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"A long-winged water-bird with webbed feet, inhabiting all parts of the world. The group to which gulls belong embraces also the terns, and these two kinds of birds are closely related." — Beach, 1909

Killiwake Gull

"A long-winged water-bird with webbed feet, inhabiting all parts of the world. The group to which gulls…

"A long-winged water-bird with webbed feet, inhabiting all parts of the world. The group to which gulls belong embraces also the terns, and these two kinds of birds are closely related." — Beach, 1909

Small Black-Backed Gull

"A long-winged water-bird with webbed feet, inhabiting all parts of the world. The group to which gulls…

"A long-winged water-bird with webbed feet, inhabiting all parts of the world. The group to which gulls belong embraces also the terns, and these two kinds of birds are closely related." — Beach, 1909

Herring Gull

"A long-winged water-bird with webbed feet, inhabiting all parts of the world. The group to which gulls…

"In popular language, the name of all those large serpents which kill their prey by entwining themselves around it, and constricting it in their coils; but by zoologists of the present day, limited as the name of a genus to a very small portion of their number, all of which are natives of the warm parts of America." — Chambers, 1881

Boa

"In popular language, the name of all those large serpents which kill their prey by entwining themselves…

"A species of Hawk-moth or lepidopterous insect of the family Sphingidae, not uncommon in some parts of England and of the continent of Europe, and very widely distributed over the world, being found in Africa, the Mauritius, and the East Indies. It measures almost five inches from tip to tip of the extended wings; is of a dark color, the body yellow with black markings, the thorax with pale markings which have some resemblance to a skull, and from which it derives its name." — Chambers, 1881

Death's Head Moth

"A species of Hawk-moth or lepidopterous insect of the family Sphingidae, not uncommon in some parts…

"An annual plant of the same genus with tares, a native of countries near the Mediterranean, and which has been cultivated from the earliest times, yielding an esteemed kind of pulse." — Chambers, 1881

Lentil

"An annual plant of the same genus with tares, a native of countries near the Mediterranean, and which…

"A genus of clover-like plants of the natural order Leguminosae, with ternate leaves, differing from the clovers in the generally elongated racemes o flowers, the stamens not adhering to the corolla, and the 1-3 seeded tumid pods. All species have a strong peculiar sweetish smell, which becomes more agreeable when they are dried, and is owing to the presence of Coumarin." — Chambers, 1881

Melilot

"A genus of clover-like plants of the natural order Leguminosae, with ternate leaves, differing from…

"A plant of the same genus with the Cucumber, much cultivated for its fruit, which is sweet, with a delicious though peculiar flavor and smell." — Chambers, 1881

Melons

"A plant of the same genus with the Cucumber, much cultivated for its fruit, which is sweet, with a…

"Evening Primrose: a, flower divested of calyx and corolla, to show the parts or fructification; b, tuberous root." — Chambers, 1881

Evening Primrose

"Evening Primrose: a, flower divested of calyx and corolla, to show the parts or fructification; b,…

"A genus of plants almost exclusively native to the warm parts of America, and belonging to the natural order Passifloaceae; an order of exogenous plants, of which more than 200 species are known, mostly climbers, having tendrils which spring from the axils of the leaves, herbaceous or half shrubby, natives of tropical and subtropical countries, but rare in Asia and Africa." — Chambers, 1881

Passionflower

"A genus of plants almost exclusively native to the warm parts of America, and belonging to the natural…

"A primitive mill for grinding corn, the stone of which was turned by the hand before the invention of windmills or water-mills. It is a contrivance of great antiquity, and so well adapted for the wants of a primitive people, that we find it perpetuated to the present day in remote districts of Ireland, and some parts of the Western Islands of Scotland." — Chambers, 1881

Quern

"A primitive mill for grinding corn, the stone of which was turned by the hand before the invention…

"The Chinapatam Sugar-mill consists of a mortar made by cutting down some hard-wood tree to within 2 or 3 feet of the ground, and hollowing the top of the portion left standing in the ground into the form of a mortar, A. A small hole is then bored obliquely through from the bottom of the cavity to the outside, and a pipe, f, conveys the juice into a jar, g. B is a cylindrical piece of wood, sharpened at each end, to act as a pestle, which is kept in its place with sufficient pressure by the lever C and the ropes at E. Two men are required: one at I has a basket supplied with small lengths of freshly-cut cane, which he places, two or three at a time, in the mortar, and when necessary, removes the crushed ones; the other man sits on the other end of the train, balancing it, and at the same time drives oxen which are attached to the end of the beam D, and keep the movable parts of the mill constantly turning round." — Chambers, 1881

Chinapatam Sugar-mill

"The Chinapatam Sugar-mill consists of a mortar made by cutting down some hard-wood tree to within 2…

"They are accordingly found on the mountainour parts of Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cumberland, and Westmoreland; over the whole of the Lammermuir range, the upper part of Lanarkshire, and generally over the Highlands of Scotland. Both male and female of this breed have horns, which in the former are very large and spirally twisted. The face and legs are black or specked with black, with an occasional tendency to this color on the fleece; but there is nothing of the brown or russet color which distinguishes the down breeds." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Black-Faced Heath Sheep

"They are accordingly found on the mountainour parts of Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cumberland, and Westmoreland;…

"The Danglish apparatus consists of the following parts: 1st, a generator A, in which carbonic acid is evolved from chalk by sulphuric or hydrochloric acid; 2nd, a gas-holder, in which the carbonic acid is stored for use after being purified in passing through water; 3rd, an air pump, for pumping carbonic acid from the gas-holder, and forcing it into the water vessel and mixer; 4th, another air-pump, for withdrawing atmospheric air from the mixer before the aerated water is admitted; 5th, a water vessel B, a strong cylinder of copper capable of withstanding a pressure of 100 lbs on the square inch, and of sufficient size to contain water for a full charge of the mixer; attached to this water vessel there are a gauge-glass C, and a pressure gauge D, for indicating the pressure of gas as it is pumped in; 6th, the mixer E, a globular vessel of cast-iron, capable of bearing high pressure, through the center of which an axle runs, fitted with iron kneating arms extending to the circumference of the vessel." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Danglish Apparatus

"The Danglish apparatus consists of the following parts: 1st, a generator A, in which carbonic acid…

The pitcher plant traps and digests insects in cavities known as a pitfall trap.

Pitcher Plant

The pitcher plant traps and digests insects in cavities known as a pitfall trap.

A plant with broad spreading leaves.

Plantain

A plant with broad spreading leaves.

"An annular vessel taken from the Melon plant." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Melon Plant

"An annular vessel taken from the Melon plant." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

A plant widespread throughout temperate, subtropical and tropical regions.

Common Mallow

A plant widespread throughout temperate, subtropical and tropical regions.

"Diagram of the flower of Saxifrage (Saxifraga tridactylites). The calyx and corolla consist of five parts, the stamens are ten in two rows, while the pistil has only two parts developed. The flower is, neertheless, called symmetrical, although the outer whorls are pentamerous, and the central one dimerous." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Saxifrage

"Diagram of the flower of Saxifrage (Saxifraga tridactylites). The calyx and corolla consist of five…

"Diagram of flower of Sweet-pea (Lathyrus), showing five parts of the calyx, of which two are superior, one inferior, and two lateral; five parts of the corolla, of which one is superior, two inferior, and two lateral; ten stamens in two rows; one carpel, in consequence of four being undeveloped." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Sweet-pea

"Diagram of flower of Sweet-pea (Lathyrus), showing five parts of the calyx, of which two are superior,…

A plant found throught the tropical regions of the world. It consists of thin leafless stems.

Warty Dodder

A plant found throught the tropical regions of the world. It consists of thin leafless stems.

A common plant of the north temperate Europe. It has purple spotted leaves and can force people to have allergic reactions to it.

Cuckoo Pint

A common plant of the north temperate Europe. It has purple spotted leaves and can force people to have…

A plant pod containing numerous seeds.

Pod

A plant pod containing numerous seeds.

A plant pod containing numerous seeds.

Pod

A plant pod containing numerous seeds.

A plant pod containing numerous seeds.

Pod

A plant pod containing numerous seeds.

A plant pod containing numerous seeds.

Pod

A plant pod containing numerous seeds.

An outline of a butterfly labeling the different parts of the wings.

Butterfly Outline

An outline of a butterfly labeling the different parts of the wings.

An aquatic herb found in numerous parts in both hemispheres. Usually found floating or wholly imersed in ponds and ditches.

Pondweed

An aquatic herb found in numerous parts in both hemispheres. Usually found floating or wholly imersed…

A plant with seeds commonly used to season foods.

Poppy

A plant with seeds commonly used to season foods.

A type of fish with swollen or inflated parts.

Horn Pout

A type of fish with swollen or inflated parts.

A type of fish with swollen or inflated parts.

Horn Pout

A type of fish with swollen or inflated parts.

A small insectivorous migratory bird of the eastern parts of the United States.

Prairie Warbler

A small insectivorous migratory bird of the eastern parts of the United States.

A utensil upon which things are laid to be handed to the recipient.

Presentoir

A utensil upon which things are laid to be handed to the recipient.

A plant characterized by the cylindrical spikes, and by the pod, which is nearly cylindrical, straight or curved or twisted. Commonly filled with a pulp or fleshy substance between the seeds.

Mesquit

A plant characterized by the cylindrical spikes, and by the pod, which is nearly cylindrical, straight…

"Three principal parts, the card, the needle on its lower suface, and the case. The whole is enclosed in the compass-box, or binnacle. the term compass is said to have been applied to the instrument because the card involves or compasses the whole plane of the horizon, or because the needle indicates the whole circle of possible variations of direction. The surface of the card is divided by radiating lines into 32 parts, each containing 11 degrees." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Compass Card

"Three principal parts, the card, the needle on its lower suface, and the case. The whole is enclosed…

"ABCD is a cylinder of glass 1 foot in diameter and 1 foot high. This cylinder is closed by a glass lid pierced centrically by two openings, each about 20 lines wide. Into the middle opening is cemented a glass tube 2 feet high, to the upper end of which is fitted a torsion head; the separate parts of the head are shown larger at the side of the figure. H is a collar cemented to the glass tube; MO a metal disc, divided on the edge into 360 degrees; this disc is fastened to a tube N, which slips into the collar H. K is a button whose neck turns easily in a hole in MO; to the lower part of the button is fastened a small clamp, which seizes the wire of the balance. I is an arm with a small projecting piece which slips over the edge of the disc MO." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Torsion Balance

"ABCD is a cylinder of glass 1 foot in diameter and 1 foot high. This cylinder is closed by a glass…

"Thomson's absolute electrometer is an adaptation of the attracted disc principle for absolute determinations. We give merely an indication of its different parts, referring to Thomson a paper for details." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Absolute Electrometer

"Thomson's absolute electrometer is an adaptation of the attracted disc principle for absolute determinations.…

"In China and the warmer parts of Japan a fish extremely similar to the Crucian carp of Europe is of very common occurrence in ponds and other still waters. In the wild state its colors do not differ from those of a Crucian carp, and like that fish it is tenacious of life and easily domesticated. Albinos seem to be rather common and as in other fishes, the color of most of these albinos is a bright orange or golden yellow; occasionally even this shade of color is lost, the fish being more or less pure white or silvery." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Goldfish

"In China and the warmer parts of Japan a fish extremely similar to the Crucian carp of Europe is of…

"The plate A is 46 inches in diameter, and is composed of gun metal. These were put on by original graduation, mainly on the plan of Edward Troughton. One very great improvement in this engine is that the axis B is tubular, as seen at C. The object of this hollow is to receive the axis of the circle to be divided, so that it can be fixed flat to the plate by the clamps E, without having first to be detached from the axis and other parts to which it has already been carefully fitted. This obviates the necessity for resetting, which can hardly be done without some error. D is the tangent screw, and F the flame carrying it, which turns on carefully polished steel pivots. The screw is pressed against the edge of the plate by a spiral spring acting under the lever G, and by screwing the lever down the screw can be altogether removed from contact with the plate." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Dividing Engine

"The plate A is 46 inches in diameter, and is composed of gun metal. These were put on by original graduation,…

"Nordenfelt Machine Gun. 1-10, parts of frame; 11, breech plug; 12, striker; 13, extractor; 14, cartridge receiver; 15-18, 23-31, lock and trigger parts; 19-22, locking action; 32-35, loading action; 36-39, cartridge receiver; 40, cover; 41-44, parts of hand-lever; 45-49, traversing action; 50-55, elevating and trailing action; 56, 56, hopper and slide." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Machine Gun

"Nordenfelt Machine Gun. 1-10, parts of frame; 11, breech plug; 12, striker; 13, extractor; 14, cartridge…

In the males, they have a full globular crest, and the hole under parts flaming red, the back, wings, and tail a dusky brown.

Vermilion Flycatcher

In the males, they have a full globular crest, and the hole under parts flaming red, the back, wings,…

A ceiling vault divided into four parts.

Quadripartite Vault

A ceiling vault divided into four parts.

A tropical plant on South America.

Quassia Amara

A tropical plant on South America.

"<em>Bambusa arundinacea</em>, in Indian bamboo. 1. Leafy shoot. 2, Branch of inflorescence. 3, Spikelet. 4, Flower." &mdash; Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

Indian Bamboo

"Bambusa arundinacea, in Indian bamboo. 1. Leafy shoot. 2, Branch of inflorescence. 3, Spikelet.…

"Bamboo (<em>Bambusa vulgaris</em>), very much reduced. Grows to 20 to 50 ft. high." &mdash; Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

Bamboo

"Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris), very much reduced. Grows to 20 to 50 ft. high." — Encyclopediia…

A parasitic flower plant. The worlds largest single flower.

Rafflesia

A parasitic flower plant. The worlds largest single flower.

A plant with hard pods with seeds inside.

Rattlebox

A plant with hard pods with seeds inside.

"Male (A) and Female (B) Inflorescence of the Hop." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Hop

"Male (A) and Female (B) Inflorescence of the Hop." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Fruit of Hop." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Hop

"Fruit of Hop." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"The glass roof is commonly designed so as to form a uniform plane or slope from back to front in lean-to houses, and form center to sides in span-roofed houses. In some cases, however, the roof sashes are fitted up on the ridge-and-furrow principle invented by Sir Joseph Paxton." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Plant House

"The glass roof is commonly designed so as to form a uniform plane or slope from back to front in lean-to…

"The fire is made under the principal arch a; the flame and smoke return through the flue b, and then turn back over the top of the boiler to the outlet c, which can be placed at whatever point is in each case most convenient. The other parts referred to are d, flow pipe; e, return pipes, f, soot-door for cleaning flues, g, furnace door." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Saddle Boiler

"The fire is made under the principal arch a; the flame and smoke return through the flue b, and then…

"The Duplex is made in two equal parts, each being capable of being worked alone. Each section consists of a semicircle of upright tubes forming the boiler proper, fitted with the diaphragm a, horizontal pipes forming the furnace f, a flow pipe b and a return pipe c, and an outlet d for removing sedimentary deposits from the interior." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Duplex Tubular Boiler

"The Duplex is made in two equal parts, each being capable of being worked alone. Each section consists…

"The pickfork or Canterbury hoe is a very useful tool for breaking up the surface soil, the three-pronged end being used for the looser parts, and the mattock end for breaking clods, or when the surface has become much consolidated." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pickfork

"The pickfork or Canterbury hoe is a very useful tool for breaking up the surface soil, the three-pronged…

"Root suckers are young shoots from the roots of plants, chiefly woody plants, as may often be seenin the case of the elm and the plum. The shoots when used for propagation must be transplanted with all the roots attached to them, care being taken not to injure the parent plant. If they spring from a thick root it is not to be wantonly severed, but the soil should be removed and the sucker taken off by cutting away a clean slice of the root." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Suckering Iron

"Root suckers are young shoots from the roots of plants, chiefly woody plants, as may often be seenin…

"A plant may be operated on wherever the stem has become firm and woody; the top will not fail to make a fine young specimen plant, which migt be removed in the course of abot twelve months, while other shoots would no doubt be obtained from the old stem, which, with its head thus removed, might be removed to quarters where steadying if the stem were loaded with a pot or box of soil, as at a in the figure." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Yucca

"A plant may be operated on wherever the stem has become firm and woody; the top will not fail to make…

"Many plans may be propagated by planting their leaves or portions of their leaves as cuttings, as, for example, the herbaceous Gloxinia (a) and Gesnera, the succulent Sempervivum, Echeveria, Pachyphytum, and their allies and such hard-leaved plants as Theophrasta (b). The leaves are best taken off with the base whole, and should be planted in well-drained sandy soil; in due time they form roots, and ultimately from some latent bud a little shoot which forms the young plant. The treatment is precisely like that of branch cuttings. Gloxinias, begonias, etc., grow readily from fragments of the leaves cut clean through the thick veins and ribs, and planted edgewise like cuttings. This class of subjects may also be fixed flat on the surface of the cutting pot, by means of little pegs or hooks, the main ribs being cut across at intervals, and from these points roots, and eventually young tubers, will be produced." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Leaf Cuttings

"Many plans may be propagated by planting their leaves or portions of their leaves as cuttings, as,…

"Many plans may be propagated by planting their leaves or portions of their leaves as cuttings, as, for example, the herbaceous Gloxinia (a) and Gesnera, the succulent Sempervivum, Echeveria, Pachyphytum, and their allies and such hard-leaved plants as Theophrasta (b). The leaves are best taken off with the base whole, and should be planted in well-drained sandy soil; in due time they form roots, and ultimately from some latent bud a little shoot which forms the young plant. The treatment is precisely like that of branch cuttings. Gloxinias, begonias, etc., grow readily from fragments of the leaves cut clean through the thick veins and ribs, and planted edgewise like cuttings. This class of subjects may also be fixed flat on the surface of the cutting pot, by means of little pegs or hooks, the main ribs being cut across at intervals, and from these points roots, and eventually young tubers, will be produced." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Leaf Cuttings

"Many plans may be propagated by planting their leaves or portions of their leaves as cuttings, as,…

"This mode of propagation is performed by cutting the branches into short lengths, each containing one well-matured bud or eye, with a short portion of the stem above and below. It is a common mode of propagating vines, the eyes being in this case cut from the ripened leafless wood. The eyes (a) are planted just below the surface in pots of light soil, which are placed in a hot bed or propagating pit, and in due time each pushed up a young shoot which forms the future stem, while convert it into an independent plant." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Single Eye

"This mode of propagation is performed by cutting the branches into short lengths, each containing one…

"The Montreuil form of training. The principal feature is the suppression of the direct channel of the sap, and the substitution of for or more commonly two mother branches, so laid to the wall that the central angle contains about 90 degrees. The other branches are all treated as subordinate members. This form is open to the objection that, if the under branch should die, the upper one cannot be brought down into its place." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Montreuil Fan

"The Montreuil form of training. The principal feature is the suppression of the direct channel of the…

"The form of Dumoutier is merely a refinement on the Montreuil method. The formation of the tree commences with the inferior limbs and proceeds towards the center, he branches being lowered from time to time as the tree acquires strength. What is most worthy of notice in this method is the management of the subordinates in the pruning for fruit." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Dumontier's Fan

"The form of Dumoutier is merely a refinement on the Montreuil method. The formation of the tree commences…