions. Illustrated…

<p>A black and white decorative border for Halloween featuring a jolly Jack-O-Lantern.</p>

<p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Jack-O-Lantern Corner (Black and White)

A black and white decorative border for Halloween featuring a jolly Jack-O-Lantern. Illustrated by James…

A Crystalline Aggregate is mass of crystal grains, devoid of their characteristic forms and closely packed together.

Crystalline Aggregate

A Crystalline Aggregate is mass of crystal grains, devoid of their characteristic forms and closely…

Women grinding grain in a mortar. The hole for receiving the grain was in the center of the upper millstone, and in the operation of grinding the lower stone was filed and the upper stone turned by means of a handle. The meal came out at the edges and was collected on a cloth spread under the mill  on the ground.

Using A Mortar

Women grinding grain in a mortar. The hole for receiving the grain was in the center of the upper millstone,…

A 'purse' seine is a form of fishing net that is paid out around a school of fish, like a cylinder with no top or bottom. When drawn in, the bottom closes, forming a bag from which the fish cannot escape. Figure 1 in this illustration shows the separate parts of the purse seine: A and J, arms of the net; B and I, wings; C, D, K, and L, border of stout twine; F, bailing piece (or bunt); E and G, sides; H, under.
Figure 2 shows a diagram of the form a a purse seine spread in the water.

Purse-seine

A 'purse' seine is a form of fishing net that is paid out around a school of fish, like a cylinder with…

This illustration shows a cross-section of a modern flour mill. 
Wheat is received in bin a, and first passes to the separator b, where it falls over vibrating screens, c, c, and a current of air draws light rubbish through  pipe e to fan d. Next, in scourer f, it passes through revolving beaters, and meets a current of air. In the brush g, revolving brushes further clean and polish the wheat, which then passes to the 'cylinder' h. This  revolving cylinder has grooves which pick up any small seeds, carrying them around until near the top of its revolution they drop into trough k and discharge by l at n, while the wheat grains too large for the grooving to affect, fall into the trough m, and are carried by the elevator p to the 'first break rolls', o. Here the wheat is partly crushed by rolls q, q, and passed to the 'scalper' r. Here, revolving brushes and beaters force the small particles through the fixed cage to the shoot s, while the larger are delivered at the end of the cage and pass to the second pair of rolls, t, and the second scalper, u. The coarse particles from u, chiefly bran, pass through a third set of rolls, v, and then to the 'bran duster', w, a cylinder where revolving brushes clean all flour from the bran and force it through perforations towards shoot x, the bran  being delivered at y. The flour is carried by elevator p' to the 'reel' z, a finely perforated cylinder which revolves rapidly, an the finer part passes by shoot s' to the 'centrifugal' u'; the coarser part delivered at the end of the cylinder, passes to the 'purifier' r', where a current of air removes light dust as it travels over a moving sieve, and thence to a set of rolls at t' for further reduction, after which it is delivered to the centrifugal u'. This is a revolving drum, covered with silk, through which the flour is thrown by centrifugal force, and is delivered finished at v', the offals passing out at the end of the drum to the shoot w'.

Modern Flour Mill

This illustration shows a cross-section of a modern flour mill. Wheat is received in bin a, and first…

A medal engraved with the portrait of Melita; the reverse side depicting a figure with two sets of wings holding a crook and a sickle in his hands. Traditionally a symbol for the production of grain, the image may also allude to the god of fertility.

Medal of Melita

A medal engraved with the portrait of Melita; the reverse side depicting a figure with two sets of wings…

Cow-wheat. 1, flower, side view; 2, flower posterior view.

Cow-wheat

Cow-wheat. 1, flower, side view; 2, flower posterior view.

A side border of flowers. In the upper right corner, there is an image of a castle.

Flower Border

A side border of flowers. In the upper right corner, there is an image of a castle.

A wood finished border.

Intricate Border

A wood finished border.

Wheat floret.

Wheat Floret

Wheat floret.

A head, spikelet, and grain of bearded wheat.

Wheat

A head, spikelet, and grain of bearded wheat.

A head of beardless wheat.

Beardless Wheat

A head of beardless wheat.

Head and grain of bearded barley.

Bearded Barley

Head and grain of bearded barley.

An elaborate architectural border of New Testament figures, including saints, angels, and demons.

New Testament Border Motif

An elaborate architectural border of New Testament figures, including saints, angels, and demons.

A small portion of the great, Roman-built Hadrian's Wall in Britain, begun in AD 122. Two men, one sitting and one standing, linger next to a low portion of the wall. Hills and mountains rise in the background.

A Section of Hadrian's Wall in Britain

A small portion of the great, Roman-built Hadrian's Wall in Britain, begun in AD 122. Two men, one sitting…

Men and women reap the grain from a field in the 14th century. Two women are bent over using sickles to cut the grain. One man stands behind them, gathering the reaped grain. He has a sickle tucked in his belt. A second man oversees the scene with his hands on his hips. A bundle of grain sits in the background. The original image is pictured in an old psalter.

Reaping Grain the 14th Century

Men and women reap the grain from a field in the 14th century. Two women are bent over using sickles…

Two men thresh a sheaf of wheat using flails. The flails appear to be made from two sticks joined together at a bendable joint. The men are beating the grain. One man's flail is in the air, while the other man's flail hits the bundle of wheat. Both are wearing short, belted tunics and knee length pants. The original drawing is from a 14th century psalter called "The Luttrell Psalter".

Threshing Wheat with Flails in the 14th Century

Two men thresh a sheaf of wheat using flails. The flails appear to be made from two sticks joined together…

"48 And he gathered up all the food of the seven years which were in the land of Egypt, and laid up the food in the cities: the food of the field, which was round about every city, laid he up in the same. And Joseph laid up grain as the sand of the sea, very much, until he left off numbering; for it was without number." Genesis 41:48-49 ASV
<p>
Illustration of Joseph riding through Egypt's streets in a chariot with a herald leading the horse and announcing him. He holds several sheaves of wheat with his left arm and is collecting more from the people. A small child is handing him more sheaves. Pharaoh and four other royals emerge from a doorway behind Joseph and Pharaoh is pointing to him. An obelisk is visible in the background.

Joseph Collects Wheat as Governor of Egypt in Preparation for the Famine

"48 And he gathered up all the food of the seven years which were in the land of Egypt, and laid up…

"And she went, and came and gleaned in the field after the reapers: and her hap was to light on the portion of the field belonging unto Boaz, who was of the family of Elimelech. And, behold, Boaz came from Bethlehem, and said unto the reapers, Jehovah be with you. And they answered him, Jehovah bless thee. Then said Boaz unto his servant that was set over the reapers, Whose damsel is this? And the servant that was set over the reapers answered and said, It is the Moabitish damsel that came back with Naomi out of the country of Moab:" Ruth 2:3-6 ASV
<p>Illustration of Ruth gleaning grain in the fields of Boaz. She is on her knees at the feet of Boaz, who walks with a staff and a dog behind him. His servant tells him about Ruth. Four men and women, also gleaning, watch in the background. A small town and some trees are pictured in the background.

Ruth Meets Boaz While Gleaning in the Fields

"And she went, and came and gleaned in the field after the reapers: and her hap was to light on the…

"Another parable set he before them, saying, The kingdom of heaven is likened unto a man that sowed good seed in his field: but while men slept, his enemy came and sowed tares also among the wheat, and went away." Matthew 13:24-25 ASV
<p>Illustration of a man and his servants sleeping under a tree after having sown a field with good wheat. The man's enemy walks through the field (left) and tosses bad seed, tares, in with the wheat. An axe, a pitcher, and a bag of seed is sitting in the foreground.

The Parable of the Tares - the Enemy Sows Bad Seed Among the Wheat

"Another parable set he before them, saying, The kingdom of heaven is likened unto a man that sowed…

"Scales from the wings of a butterfly, <i>Vanessa antiopa</i>, highly magnified. 1. from border of anterior wing, above; 2. from border of anterior wing, below." -Whitney, 1889.

Scales from the Wings of a Butterfly

"Scales from the wings of a butterfly, Vanessa antiopa, highly magnified. 1. from border of anterior…

"A reaping hook; a curved blade of steel (anciently also of bronze) having the edge on the inner side of the curve, with a short handle or haft, for cutting with the right hand grain or grass which is grasped by the left." &mdash;Whitney, 1889
<p>This sickle has a serrated edge on the inside curve of the blade.

Sickle with Serrated Edge

"A reaping hook; a curved blade of steel (anciently also of bronze) having the edge on the inner side…

"Under Louis XV, and Louis XVI, the sou was struck in copper, and had an intrinsic value of two deniers twelve grains, though retaining the conventional value of twelve deniers, and this coinage continued until the adoption of the existing decimal system in 1793." &mdash;Whitney, 1889
<p>This illustration shows the obverse of the coin, on which is illustrated a proclamation, a bunch of grapes, and a sheaf of wheat.

French Sou from 1793, Obverse

"Under Louis XV, and Louis XVI, the sou was struck in copper, and had an intrinsic value of two deniers…

A border with various illustrations from the Passion of Christ, including carrying the cross, washing the disciples' feet, and being laid in a tomb. A man, presumably Luke, who is often portrayed holding a book, is standing on the left side of the border holding a quill and book. The Blessed Virgin Mary is standing on the right side of the border with her arms folded on her chest. This illustration appears at the beginning of the book of Acts in a Martin Luther translation of the New Testament.

Border Illustrating the Passion of Christ

A border with various illustrations from the Passion of Christ, including carrying the cross, washing…

"And he spake a parable unto them, saying, The ground of a certain rich man brought forth plentifully: and he reasoned within himself, saying, What shall I do, because I have not where to bestow my fruits. And he said, This will I do: I will pull down my barns, and build greater; and there will I bestow all my grain and my goods. And I will say to my soul, Soul, thou hast much goods laid up for many years; take thine ease, eat, drink, be merry." Luke 12:16-19 ASV
<p>Illustration of a wealthy man, dressed in expensive robes, leaning on expensive pillows and linens, and looking over his riches. There is a chair and pitcher nearby and incense is burning in a large vase. His barns and granaries are visible in the background.

A Wealthy Man Relaxing and Surveying His Riches

"And he spake a parable unto them, saying, The ground of a certain rich man brought forth plentifully:…

An upper left corner decoration of holly leaves and berries. Appropriate for use for Christmas, winter holidays, or nature-related themes. May be combined with the three other holly corners to create a wide frame.

Holly Corner Motif, Upper Left

An upper left corner decoration of holly leaves and berries. Appropriate for use for Christmas, winter…

An upper right corner decoration of holly leaves and berries. Appropriate for use for Christmas, winter holidays, or nature-related themes. May be combined with the three other holly corners to create a wide frame.

Holly Corner Motif, Upper Right

An upper right corner decoration of holly leaves and berries. Appropriate for use for Christmas, winter…

An lower left corner decoration of holly leaves and berries. Appropriate for use for Christmas, winter holidays, or nature-related themes. May be combined with the three other holly corners to create a wide frame.

Holly Corner Motif, Lower Left

An lower left corner decoration of holly leaves and berries. Appropriate for use for Christmas, winter…

An lower right corner decoration of holly leaves and berries. Appropriate for use for Christmas, winter holidays, or nature-related cards or letters. May be combined with the three other holly corners to create a wide frame.

Holly Corner Motif, Lower Right

An lower right corner decoration of holly leaves and berries. Appropriate for use for Christmas, winter…

A lower border motif of pine branches and cones. Suitable for decorating letters and cards. Could be used at Christmas or other winter holidays, Arbor Day, or as a general nature theme. May be combined with the other border orientations and corners of this design to create a full frame.

Pine Cone Border, Lower

A lower border motif of pine branches and cones. Suitable for decorating letters and cards. Could be…

An upper border motif of pine branches and cones. Suitable for decorating letters and cards. Could be used at Christmas or other winter holidays, Arbor Day, or as a general nature theme. May be combined with the other border orientations and corners of this design to create a full frame.

Pine Cone Border, Upper

An upper border motif of pine branches and cones. Suitable for decorating letters and cards. Could be…

A left border motif of pine branches and cones. Suitable for decorating letters and cards. Could be used at Christmas or other winter holidays, Arbor Day, or as a general nature theme. May be combined with the other border orientations and corners of this design to create a full frame.

Pine Cone Border, Left

A left border motif of pine branches and cones. Suitable for decorating letters and cards. Could be…

A right border motif of pine branches and cones. Suitable for decorating letters and cards. Could be used at Christmas or other winter holidays, Arbor Day, or as a general nature theme. May be combined with the other border orientations and corners of this design to create a full frame.

Pine Cone Border, Right

A right border motif of pine branches and cones. Suitable for decorating letters and cards. Could be…

A border motif of pine branches and cones proportioned to fit 8.5 x 11 inch paper. Suitable for decorating letters and cards. Could be used at Christmas or other winter holidays, Arbor Day, or as a general nature theme.

Pine Cone Border, Complete

A border motif of pine branches and cones proportioned to fit 8.5 x 11 inch paper. Suitable for decorating…