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Jute, also known as Calcutta Hemp, is a fiber obtained from several species of the genus Corchorus of the order Tiliaceæ, and employed in the manufacture of the coarser textiles. The great bulk of the world's supply is derived from two species, C. capsularis and C. olitorius (Jew's Mallow), both of which are indigenous to Bengal, India, where from remote times they have been cultivate for economic purposes. The two species are similar in appearance, but may be distinguished by the form of the seed pods, which are nearly spherical in C. capsularis, and long and narrow in C. olitorius. Both plants are herbaceous annuals with straight, slender stalks from 5 to 15 feet in height, branched at the top, and bearing small yellow flowers. The fiber, which is derived from the inner bark, is of a creamy yellow or light buff color and of a silky luster. It spins well, but is not as strong as flax or hemp, and deteriorates rapidly. The young shoots are used as pot herbs. Jute is grown chiefly in Bengal, though it is raised to a limited extent in China, Formosa, and Southern Japan. It can be grown successfully in the South Atlantic and Gulf States of the United States, but lack of mechanical methods for preparing the fiber has prevented its cultivation on an industrial scale. Attempts to naturalize it elsewhere have generally failed. For its most successful cultivation, jute requires a soft, deep soil and a hot, moist atmosphere, alluvial lands being especially adapted to its production. This illustration shows Corchorus capsularis.

Jute

Jute, also known as Calcutta Hemp, is a fiber obtained from several species of the genus Corchorus of…

A side border of flowers. In the upper right corner, there is an image of a castle.

Flower Border

A side border of flowers. In the upper right corner, there is an image of a castle.

An image of a farm house with cows in the front of the property with a broken cart.

Farm House

An image of a farm house with cows in the front of the property with a broken cart.

A woman holding a broom stands on the steps to a house. A man stands with a dog as he adjusts his jacket cuff. They are surrounded by chickens.

A Man with a Dog Speaks with a Woman with a Broom

A woman holding a broom stands on the steps to a house. A man stands with a dog as he adjusts his jacket…

Corey and Gloyd Wrestling by J. W. Ehninger. Two men fighting in front of spectators. Some onlookers are sitting, some are standing, and one is holding a scythe. The location is presumably a field.

Men Fighting

Corey and Gloyd Wrestling by J. W. Ehninger. Two men fighting in front of spectators. Some onlookers…

A wood finished border.

Intricate Border

A wood finished border.

A weeder.

Weeder

A weeder.

Farm workers husking and shredding corn.

Corn Husker

Farm workers husking and shredding corn.

A Hinds chain cultivator that is used for tillage and drawing fallen squares to water furrow.

Hinds Chain Cultivator

A Hinds chain cultivator that is used for tillage and drawing fallen squares to water furrow.

An elaborate architectural border of New Testament figures, including saints, angels, and demons.

New Testament Border Motif

An elaborate architectural border of New Testament figures, including saints, angels, and demons.

Illustration of a Roman farmer driving his plow, called an <i>aratrum</i>. The man wears a typical brimmed hat and a tunic with no toga or outer gown. He is driving two oxen that are pulling the plow.

A Roman Farmer with a Plow

Illustration of a Roman farmer driving his plow, called an aratrum. The man wears a typical brimmed…

A small portion of the great, Roman-built Hadrian's Wall in Britain, begun in AD 122. Two men, one sitting and one standing, linger next to a low portion of the wall. Hills and mountains rise in the background.

A Section of Hadrian's Wall in Britain

A small portion of the great, Roman-built Hadrian's Wall in Britain, begun in AD 122. Two men, one sitting…

Two medieval peasants, a man and woman, break clods of earth apart with mallets. The man is swinging his mallet, while the woman appears to be resting on hers. The man is wearing a short tunic and a hood. The woman wears a long dress and a head-covering.

Peasants Using Mallets to Break Clods of Earth Before Farming the Land

Two medieval peasants, a man and woman, break clods of earth apart with mallets. The man is swinging…

Two young men prepare the field using a simple harrow pulled by a horse. One man follows behind the harrow. He is wearing a short tunic and his hood is pushed back. The other man goes in front of the horse, guiding it, and using a whip to drive it forward. Two birds fly overhead.

Harrowing a Field for Farming in the Middle Ages

Two young men prepare the field using a simple harrow pulled by a horse. One man follows behind the…

Men and women reap the grain from a field in the 14th century. Two women are bent over using sickles to cut the grain. One man stands behind them, gathering the reaped grain. He has a sickle tucked in his belt. A second man oversees the scene with his hands on his hips. A bundle of grain sits in the background. The original image is pictured in an old psalter.

Reaping Grain the 14th Century

Men and women reap the grain from a field in the 14th century. Two women are bent over using sickles…

Two men thresh a sheaf of wheat using flails. The flails appear to be made from two sticks joined together at a bendable joint. The men are beating the grain. One man's flail is in the air, while the other man's flail hits the bundle of wheat. Both are wearing short, belted tunics and knee length pants. The original drawing is from a 14th century psalter called "The Luttrell Psalter".

Threshing Wheat with Flails in the 14th Century

Two men thresh a sheaf of wheat using flails. The flails appear to be made from two sticks joined together…

"And she went, and came and gleaned in the field after the reapers: and her hap was to light on the portion of the field belonging unto Boaz, who was of the family of Elimelech. And, behold, Boaz came from Bethlehem, and said unto the reapers, Jehovah be with you. And they answered him, Jehovah bless thee. Then said Boaz unto his servant that was set over the reapers, Whose damsel is this? And the servant that was set over the reapers answered and said, It is the Moabitish damsel that came back with Naomi out of the country of Moab:" Ruth 2:3-6 ASV <p>Illustration of Ruth gleaning grain in the fields of Boaz. She is on her knees at the feet of Boaz, who walks with a staff and a dog behind him. His servant tells him about Ruth. Four men and women, also gleaning, watch in the background. A small town and some trees are pictured in the background.

Ruth Meets Boaz While Gleaning in the Fields

"And she went, and came and gleaned in the field after the reapers: and her hap was to light on the…

"Scales from the wings of a butterfly, <i>Vanessa antiopa</i>, highly magnified. 1. from border of anterior wing, above; 2. from border of anterior wing, below." -Whitney, 1889.

Scales from the Wings of a Butterfly

"Scales from the wings of a butterfly, Vanessa antiopa, highly magnified. 1. from border of anterior…

"An apparatus drawn by oxen or horses, and used for scraping the earth in making or repairing roads, digging cellars, canals, etc. and generally for raising and removing loosened soil, etc. In use the scraper is held with the handles slightly elevated till it scoops up its charge of earth, which is held by the sides and back." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Scraper, Meant to be Drawn by Oxen or Horses

"An apparatus drawn by oxen or horses, and used for scraping the earth in making or repairing roads,…

A border with various illustrations from the Passion of Christ, including carrying the cross, washing the disciples' feet, and being laid in a tomb. A man, presumably Luke, who is often portrayed holding a book, is standing on the left side of the border holding a quill and book. The Blessed Virgin Mary is standing on the right side of the border with her arms folded on her chest. This illustration appears at the beginning of the book of Acts in a Martin Luther translation of the New Testament.

Border Illustrating the Passion of Christ

A border with various illustrations from the Passion of Christ, including carrying the cross, washing…

An upper left corner decoration of holly leaves and berries. Appropriate for use for Christmas, winter holidays, or nature-related themes. May be combined with the three other holly corners to create a wide frame.

Holly Corner Motif, Upper Left

An upper left corner decoration of holly leaves and berries. Appropriate for use for Christmas, winter…

An upper right corner decoration of holly leaves and berries. Appropriate for use for Christmas, winter holidays, or nature-related themes. May be combined with the three other holly corners to create a wide frame.

Holly Corner Motif, Upper Right

An upper right corner decoration of holly leaves and berries. Appropriate for use for Christmas, winter…

An lower left corner decoration of holly leaves and berries. Appropriate for use for Christmas, winter holidays, or nature-related themes. May be combined with the three other holly corners to create a wide frame.

Holly Corner Motif, Lower Left

An lower left corner decoration of holly leaves and berries. Appropriate for use for Christmas, winter…

An lower right corner decoration of holly leaves and berries. Appropriate for use for Christmas, winter holidays, or nature-related cards or letters. May be combined with the three other holly corners to create a wide frame.

Holly Corner Motif, Lower Right

An lower right corner decoration of holly leaves and berries. Appropriate for use for Christmas, winter…

A lower border motif of pine branches and cones. Suitable for decorating letters and cards. Could be used at Christmas or other winter holidays, Arbor Day, or as a general nature theme. May be combined with the other border orientations and corners of this design to create a full frame.

Pine Cone Border, Lower

A lower border motif of pine branches and cones. Suitable for decorating letters and cards. Could be…

An upper border motif of pine branches and cones. Suitable for decorating letters and cards. Could be used at Christmas or other winter holidays, Arbor Day, or as a general nature theme. May be combined with the other border orientations and corners of this design to create a full frame.

Pine Cone Border, Upper

An upper border motif of pine branches and cones. Suitable for decorating letters and cards. Could be…

A left border motif of pine branches and cones. Suitable for decorating letters and cards. Could be used at Christmas or other winter holidays, Arbor Day, or as a general nature theme. May be combined with the other border orientations and corners of this design to create a full frame.

Pine Cone Border, Left

A left border motif of pine branches and cones. Suitable for decorating letters and cards. Could be…

A right border motif of pine branches and cones. Suitable for decorating letters and cards. Could be used at Christmas or other winter holidays, Arbor Day, or as a general nature theme. May be combined with the other border orientations and corners of this design to create a full frame.

Pine Cone Border, Right

A right border motif of pine branches and cones. Suitable for decorating letters and cards. Could be…

A border motif of pine branches and cones proportioned to fit 8.5 x 11 inch paper. Suitable for decorating letters and cards. Could be used at Christmas or other winter holidays, Arbor Day, or as a general nature theme.

Pine Cone Border, Complete

A border motif of pine branches and cones proportioned to fit 8.5 x 11 inch paper. Suitable for decorating…