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Oliver Cromwell (born April 25, 1599 Old Style, died September 3, 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. He was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.

Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell (born April 25, 1599 Old Style, died September 3, 1658 Old Style) was an English military…

"The sceptre with the dove is of gold, three feet seven inches long; the circumference of the handle is three inches, and two inches and a quarter at the end of the staff; the pomel is decorated with a fillet of table diamonds and other precious stones; the mound at the top is enriched with a band of rose diamonds; upon the mound is a small cross of Calvary, over which is a dove with its wings expanded, as the emblem of mercy.SCEPTRE. A royal staff; an ensign of sovereignty borne in the hand. It was originally a javelin without a head. Sceptres of the present time are splendidly decorated with jewellery. " -Hall, 1862

Sceptre with the Dove

"The sceptre with the dove is of gold, three feet seven inches long; the circumference of the handle…

"The royal Sceptre with the Cross is of gold; the handle is plain, and the upper part wreathed; it is in length two feet nine inches, the fleur-de-lis of six leaves; the mound, and the cross above it, are richly embellished with amethysts and diamonds.SCEPTRE. A royal staff; an ensign of sovereignty borne in the hand. It was originally a javelin without a head. Sceptres of the present time are splendidly decorated with jewellery." -Hall, 1862

Sceptre with the Cross

"The royal Sceptre with the Cross is of gold; the handle is plain, and the upper part wreathed; it is…

Reynard the Fox faces Lion, the King and his Queen in a court of animals, all testifying against him because of his many acts of deceit.

Reynard the Fox: The Court of King Noble

Reynard the Fox faces Lion, the King and his Queen in a court of animals, all testifying against him…

"Silver gulden of William III., King of the Netherlands, 1867. GULDEN. One of several gold coins in Germany from the fourteenth century ... the name was afterward applied to silver coins of Germany and the Netherlands." -Whitney, 1911

Gulden

"Silver gulden of William III., King of the Netherlands, 1867. GULDEN. One of several gold coins in…

Chanticleer, the rooster and his family of chickens testifying to Lion, the king that Reynard the Fox ate a hen.

Reynard the Fox: Chanticleer's Complaint

Chanticleer, the rooster and his family of chickens testifying to Lion, the king that Reynard the Fox…

This sculpture shows Fair Rosamond who was the mistress of King Henry II of England.

Sculpture

This sculpture shows Fair Rosamond who was the mistress of King Henry II of England.

This statue is of Saer de Quincy. He was one of the leaders of the baronial rebellion against King John of England.

Statue

This statue is of Saer de Quincy. He was one of the leaders of the baronial rebellion against King John…

This king chess piece is wearing a 16th century costume.

King Chess Piece

This king chess piece is wearing a 16th century costume.

This vase is designed in a Gothic style. It was made for the King of the Netherlands, William II. It has figures designed in the niches of its body of six famous princes of the house of Orange and Nassau. The lid is topped with the figure of Adolphus of Nassau, who became Emperor of Germany.

Vase

This vase is designed in a Gothic style. It was made for the King of the Netherlands, William II. It…

King Noble's court taking Reynard the Fox to be punished for the tricks he played on all the animals.

Reynard the Fox: Reynard's Sentence

King Noble's court taking Reynard the Fox to be punished for the tricks he played on all the animals.

Color flag of Israel. White with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the Magen David (Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal blue bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag.

Flag of Israel, 2009

Color flag of Israel. White with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the Magen David…

Black and white outline flag of Israel. White with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the Magen David (Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal blue bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag

Flag of Israel, 2009

Black and white outline flag of Israel. White with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as…

Isegrim the wolf telling Reynard the Fox that there is a great treasure hidden and they are planning to make Bruin the bear the new king.

Reynard the Fox: Isegrim the Wolf

Isegrim the wolf telling Reynard the Fox that there is a great treasure hidden and they are planning…

The father of Reynard the Fox finds buried treasure of the former king, Ermerick.

Reynard the Fox: Finding the Treasure

The father of Reynard the Fox finds buried treasure of the former king, Ermerick.

Reynard the Fox, after telling his story about the treasure to the king, proffers a straw to Lion, surrendering the treasure to him.

Reynard the Fox: Proffering to the King

Reynard the Fox, after telling his story about the treasure to the king, proffers a straw to Lion, surrendering…

King Lion and his queen pardon Reynard the Fox for all of animals' accusations against him. Reynard told them that the animals were guilty of treason and stealing treasure that was rightfully Lion's.

Reynard the Fox: The King's Pardon

King Lion and his queen pardon Reynard the Fox for all of animals' accusations against him. Reynard…

After telling the lie about the animals planning treason and stealing treasure, King Lion and his queen trust and love Reynard the Fox. He has them take the shoes of Isegrim the wolf and his wife Ereswine for his pilgrimage.

Reynard the Fox: Taking Isegrim's Shoes

After telling the lie about the animals planning treason and stealing treasure, King Lion and his queen…

Lion the king, Kyward the hare, and Bellin the ram set Reynard the Fox off on his pilgrimage with the bear's skin as his mail and the wolves' shoes as his own.

Reynard the Fox: Reynard's Pilgrimage

Lion the king, Kyward the hare, and Bellin the ram set Reynard the Fox off on his pilgrimage with the…

Bellin the ram traveling back to the king after Reynard the Fox sent him away.

Reynard the Fox: Bellin the Ram

Bellin the ram traveling back to the king after Reynard the Fox sent him away.

Firapell the Leopard reading the message from King Lion to pardon the wrongfully imprisoned Bruin the bear and Isegrim the wolf. The king pardons them after discovering Reynard's stories of treason were lies.

Reynard the Fox: Firapell the Leopard

Firapell the Leopard reading the message from King Lion to pardon the wrongfully imprisoned Bruin the…

Grimbard the badger running to warn Reynard the Fox that King Lion is after him.

Reynard the Fox: Grimbard Running

Grimbard the badger running to warn Reynard the Fox that King Lion is after him.

Reynard the Fox at King Noble's court again, telling his side of the story to Lion and the other animals.

Reynard the Fox: Reynard's Story

Reynard the Fox at King Noble's court again, telling his side of the story to Lion and the other animals.

King Noble the lion listens to Reynard's story at the court.

Reynard the Fox: King Noble

King Noble the lion listens to Reynard's story at the court.

Reynard is telling the story of King Crampart's horse that could run a hundred miles in an hour. Prince Clamades rode it because he did not believe it could go that fast.

Reynard the Fox: Story of Crampart's Horse

Reynard is telling the story of King Crampart's horse that could run a hundred miles in an hour. Prince…

The king said that Reynard the fox and his family never did anything good. Reynard is reminding him how his father, a scholar, helped Lion's father when he was sick.

Reynard the Fox: Reynard's Father

The king said that Reynard the fox and his family never did anything good. Reynard is reminding him…

Lion, the king makes Reynard the fox a judge since he is wise and able to find mischiefs.

Reynard the Fox: Reynard the Judge

Lion, the king makes Reynard the fox a judge since he is wise and able to find mischiefs.

The king of the Frost Giants tests Thor's strength by challenging him to lift his cat. Thor tries with all his might but can only lift her paw.

Thor in Giant Land

The king of the Frost Giants tests Thor's strength by challenging him to lift his cat. Thor tries with…

Vali, the sunshine god, is found as a baby in a ship that arrives sailing by itself. The people of that city crown him king.

Vali Arrives

Vali, the sunshine god, is found as a baby in a ship that arrives sailing by itself. The people of that…

Sigmund, the son of Volsung, lived in a castle with a giant oak tree growing out of it. A disguised Odin thrusts a powerful sword in the oak and says that whoever can pull it out will be able to keep the mighty sword. No grown men could pull it out, but young Sigmund pulls it out with ease.

Sigmund and the Oak Tree

Sigmund, the son of Volsung, lived in a castle with a giant oak tree growing out of it. A disguised…

In Norse mythology, Nornagesta was fated by the three Norns: Urd, Verdandi, and Skuld. Urd and Verdandi gave him a rich, heroic life. Skuld said he would live no longer than a burning candle. Nornagesta kept the candle safe and hidden and lived to be 300 years old. King Olaf found the candle, burned it, and Nornagesta died.

Olaf and Nornagesta

In Norse mythology, Nornagesta was fated by the three Norns: Urd, Verdandi, and Skuld. Urd and Verdandi…

An illustration of a queen and king surrounded by a group of people and dogs running around their feet.

Queen and King Surrounded by People

An illustration of a queen and king surrounded by a group of people and dogs running around their feet.

An illustration of a king and queen sitting the head of a large table surrounded by people.

King & Queen Sitting at Table

An illustration of a king and queen sitting the head of a large table surrounded by people.

An illustration of a king making a fist.

King Making a Fist

An illustration of a king making a fist.

An illustration of a king and queen holding hands and dancing with a large group of people.

King & Queen Dancing with Group of People

An illustration of a king and queen holding hands and dancing with a large group of people.

An ancient Babylonian stone carving of King Merodach-idin-akhi, the Mesopotamian sun god.

King Merodach-idin-akhi

An ancient Babylonian stone carving of King Merodach-idin-akhi, the Mesopotamian sun god.

Tetradrachm, a Greek coin showing the face of Philip V, king of Macedon.

Tetradrachm of Philip V

Tetradrachm, a Greek coin showing the face of Philip V, king of Macedon.

Tetradrachm, a Greek coin showing the face of Perseus, king of Macedon.

Tetradrachm of Perseus

Tetradrachm, a Greek coin showing the face of Perseus, king of Macedon.

Lictors were guards of magistrates who carried fasces to show power to execute. Two men, one young, one older, stand side by side, each holding fasces. Fasces are axes bound to bundles of wooden rods. These lictors function as bodyguards. The men are wearing togas.

Two Attendants, or Lictors, of a King or Consul

Lictors were guards of magistrates who carried fasces to show power to execute. Two men, one young,…

"Pitangus derbianus. Derby Flycatcher. Under parts light wood-brown, with an olive tinge; wings and tail the same, but the feathers extensively bordered without and within with chestnut, forming a conspicuous continuous area on the wing-quills in the closed wing, and on most of the wing and tail-feathers more extensively than the brown portion of the inner webs. Below from the breast, including lining of wings, clear and continuous lemon-yellow. Whole chin and throat pure white, widening behind up under ear-coverts. Top and sides of head black, a circle of white from forehead over eyes to nape white, the enclosed black enclosing black a lemon and orange patch. Or, middle of crown yellow and orange, enclosed and partly concealed in black, this black enclosed in white, then the long and broad black bar on side of head, separating the white of side of crown from that of side of throat. The coronal feathers lengthened and erectile as in a king-bird, or more so; crown-patch of same character but more extensive. Bill and feet black; iris hazel Sexes alike." Elliot Coues, 1884

Derby Flycatcher

"Pitangus derbianus. Derby Flycatcher. Under parts light wood-brown, with an olive tinge; wings and…

Tyrannus carolinensis. King-bird. Bee-martin. No olive nor decided yellow. Only outer primaries obviously emarginate. Tail nearly even - if anything a little rounded. Blackish-ash, still darker or quite black on head, crown with a flaming spot. Below, pure white, the breast shaded with plumbeous. Wings dusky, with much whitish edging. Tail black, broadly and sharply tipped with white, the outer feather sometimes edged with the same. Bill and feet black." Elliot Coues, 1884

King-bird

Tyrannus carolinensis. King-bird. Bee-martin. No olive nor decided yellow. Only outer primaries obviously…

The Illustrata Iconibus is a 16th century print that was created by German artist Hans Holbein. It shows a king in his quarters writing, and two commoners outside walking.

Iconibus Illustrata

The Illustrata Iconibus is a 16th century print that was created by German artist Hans Holbein. It shows…

Les Invalides in Paris, France, is a complex of buildings in the city's 7th arrondissement containing museums and monuments, all relating to the military history of France, as well as a hospital and a retirement home for war veterans. The buildings house the Musée de l'Armée, the military museum of the Army of France, the Musée des Plans-Reliefs, and the Musée d'Histoire Contemporaine, as well as the burial site for some of France's war heroes, notably Napoleon Bonaparte."The principal architectural activity of this period was displayed by Jules Hardouin Mansard, who was head architect to the king and the head of the influential school, as Lenôtre at the same time was principal horticulturist. Mansard built the palaces of Versailles (1647-1708, Marly, the Grand Trianon, as also the Invalides at Paris [shown here]."

Invalides at Paris

Les Invalides in Paris, France, is a complex of buildings in the city's 7th arrondissement containing…

The Palazzo Pitti, in English sometimes called the Pitti Palace, is a vast mainly Renaissance palace in Florence, Italy. It is situated on the south side of the River Arno, a short distance from the Ponte Vecchio. The core of the present palazzo dates from 1458 and was originally the town residence of Luca Pitti, an ambitious Florentine banker. The palace was bought by the Medici family in 1549 and became the chief residence of the ruling families of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. It grew as a great treasure house as later generations amassed paintings, plates, jewelry and luxurious possessions. In the late 18th century, the palazzo was used as a power base by Napoleon, and later served for a brief period as the principal royal palace of the newly united Italy. The palace and its contents were donated to the Italian people by King Victor Emmanuel III in 1919, and its doors were opened to the public as one of Florence's largest art galleries. Today, it houses several minor collections in addition to those of the Medici family, and is fully open to the public. "Columns, pilasters, and mouldings are intermingled and intertwined in a fantastic and meaningless manner, the cornices are often interrupted; the essentially component parts of the architecture are frequently mutilated; for instance, columns and wall-pilasters are executed in rustic work, i. e., formed of extensively projecting hewn stones, yet are furnished with a capital and base as is shown [in this image], which is an illustration taken from the Late Italian Renaissance. For the sake of peculiarity, the various component elements assumed a form diametrically opposed to their original designation; mere decorative and secondary details were raised to the rank of essentials, whilst the real principal forms sank to an entirely subordinate position."

Part of the Back of the Pitti Palace at Florence

The Palazzo Pitti, in English sometimes called the Pitti Palace, is a vast mainly Renaissance palace…

"Framed houses are especially numerous in the Harz Mountains in Germany. In the oldest specimens the ornamentation has affinity with the Gothic style, whilst the larger number show traces of the later Renaissance. The most characteristic feature of these buildings is that the storeys are not places perpendicularly one above another, but that each overhangs the one immediately beneath it. This overhanging construction gives scope for much external enrichment, and especially for that which forms the perpendicular ornament of these buildings, namely, the carved or fluted brackets which support the walls of the story above, and the spaces between these brackets [shown here]. The wall space below these is not always fluted or carved, but sometimes covered with a more or less ornamental outer coating of upright or sloping timbers."

Detail of a Bay-work House at Halberstadt

"Framed houses are especially numerous in the Harz Mountains in Germany. In the oldest specimens the…

The Pontefract Castle is located in the town of Pontefract in West Yorkshire, England. It was where Richard II, eighth King of England lived and died. The castle was built by Ilbert de Lacy in about 1070.

Pontefract Castle

The Pontefract Castle is located in the town of Pontefract in West Yorkshire, England. It was where…

The Norwich Castle was built in 1067 by the order of William the Conquerer, who was King of England at the time. The castle was built to be used as fortification in the city of Norwich, England.

Norwich Castle

The Norwich Castle was built in 1067 by the order of William the Conquerer, who was King of England…

Melrose Abbey is a Gothic style Christian monastery located in Melrose, Scotland. The Abbey was founded in 1136 by Cistercian Monks, on the request of King David I of Scotland.

Melrose Abbey

Melrose Abbey is a Gothic style Christian monastery located in Melrose, Scotland. The Abbey was founded…

This is the Plan of Principal Floor of the Houses of Parliament in Westminster, England. Other wise known as Westminster Palace, It is an example of Modern English Architecture. The architect was Sir Charles Barry. Construction lasted from 1836 to 1868. The Houses of Parliament is located on the River Thames. The scale is given in feet. "Barry's great building, the Houses of Parliament, with which his name will always be more especially associated, comes accidentally, though not by natural development nor by his own choice, under the head of the Gothic revival. The style of Tudor Gothic was dictated to the competitors, apparently from a mistaken idea that the building ought to "harmonize" with the architecture of Henry VII.'s chapel adjacent to the site. Had Barry been left to himself, there is no doubt that the Houses of Parliament, with the same main characteristics of plan and grouping, would have been a classic type of detail, and would possibly have been still a finer building than it is; and since the choice of the Gothic style in this case was not a direct consequence of the Gothic revival movement, it may be considered separately from that. The architectural greatness of the building consists, in the first place, in the grand yet simple scheme of Barry's plan, with the octagon hall in the centre, as the meeting-point for the public, the two chambers to north and south, and the access to the committee-rooms and other departments subordinate to the chambers. The plan in itself is a stroke of genius, and had been more or less imitated in buildings for similar purposes all over the world; the most important example, the Parliament House of Budapest, being almost a literal copy of Barry's plan. Thus, as in all great architecture, the plan is the basis of the whole scheme, and upon it is built up a most picturesque and expressive grouping, arising directly out of the plan. The two towers are most happily contrasted as expressive of their differing purposes; the Victoria Tower is the symbol of the State entrance, a piece of architectural display solely for the sake of a grand effect; the Clock Tower is a utilitarian structure, a lofty stalk to carry a great clock high in the air; the two are differentiated accordingly, and the placing of them at opposite ends of the structure has the fortunate effect of indicating, from a distance, the extent of the plan. The graceful spire in the centre offers an effective contrast to the masses of the two towers, while forming the outward architectural expression of the octagonal hall, which is, as it were, the keystone of the plan."

Houses of Parliament, Westminster; Plan of Principal Floor

This is the Plan of Principal Floor of the Houses of Parliament in Westminster, England. Other wise…

"In contrast to the Berlin school is that of Munich, which was founded by Gärtner. Its influence, which was supported by the renown of many edifices constructed by this architect, such as the Liberty, the University Buildings, and the Ludwigskirche, extended over many other parts of Germany. Without being in any way influenced by the works of Klenze, which are erected in the classical style, such as the Glyptothek, the Pantheon, the Valhalla, and many others, Gärtner's pupils as well as his pupil's pupils, continued in the course of Romantic treatment pointed out to them, and with few exceptions remained steadfast to the Romanesque style."The Glyptothek is a museum in Munich, Germany, which was commissioned by the Bavarian King Ludwig I to house his collection of Greek and Roman sculptures (hence Glypto-, from the Greek root glyphein, to carve). It was designed by Leo von Klenze in the Neoclassical style, and built from 1816 to 1830. Today the museum is a part of the Kunstareal.

Glyptothek at Munich

"In contrast to the Berlin school is that of Munich, which was founded by Gärtner. Its influence, which…

A bed frame or bedstead is the part of a bed used to position a mattress or foundation set off the floor. Bed frames are typically made of wood or metal. A bed frame is made up of head, foot, and side rails. Most double sized beds, along with all queen and king size beds require some type of center support rail, typically also with extra feet extending down to the floor.

Headboard Included Bedstead

A bed frame or bedstead is the part of a bed used to position a mattress or foundation set off the floor.…

An illumination from the coronation of a king with his nobles and bishop wearing embellished clothing typical during the Medieval Ages.

England Nobles Fourteenth Century Fashion

An illumination from the coronation of a king with his nobles and bishop wearing embellished clothing…

Lady Eleanor's, sister of King Edward II, elaborately decorated and upholstered carriage drawn by six horses. The carriage was built to without springs, making an uncomfortable trip.

Fourteenth Century State Carriage

Lady Eleanor's, sister of King Edward II, elaborately decorated and upholstered carriage drawn by six…

Edward the Black Prince wearing full armor during the fourteenth century. He was the eldest son of King Edward III, and campaigned in Norway and Spain.

Edward the Black Prince

Edward the Black Prince wearing full armor during the fourteenth century. He was the eldest son of King…

"The figure on the left is from a French manuscript picture, representing Merlin. The lady on the window—seat is from the Loutrell Psalter. The other lady is from one of the bronze statues on the Tomb of King Edward III, and the figure between them is given authority of Fairholt." —Barfield, 1914

Nobles Talking Nursted Court

"The figure on the left is from a French manuscript picture, representing Merlin. The lady on the window—seat…

An illustration of fourteenth century tournament of knights wearing armor from Romance of King Maliadus manuscript. A tournament is when there are three or more knights fighting on the course, whereas a joust is only two are fighting.

Knight Tournament from Romance of King Meliadus

An illustration of fourteenth century tournament of knights wearing armor from Romance of King Maliadus…

"Sir David Gill devised a measuring machine which combines the rapidity of the glass—scale micrometer with the accuracy of the spider—line micrometer and simplifies the reductions of the observations at the same time." —Encyclopaedia Brittannica, 1910

Gill's Measuring Machine for Micrometer

"Sir David Gill devised a measuring machine which combines the rapidity of the glass—scale micrometer…

An illustration of King Charles wearing a rather large neck tie.

King Charles

An illustration of King Charles wearing a rather large neck tie.

An illustration of Prince Charles Albert of Carignano, born in Turin on 1798. Prince Albert succeeded Charles Felix in Sardinia in 1831.

Prince Charles Albert of Carignano

An illustration of Prince Charles Albert of Carignano, born in Turin on 1798. Prince Albert succeeded…

An illustration of the Place de la Concorde in Paris, France. It is the largest square in the French capital. It was named Place Louis XV after the king of the time.

Place de la Concorde

An illustration of the Place de la Concorde in Paris, France. It is the largest square in the French…