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"Chatterton's Hill, from the rail-way station. This is a view of the southeastern side of Chatterton's Hill, from the rail-way station. They crossed the Bronx at a point seen on the extreme right. On the top of the hill, in the edge of the woods on the left, Hamilton's cannons were placed."—Lossing, 1851

Chatterton's Hill

"Chatterton's Hill, from the rail-way station. This is a view of the southeastern side of Chatterton's…

"Flag-staff, Fort Washington. This flag-staff, indicating the center of the fort, is a prominent object to passengers upon the Hudson."—Lossing, 1851

Flag Staff

"Flag-staff, Fort Washington. This flag-staff, indicating the center of the fort, is a prominent object…

"View at Fort Washington. This is a view from the site of the interior works at Fort Washington from the foot of the flag-staff, loking southwest. In the foreground are seen the remains of the embankments. The tall mast seen near the river below is the support for telegraph wires which cross the Hudson there, from the rocky point of Jefrrey's Hook. In the distance across the river are the Palisades, and the mast upon their summit denotes the site of the redoubt north of Fort Lee. This little sketch exhibits the relative position of Forts Washington and Lee."—Lossing, 1851

Fort Washington

"View at Fort Washington. This is a view from the site of the interior works at Fort Washington from…

"View at King's Bridge. This view is from the southwest side of the stream, from near the tide-mill. The house beyond, shaded by willows, is the residence of the widow of the late Robert McComb."—Lossing, 1851

King's Bridge

"View at King's Bridge. This view is from the southwest side of the stream, from near the tide-mill.…

"Medal awarded to Lee. On the twenty second of September, Congress honored Lee with a vote of thanks, and ordered a gold medal to be struck and presented to him. On the front side is a bust of the hero, with the words Henrico Lee, Legionis Equit. Præfecto. Comitia Americana- 'The American Congress to Henry Lee, colonel of cavalry.'"—Lossing, 1851

Lee Medal Front

"Medal awarded to Lee. On the twenty second of September, Congress honored Lee with a vote of thanks,…

"Medal awarded to Lee. On the twenty second of September, Congress honored Lee with a vote of thanks, and ordered a gold medal to be struck and presented to him. On the back side, Non Obstantib. Flumin. Ibus Vallis. Astutia Virtute Bellica Parva Manu Hostes Vicit Victosq. Armis Humanitate Devnxit In Mem Pugn. Ad Paulus Hook Die XIX Aug., 1779- 'Notwithstanding rivers and intrenchments, he with a small band conquered the foe by warlike skill and prowess, and firmly bound by his humanity those who had been conquered by his arms. In memory of the conflict at Paulus's Hook, nineteenth of August, 1779.'"—Lossing, 1851

Lee Medal Back

"Medal awarded to Lee. On the twenty second of September, Congress honored Lee with a vote of thanks,…

"Counterfeit Continental Bill."—Lossing, 1851

Counterfeit Bill

"Counterfeit Continental Bill."—Lossing, 1851

"Washington's Quarters. This is a view of the southwest front of the mansion. The room occupied by Washington is in the second story, opening out upon the piazza. It is about eighteen feet square, and in one corner is a Franklin stove. The situation of the house, upon an aminence an eighth of a mile eastward of the Millstone River, is very pelasant. It is now quite dilapidated; the piazzais unsafe to stand upon."—Lossing, 1851

Washington's Quarters

"Washington's Quarters. This is a view of the southwest front of the mansion. The room occupied by Washington…

"Peter the Great. This prince is one of the most extraordinary figures in history. As a boy he showed a great eagerness for knowledge in departments which were not generally attractive to the members of royal families. He cared nothing for books, but took a keen interest in mechanical devices, in carpentering, and especially in the making and sailing of boats. He was impatient of discipline and opposition and showed at an early age serious defects of temper. In fact, except for his restless and inquisitive spirit, there was little about him to suggest the qualities which afterwards made him famous. His half-sister, Sophia, plotted against him, and at one time, through a palace revolution, his life was actually endagered. He was obliged to share the throne with his feeble-minded half-brother, and at first his position was insecure. In 1689, however, Peter, discovering the plots of Sophia, raised a party against her, took the power out of her hands, and shut her up in a convent. Ivan was wholly incompetent to rule, and from this time forth Peter, though now only seventeen years of age, ruled the state."—Colby, 1899

Peter the Great

"Peter the Great. This prince is one of the most extraordinary figures in history. As a boy he showed…

"George III (1760-1815). The first two Hanoverian kings were ignorant of English politics and obliged to rely on their ministers. Moreover, they cared more for Hanover than for England. But George II had English ideas. He was born and educated in England, and he made up his mind that he would rule in the manner of the old kings. He tried to restore the power of the crown at the expense of Parliament. In private morals and social relations he was better than his predecessors, and his character inspired respect. He had the loftiest ideas of royal dignity, and the greater part of his reign was taken up with the struggles with Parliament. But though he had some good qualities, he was narrow-minded, ill-educated, and imprudent. During the first twenty-four years of his reign he managed to estrange his people, check the prosperity of the nation, and lose forever the American colonies. His reign therefore was disastrous. The details of the struggle with the American colonies and the rise of the United States to the foremost rank among nations do not properly fall within the scope of this work. It is sufficient here to state that by the treaty of 1783 England's control over the thirteen colonies was lost forever. During the latter part of the reign of George III he was incapacitated for ruling. He was stricken with insanity, and the government passed into the hands of the prince regent, afterwards George IV. The most interesting side of the reign from the point of view of general history is the relations of England with foreign powers and the part where she played in the wars that arose from the French Revolution."—Colby, 1899

George III, King of England

"George III (1760-1815). The first two Hanoverian kings were ignorant of English politics and obliged…

"The taking of the Bastile, July 14, 1789. The Parisian mob, not satisfied with the formation of the National Assembly, demanded to be armed in their own defense; and when this was refused, rushed off to seize the store of arms kept in the Hotel des Invalides. Angered by the report that the guns of the old prison of the Bastile were to be trained on the people, they suddenly gathered around its walls and began an attack. This ancient prison had been the scene of many oppressions in the past. Its foul dungeons and the sufferings of those who were confined there had made it an object of popular hatred. During Louis XVI's reign, however, it had fallen into disuse, and it can not be said that at that time it was worse than any other prison. Nevertheless, to the mob it still stood as the symbol of despotism. The governor of the prison surrendered, but the mob murdered him, together with some others, and carried the heads of their victims on pikes through the streets. The few prisoners that were within were set free. Although were was nothing especially heroic about the taking of the Bastile, the event was of great significance, for it seemed to say that a new age had begun. Throughout Europe it was looked upon as a triumph of the people over despotism, and by the liberals of all countries it was hailed with joy."—Colby, 1899

Bastile

"The taking of the Bastile, July 14, 1789. The Parisian mob, not satisfied with the formation of the…

Session of a Revolutionary Committee during the French Revolution.

Revolutionary Committee

Session of a Revolutionary Committee during the French Revolution.

"The guillotine was used during the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution. Now that the power of the Girondists was broken, and military successes had strengthened the revolutionary party in control, France entered upon that part of the Revolution known as the Reign of Terror. The characteristic feature of the next few months was the wholesale murder of all persons suspected of hostility toward the Jacobin government or lukewarmness on its behalf. To be sure, the victims enjoyed the show of a judicial trial, but sentence was rendered without regard to justice or the facts of the case and execution followed quickly. The guillotine, named after its inventor, Dr. Guillotin, was a serviceable instrument for disposing quickly of the condemned, and hardly a day passed without seeing a score or more of suspected persons beheaded in the city of Paris alone."—Colby, 1899

Guillotine

"The guillotine was used during the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution. Now that the power of…

A French Dandy of 1791

French Dandy

A French Dandy of 1791

A marriage under the Republic of the French Revolution.

Republic Marriage

A marriage under the Republic of the French Revolution.

"France under Napoleon. The consulate was the form of government established after the overthrow of the Directory was peculiar. Republican forms were retained, but all the power was in the lands of the first Consul, and the man chosen to fill this office was Napoleon. He had two colleagues, each of whom was called Consul and enjoyed an appearance of authority, but from the first Napoleon as First Consul exercised all the powers of the state. He alone could promulgate the laws, and although there were a Tribunate, a Legislative Body, and a Senate, the men chosen as members of these bodies were Napoleon's friends. This constitution was submitted to the people and approved by a large majority."—Colby, 1899

Napoleon

"France under Napoleon. The consulate was the form of government established after the overthrow of…

"Trafalgar Monument, Battle of Trafalgar (1805). During the early part of the Napoleonic wars, England's successes were gained by her superior navy under the command of the most brilliant naval officer of the time, Lord Nelson. Nelson's last victory was won near Cape Trafalgar, off the coast of Spain, where he met the combined fleets of France and Spain. It was on the eve of this engagement that he sent to the vessels of the fleet the famous message, 'England expects every man to do his duty.' most of the enemies' ships were captured or sunk, and the victory gave England the control of the sea, but cost the life of her brave commander, who fell at the moment of victory."—Colby, 1899

Trafalgar Monument

"Trafalgar Monument, Battle of Trafalgar (1805). During the early part of the Napoleonic wars, England's…

A Greek during the Revolution of 1830

Greek

A Greek during the Revolution of 1830

The Column of July, commemorating the Revolution of 1830.

Column of July

The Column of July, commemorating the Revolution of 1830.

Napoleon III

Napoleon III

Napoleon III

Pine-Tree Shilling

Pine-Tree

Pine-Tree Shilling

Faneuil Hall, 1763.

Faneuil Hall

Faneuil Hall, 1763.

"Stamp from the Stamp Act. The first direct issue of importance between the colonies and England came when Parliament undertook to lay a tax to be collected by officers appointed for the purpose. This was the Stamp Act, by which it was required that a stamp should be affixed to any deed, contract, bill of sale, will, and the like, made in America before it could be legal. These stamps were to be made in England and sent over to American to be sold by the government officers. It was intended that the money thus raised should be used for the support of the king's troops in America. The Stamp Act was passed by Parliament in March, 1765, and as soon as this was known in America, the colonies, from one end of the land to the other, were full of indignation. Parliament, they said, might make laws to regulate the commerce of the empire, and so draw revenue from America; but it had no right to lay a direct tax like this. Only the colonial governments, elected by the people, could lay such a tax."—Scudder, 1897

Stamp Act

"Stamp from the Stamp Act. The first direct issue of importance between the colonies and England came…

"Stamp from the Stamp Act. The first direct issue of importance between the colonies and England came when Parliament undertook to lay a tax to be collected by officers appointed for the purpose. This was the Stamp Act, by which it was required that a stamp should be affixed to any deed, contract, bill of sale, will, and the like, made in America before it could be legal. These stamps were to be made in England and sent over to American to be sold by the government officers. It was intended that the money thus raised should be used for the support of the king's troops in America. The Stamp Act was passed by Parliament in March, 1765, and as soon as this was known in America, the colonies, from one end of the land to the other, were full of indignation. Parliament, they said, might make laws to regulate the commerce of the empire, and so draw revenue from America; but it had no right to lay a direct tax like this. Only the colonial governments, elected by the people, could lay such a tax."—Scudder, 1897

Stamp Act

"Stamp from the Stamp Act. The first direct issue of importance between the colonies and England came…

Carpenter's Hall, where the First Congress met

Carpenter's Hall

Carpenter's Hall, where the First Congress met

The Washington Elm

Washington Elm

The Washington Elm

Independence Hall, 1776

Independence Hall

Independence Hall, 1776

"Century-plant. A large North American genus of plants, of the natural order Amaryllidaceæ, chiefly Mexican."-Whitney, 1902

Agave

"Century-plant. A large North American genus of plants, of the natural order Amaryllidaceæ, chiefly…

"Statue of Nathan Hale. It was during his treated that an event occurred which showed how much Americans were willing to venture and how bravely they could die for the cause in which they were engaged. A young Connecticut soldier, a Yale student, Captain Nathan Hale, had volunteered to go within the British lines on Long Island that he might learn the position of the enemy. On the way back he was arrested. No trial was allowed him. He was not shot as a soldier, but was hanged. 'I only regret,' he said, as he was about to die, 'that I have but one life to give for my country.'"—Scudder, 1897

Hale Statue

"Statue of Nathan Hale. It was during his treated that an event occurred which showed how much Americans…

A soldier in the Continental Army.

Continental Soldier

A soldier in the Continental Army.

Lord Cornwallis, born 1738; died 1805.

Lord Cornwallis

Lord Cornwallis, born 1738; died 1805.

Liberty Bell, from Independence Hall.

Liberty Bell

Liberty Bell, from Independence Hall.

Continental currency

Continental Currency

Continental currency

Interior of Independence Hall

Independence Hall

Interior of Independence Hall

Eli Whitney, inventor of the cotton gin.

Eli Whitney

Eli Whitney, inventor of the cotton gin.

Mount Vernon, George Washington's estate

Mount Vernon

Mount Vernon, George Washington's estate

"The posterior being besest by spines, and the sides furrowed with elevated lamellæ. The color is of a beautiful rosy purple. Found in South American seas." — Goodrich, 1859

Cytherea dione

"The posterior being besest by spines, and the sides furrowed with elevated lamellæ. The color…

"The American name for the genus Dasyprocta and family Dasyproctidæ."-Whitney, 1902

Agouti

"The American name for the genus Dasyprocta and family Dasyproctidæ."-Whitney, 1902

Robert Fulton, born 1765; died 1815

Robert Fulton

Robert Fulton, born 1765; died 1815

"The first passenger locomotive built in the United States. A year after the Enterprise sailed for India, the first railroad in the United States was opened in Massachusetts, from the Quincy quarries to tide water. It was only two miles long, and was used for hauling granite; the cars were drawn by horses. It was the first use of rails in America. In 1830 the first passenger railway in America was opened. It extended westward from Baltimore about fifteen miles, and now forms a part of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The cars were at first drawn by horses, but a locomotive was used the next year. Its first locomotive was built by Peter Cooper, who made later the generous and useful gift of the Cooper Union to the city of New York. Now began the construction of railroads in various directions; in the next twenty years nearly ten thousand miles of road were built. This mileage has constantly been increased, until in 1895 there were in operation in the United States nearly one hundred and eighty thousand miles of railway."—Scudder, 1897

Passenger Train

"The first passenger locomotive built in the United States. A year after the Enterprise sailed for India,…

"Agua-Toad (Bufo marinus), a very large and common South American toad, with enormous parotid glands."-Whitney, 1902

Bufo Toad

"Agua-Toad (Bufo marinus), a very large and common South American toad, with enormous parotid glands."-Whitney,…

"A North American fish, Clupea Vernalis, from 8 to 10 inches long, resembling a small shad, but much inferior to it as food."-Whitney, 1902

Alewife

"A North American fish, Clupea Vernalis, from 8 to 10 inches long, resembling a small shad, but much…

"George Brinton McClellan was born at Philadelphia, December 3, 1826. He was for two years a student in the University of Virginia, but in 1842 he became a cadet at West Point, where he was the youngest in his class. He made his mark, however, for, on graduating in 1846, he stood second in general rank, and first in engineering. He engaged in the Mexican War, and took part in the siege of Vera Cruz, along with Lee and Beauregard. He was brevetted captain, and after the war he was employed by the government in surveys beyond the Mississippi. When the Crimean War occurred, Captain McClellan was one of a commission sent by the United States government to examine the military systems of Europe, and to report on the better organization of the American army. He made an important report, on his return, and then retired from the service, and became president of the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad. He was living in Cincinnati when the war broke out, and the governor of Ohio at once commissioned him major general of the Ohio militia. He had most winning qualities and an unblemished character, so that he attached every one who came in contact with him. Near the close of the war, he became the Democratic candidate for the Presidency. He was elected governor of New Jersey in 1877, and died at Orange, in that State, October 29, 1885."—Scudder, 1897

George B. McClellan

"George Brinton McClellan was born at Philadelphia, December 3, 1826. He was for two years a student…

"Any member of the family Alligatoridæ, or some American member of the Crocodilidæ."-Whitney, 1902

Alligator

"Any member of the family Alligatoridæ, or some American member of the Crocodilidæ."-Whitney,…

"Skull of a member of the family Alligatoridæ, or some American member of the Crocodilidæ."-Whitney, 1902

Alligator Skull

"Skull of a member of the family Alligatoridæ, or some American member of the Crocodilidæ."-Whitney,…

"The Mimas, <em>S. mimas</em>, is a beautiful South American species, of a rich golden-green color." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Mimas

"The Mimas, S. mimas, is a beautiful South American species, of a rich golden-green color."…

"There are several species of the genus, Anableps, the principal one being Four Eyes, inhabiting the sandy shores of tropical American seas."-Whitney, 1902

Four Eyes

"There are several species of the genus, Anableps, the principal one being Four Eyes, inhabiting the…

"American Snake-Bird (Anhinga)"-Whitney, 1902

Anhinga

"American Snake-Bird (Anhinga)"-Whitney, 1902

"A South American genus, <em>Pelopaeus</em>, allied to the preceeding, is called the Dauber, from its singular habit of placing its nest of mud against the walls and ceiling in the interior of the houses." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Dauber

"A South American genus, Pelopaeus, allied to the preceeding, is called the Dauber, from its…

"Pronghorn (Antilocapra Americana)."-Whitney, 1902

Pronghorn

"Pronghorn (Antilocapra Americana)."-Whitney, 1902

"They are often seen moving with a rapid flight over rivers, ponds, and meadows, alighting for a moment, and hen shooting away again." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

American Dragonfly

"They are often seen moving with a rapid flight over rivers, ponds, and meadows, alighting for a moment,…

"A Bolo is a short, broad, lance-shaped weapon; used by the Filiinos in their operations against the American troops. The blade is about 18 inches in length by nearly 3 inches in breadth at its broadest dimension. It tapers from the middle toward the haft as well as toward the point, making it strongly resemble the ancient short sword. It is not double edged, however, but tapers from a thick back to an extremely keen edge. In April 1904, the United States troops operating in the Philippines, were supplied with bolos."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Filipino Bolo

"A Bolo is a short, broad, lance-shaped weapon; used by the Filiinos in their operations against the…

"A Bolo is a short, broad, lance-shaped weapon; used by the Filiinos in their operations against the American troops. The blade is about 18 inches in length by nearly 3 inches in breadth at its broadest dimension. It tapers from the middle toward the haft as well as toward the point, making it strongly resemble the ancient short sword. It is not double edged, however, but tapers from a thick back to an extremely keen edge. In April 1904, the United States troops operating in the Philippines, were supplied with bolos."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Filipino Bolo Sheath

"A Bolo is a short, broad, lance-shaped weapon; used by the Filiinos in their operations against the…

"Camel is a genus of ruminant quadrupeds, characterized by the absence of horns; a fissure in the upper lip; a long and arched neck; one or two humps or protuberances on the back; and a broad elastic foot ending in two small hoofs. The native country of the camel is said to extend from Morocco to China, within a zone of 900 or 1,000 miles in breadth. The common camel, having two humps, is found in the N. part of this region, and exclusively from the ancient Bactria, now Turkestan, to China. The dromedary, or single-humped camel is found throuhout the entire length of this zone. The camel will travel three days under a load and five days under a rider without drinking. It can live on little food, and of the coarsest kind. Camels which carry heavy burdens will do about 25 miles a day; those which are used for speed alone, from 60 to 90 miles a day. It lives from 40 to 50 years. The South American members of the family Camelid&aelig; contain the llama and alpaca; they have no humps."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Camel

"Camel is a genus of ruminant quadrupeds, characterized by the absence of horns; a fissure in the upper…

"The Canada Goose is an American wild goose 30 to 35 inches long, brownish above, lighter below, head, neck, bill and feet black, a white patch on the cheek; breeds in the N. of the continent and migrates S. when the frost becomes severe."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Canada Goose

"The Canada Goose is an American wild goose 30 to 35 inches long, brownish above, lighter below, head,…

"Chinchilla is a genus of South American herbivorous rodents very closely allied to the rabbit, which they resemble in the general shape of the body, in the limbs being longer behind than before, and by the nature of the fur, which is more woolly than silky."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Chinchilla

"Chinchilla is a genus of South American herbivorous rodents very closely allied to the rabbit, which…

"The largest diamond ever found in Brazil weighed 254 and a half carats, and was discovered in 1853 by a [African-American] in the river Bogageno; it is known as the "Star of the South." It was sold to the Gaekwar of Baroda for $450,000."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Star of the South Diamond

"The largest diamond ever found in Brazil weighed 254 and a half carats, and was discovered in 1853…

"Drumfish, or Drum, and other species of the same genus, fishes found on the Atlantic coasts of North America, and so named from the deep drumming sound they make in the water."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Drumfish

"Drumfish, or Drum, and other species of the same genus, fishes found on the Atlantic coasts of North…

"Eskimo is the name of the inhabitants of the N. coast of the American continent down to lat. 60 degrees N. on the W., and 55 degrees on the E., and of the Arctic Islands, Greenland, and about 400 miles of the nearest Asiatic coast."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Eskimo Man

"Eskimo is the name of the inhabitants of the N. coast of the American continent down to lat. 60 degrees…

"The guillotine is an apparatus for beheading persons at one stroke, adopted by the National Assembly of France during the first Revolution, on the proposals of a Dr. Guillotin, after whom it was named."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Guillotine

"The guillotine is an apparatus for beheading persons at one stroke, adopted by the National Assembly…