A submarine contour, underwater low elevation, conventional topographic symbol used for drafting and map drawing.

Submarine Contours Topography Symbol

A submarine contour, underwater low elevation, conventional topographic symbol used for drafting and…

A conventional glacier topography symbol commonly used in drafting and map drawing.

Glaciers Topography Symbol

A conventional glacier topography symbol commonly used in drafting and map drawing.

Topography map symbol for fresh water marsh used in drafting and map drawing.

Fresh Water Marsh Topography Symbol

Topography map symbol for fresh water marsh used in drafting and map drawing.

A conventional topographical water feature for salt water marsh used in drafting and map drawing.

Salt Water Marsh Topography Symbol

A conventional topographical water feature for salt water marsh used in drafting and map drawing.

Conventional topography symbol for submerged marsh used in drafting and map drawing.

Submerged Marsh Topography Symbol

Conventional topography symbol for submerged marsh used in drafting and map drawing.

A tidal flat topography conventional symbol commonly used in drafting and map drawing.

Tidal Flat Topography Symbol

A tidal flat topography conventional symbol commonly used in drafting and map drawing.

A series of conventional topography symbol for vegetation used in map drawing and drafting.

Vegetation Topography Symbol

A series of conventional topography symbol for vegetation used in map drawing and drafting.

A conventional topography vegetation symbol for meadow used in map drawing and drafting.

Meadow Vegetation Topography Symbol

A conventional topography vegetation symbol for meadow used in map drawing and drafting.

Vegetation topography symbol for deciduous trees convention in drafting and map drawing.

Deciduous Trees Vegetation Topography Symbol

Vegetation topography symbol for deciduous trees convention in drafting and map drawing.

A conventional oak tree vegetation symbol used in map drawing and drafting.

Oak Trees Vegetation Topography Symbol

A conventional oak tree vegetation symbol used in map drawing and drafting.

A vegetation Everglade tree for topography symbol used in map drawing and drafting.

Everglade Trees Vegetation Topography Symbol

A vegetation Everglade tree for topography symbol used in map drawing and drafting.

A map drawing or drafting conventional vegetation symbol for willow.

Willows Vegetation Topography Symbol

A map drawing or drafting conventional vegetation symbol for willow.

Cleared land vegetation topography symbol used in map drawing and drafting.

Cleared Land Vegetation Topography Symbol

Cleared land vegetation topography symbol used in map drawing and drafting.

A conventional vegetation topography for orchard commonly used in map drawing and drafting.

Orchard Vegetation Topography Symbol

A conventional vegetation topography for orchard commonly used in map drawing and drafting.

Topography conventional symbol for corn used in map drawing and drafting.

Corn Vegetation Topography Symbol

Topography conventional symbol for corn used in map drawing and drafting.

A conventional map drawing and drafting topography symbol for tobacco.

Tobacco Vegetation Topography Symbol

A conventional map drawing and drafting topography symbol for tobacco.

An illustration of a topographic map using conventional symbols commonly used in drafting and map drawing.

Topographic Map

An illustration of a topographic map using conventional symbols commonly used in drafting and map drawing.

A blue print frame used to make copies of mechanical drawing. The process is done by exposing a sensitized paper in contact with the tracing paper to the light source in the frame. A chemical reaction takes place when washing with water to create a strong blue color, creating the image.

Blue Print Frame

A blue print frame used to make copies of mechanical drawing. The process is done by exposing a sensitized…

An illustration of sharpening a pen to equal shape and length using a a stone soaked in oil. The pen is held about 30 degrees, and drawing line back and forth until sharpened to desired shape and length.

Sharpening Pen using Stone

An illustration of sharpening a pen to equal shape and length using a a stone soaked in oil. The pen…

An illustration of even line shading using ruled lines. Lined shading is commonly used in patents.

Even Line Shading Tint

An illustration of even line shading using ruled lines. Lined shading is commonly used in patents.

An exercise in creating a line shading, where the line is becoming thicker. The pen is slightly changed throughout the drawing.

Line Shading Light to Dark Tint

An exercise in creating a line shading, where the line is becoming thicker. The pen is slightly changed…

An illustration of creating a line shading from dark to light. The lines are gradually become thin. The pen is slightly changed throughout the drawing.

Line Shading Dark to Light Tint

An illustration of creating a line shading from dark to light. The lines are gradually become thin.…

"Illustrating the rule that an inclined illuminated surface is lightest nearest the eye and an inclined surface in shade is darkest nearest the eye." —French, 1911

Line Shading Application

"Illustrating the rule that an inclined illuminated surface is lightest nearest the eye and an inclined…

An example of the cylinder shaded by lines. The area without lines are where the light hit the cylinder. The line become darker when it is away from the light source.

Cylinder Line Shading

An example of the cylinder shaded by lines. The area without lines are where the light hit the cylinder.…

"A row of cylinders of different sizes. The effect of polish is given by leaving several brilliant lines, as might occur if light came in through several windows." —French, 1911

Series of Cylinder Line Shading

"A row of cylinders of different sizes. The effect of polish is given by leaving several brilliant lines,…

"A conical surface may be shaded by driving a fine needle at the apex and swinging a triangle about it, as in (A). To avoid a blot at the apex of a complete cone the needle may be driven on the extension of the side as in (B), or it may be shaded by parallel line as in (C)." —French, 1911

Different Cone Shading

"A conical surface may be shaded by driving a fine needle at the apex and swinging a triangle about…

An application of line shading for curved surfaces used in mechanical drawing. The surfaces are shaded by using the cone shading technique.

Shaded Single Curved Surfaces

An application of line shading for curved surfaces used in mechanical drawing. The surfaces are shaded…

A line shading for spheres by guessing how the surface would look when shaded.

Sphere Shading

A line shading for spheres by guessing how the surface would look when shaded.

An application of shading using double curved surfaces of a screw in the socket.

Screw Shading

An application of shading using double curved surfaces of a screw in the socket.

A thumb screw shading illustrating a double curved surface line shading technique.

Thumb Screw Shading

A thumb screw shading illustrating a double curved surface line shading technique.

Shading wheel using lines by estimating how the light hit the surface.

Wheel Shading

Shading wheel using lines by estimating how the light hit the surface.

An application of shading double curved surface of a lever.

Lever Shading

An application of shading double curved surface of a lever.

Line shading of a pipe using double curved surface technique.

Piper Shading

Line shading of a pipe using double curved surface technique.

A device used to transfer drawing onto opaque paper using bright tin, two showcase lamps, and plate glass. The drawings can be copied in pencil on heavy paper or Bistrol—board.

Transparent Drawing Board

A device used to transfer drawing onto opaque paper using bright tin, two showcase lamps, and plate…

A simple pantograph used to reducing or enlarging images by using a pivot while drawing the larger image.

Pantograph

A simple pantograph used to reducing or enlarging images by using a pivot while drawing the larger image.

An illustration of a suspended pantograph has metal arms to resize images accurately in engineering work.

Suspended Pantograph

An illustration of a suspended pantograph has metal arms to resize images accurately in engineering…

An illustration of enlarging an image by using squares. This proportion method is done by using squares to resize the image.

Enlargement of Image by Squares

An illustration of enlarging an image by using squares. This proportion method is done by using squares…

T—squares can be temporarily adjusted by putting the thumb tack in the head as illustrated. This is used when the previous work does not align with the T-square.

Temporary Adjustment T-square

T—squares can be temporarily adjusted by putting the thumb tack in the head as illustrated. This…

A safety harness is a form of protective equipment designed to protect a person, animal, or object from injury or damage. The harness is an attachment between a stationary and non-stationary object and is usually fabricated from rope, cable or Webbing and locking hardware

Harness for Safety Purpose

A safety harness is a form of protective equipment designed to protect a person, animal, or object from…

A bicycle, also known as a bike, push bike or cycle, is a pedal-driven, human-powered, single-track vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. A person who rides a bicycle is called a cyclist or a bicyclist.

Multi Purpose Bicycle

A bicycle, also known as a bike, push bike or cycle, is a pedal-driven, human-powered, single-track…

An illustration of an isometric sketch to show a three dimensional object. The sketch is useful in elevation drawing, plans, and laying out curve diagrams.

Isometric Sketch

An illustration of an isometric sketch to show a three dimensional object. The sketch is useful in elevation…

"Where the head is movable, the pivot should be quit large, and the hole in which it plays be bushed with metal; the washers must be large, and the clamp screws of hard metal, with deep threads and unreliable." —Grimshaw, 1902

Taper Head Adjustable T Square Side and Front View

"Where the head is movable, the pivot should be quit large, and the hole in which it plays be bushed…

A front and side view of a t square with rectangular head. The t square is used draw straight lines using the blade in mechanical drawing.

Fixed Rectangular Head T Square

A front and side view of a t square with rectangular head. The t square is used draw straight lines…

"To enable the drawing of long parallel, the head must have been a long contact surface with the edge of the board. It must also be wide enough to hold the blade stiffly." —Grimshaw, 1902

Fixed Triangular Head T Square

"To enable the drawing of long parallel, the head must have been a long contact surface with the edge…

"Where the square has a fast and a loose head, the blade should be mortised into the fixed one and the nut and thumb screw arranged as shown; the movable swivel head being used the least." —Grimshaw, 1902

Adjustable Rectangular Head T Square

"Where the square has a fast and a loose head, the blade should be mortised into the fixed one and the…

An illustration of the rotary dial on phones. Each hole corresponds to the number shown. To dial the number, the person will insert the finger into the phone and turn the dial until the finger hits the metal stop.

Telephone Rotary Dial

An illustration of the rotary dial on phones. Each hole corresponds to the number shown. To dial the…

An illustration of Axonometric Projection, or object related by plane of projection, of a cube. The cube is drawn by having the cube resting on one side, then projecting each horizontal and vertical lines from A.

Axonometric Projection of a Cube

An illustration of Axonometric Projection, or object related by plane of projection, of a cube. The…

"The axes or edges, CG and CD, are foreshortened a like amount, while CB is foreshortened twice that of the other two. The angles of these axes being known and the reduced scale due to the foreshortening being given, the making of the projection is very simple." —Anthony, 1904

Axonometric Projection of a Rectangular Cube

"The axes or edges, CG and CD, are foreshortened a like amount, while CB is foreshortened twice that…

A rectangular cube drawn by using oblique projection. The original cube was projected parallel at a certain angle. The cube was drawn by drawing the front square in the front, then projecting it in an angle while connecting the edges.

Oblique Projection of a Rectangular Cube

A rectangular cube drawn by using oblique projection. The original cube was projected parallel at a…

"DE being chosen as an isometric line or axis, a second axis, YY, is drawn isometrically perpendicular to it. Points C and F lie on this axis, and their position is readily determined, since measurements may be made on this line. As line AB, drawn through C, is an isometric line, points A and B may be located at their proper distances to the right and left of the axis YY." —Anthony, 1904

Pentagon Elevation and Projection Scaling

"DE being chosen as an isometric line or axis, a second axis, YY, is drawn isometrically perpendicular…

The illustration of constructing a circle or ellipse using isometric drawing. The inscribed circle is transferred to the top part of the cube by creating diagonal lines through the center and series of squares.

Isometric Drawing of Circle using Square

The illustration of constructing a circle or ellipse using isometric drawing. The inscribed circle is…

The illustration showing angles of 15, 30, and 45 degrees at angles 45 and 30 degrees. Measurement of angles is created by drawing at point E at 45 or 30 degrees, then draw a straight line from E to estimate the desired angle.

Measuring Angles in Isometric Planes

The illustration showing angles of 15, 30, and 45 degrees at angles 45 and 30 degrees. Measurement of…

The illustration of the side view of the oblique timber inserted into the horizontal timber. The drawing is done by drawing the square base, then draw an angled parallel line from the base.

Side View of Oblique Timber Framed in to Horizontal Timber

The illustration of the side view of the oblique timber inserted into the horizontal timber. The drawing…

A isometric drawing of the oblique and horizontal wood combined together. The image is drawn by creating the squared cube base, then, at the desired angle, draw the 3D view of the wood sticking up.

Isometric View of Oblique Timber Framed in to Horizontal Timber

A isometric drawing of the oblique and horizontal wood combined together. The image is drawn by creating…

The illustration of an irregular curves for solid. The isometric projection of the curve can be drawn by the series of perpendicular lines parallel to the axis.

Drawing Irregular Isometric Curves of Solid

The illustration of an irregular curves for solid. The isometric projection of the curve can be drawn…

A rolled out, or development, of the cylinder. The development is created by drawing the top curve with the dashed line where the folds are.

Development of Cylinder

A rolled out, or development, of the cylinder. The development is created by drawing the top curve with…

A development, or rolled out, cone where the point A is the meeting point for the sides. The development is drawn by drawing the arc by using a compass.

Development of Cone

A development, or rolled out, cone where the point A is the meeting point for the sides. The development…

An illustration of two intersecting cylinders viewed from the side, top, and side of the intersecting cylinder. The intersecting cylinder drawing in mechanical and engineering drawings to show either a tank or pipes.

Three Views of Two Intersecting Cylinder

An illustration of two intersecting cylinders viewed from the side, top, and side of the intersecting…

A planter is an agricultural farm implement towed behind a tractor, used for sowing crops through a field. It is connected to the tractor with a draw-bar, or a three-point hitch.

Combined Planter and Fertilizer

A planter is an agricultural farm implement towed behind a tractor, used for sowing crops through a…

Auxiliary planes of two intersecting cylinder is drawn by drawing the first cylinder. Revolve the first cylinder onto itself to create two intersections.

Drawing Auxiliary Planes of Two Intersecting Cylinder

Auxiliary planes of two intersecting cylinder is drawn by drawing the first cylinder. Revolve the first…