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"The Gatling gun is a machine gun, invented by Richard J. Gatling. The gun consists of a series of barrels in combination with a grooved carrier and lock cylinder."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Gatling Gun

"The Gatling gun is a machine gun, invented by Richard J. Gatling. The gun consists of a series of barrels…

"The Gyroscope is an instrument constructed by M. Foucault to make the rotation of the earth visible. The principle on which it proceeds is this– that, unless gravity intervene, a rotating body will not alter the direction in which its permanent axis points. In the gyroscope there is a rotating metallic disk, the middle point of whose axis is also the center of gravity of the machine. By this device the action of gravity is eliminated."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Gyroscope

"The Gyroscope is an instrument constructed by M. Foucault to make the rotation of the earth visible.…

"A Typewriter is a machine fitted with types which print by a pressure on the keys with the fingers. The principle, briefly stated, is that of a series of rods pivoted to keyed rods, similar to the action of a pianoforte, the ends of the rods carrying the characters of the alphabet and all striking on a common center. There is a self-inking arrangement, and several minor improvements have been added in recent years, bringing the invention to a high state of perfection. The writing machine called the typewriter was invented at Milwaukee, Wis., in 1867, by C. Latham Sholes, Samuel W. Soule, and Carlos Glidden."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Typewriter

"A Typewriter is a machine fitted with types which print by a pressure on the keys with the fingers.…

"Wireless Telegraphy is a system of transmitting messages between distant points without the use of wires."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Wireless Telegraph Transmitter

"Wireless Telegraphy is a system of transmitting messages between distant points without the use of…

"Wireless Telegraphy is a system of transmitting messages between distant points without the use of wires."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Wireless Telegraph Receiver

"Wireless Telegraphy is a system of transmitting messages between distant points without the use of…

"The Hydraulic Ram is a machine for raising water, and depending for its action on the impulse of flowing water. The water falling from a reservoir passes into a pipe or chamber <em>(b)</em>, at the end of which there is a ball valve <em>(c)</em>. The rush of supply water at first closes this, and the water finding no exit there acquires pressure enough to open another valve <em>(d)</em> and pass into an air-vessel placed over it <em>(f)</em>. The cessation of pressure at valve <em>c</em> allows it to fall again; an outrush of water takes place there, relieving valve <em>d</em>, which again closes. The pressure of the flowing water upon valve <em>c</em> once more closes this valve, and valve <em>d</em> again opens, and an additional quantity of water is forced into the air-vessel; and so on by a series of pulsations which send the water along the service pipe, and, in properly arranged machines, raise it to a very considerable height, although the impulse is dervied only from the fall of a few feet."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Hydraulic Ram

"The Hydraulic Ram is a machine for raising water, and depending for its action on the impulse of flowing…

"The Linotype is a machine, operated by finger keys, which automatically produces and assembles, ready for the press or stereotyping table, type metal bars, each bearing, properly justified, the type characters to print an entire line."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Linotype

"The Linotype is a machine, operated by finger keys, which automatically produces and assembles, ready…

Machine for printing wall paper.

Wallpaper Printing Machine

Machine for printing wall paper.

"A Pump is a machine, engine, or device, consisting of an arrangement of a piston, cylinder, and valves, for raising water or other liquid to a higher level, or for compressing or exhausting air and other gases. There are numerous varieties of pumps differing more or less in construction, according to the purposes for which each is intended, but the most important are the suction pump, the lifting or lift pump, the force pump, and the centrifugal or rotary pump."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Chain Pump

"A Pump is a machine, engine, or device, consisting of an arrangement of a piston, cylinder, and valves,…

"Sand Blast is one of the most wonderful uses of sand, by means of which glass, stone, metals, or any other hard substance may be cut or engraved. If a stream of sharp sand be let fall from a high box (as high as the ceiling of a room) through a tube on to a plate of glass held under it, the sand will cut away little grains of the glass till at length the whole surface will be cut or scratched and it will look like ground glass. If, instead of cutting the glass all over, it is wanted to engrave a pattern or figure on it, the workman has only to cover the parts of the glass which he does not want cut with a stencil plate made of leather, rubber, paper, wax, etc., for the sand will not cut any soft substance. Metals and stones may also be cut by means of the sand blast, which will not only scratch the surface, but will cut it away to any depth."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Sand Blast Apparatus

"Sand Blast is one of the most wonderful uses of sand, by means of which glass, stone, metals, or any…

"They who are within this machine obtain first a view of the place from their high position, and then, by means of small bridges (<em>pontes</em>), descend upon the city walls." — Anthon, 1891

Mobile tower

"They who are within this machine obtain first a view of the place from their high position, and then,…

Roman catapulta war machine.

Catapulta

Roman catapulta war machine.

A drilling machine made out of nuts

Drill

A drilling machine made out of nuts

Famous opera singer of the 19th century.

Adelina M. C. Patti

Famous opera singer of the 19th century.

A Swedish operatic soprano.

Christine Nilsson

A Swedish operatic soprano.

Ms. Kellogg was a famous American singer known for her operas and soprano voice.

Clara Louisa Kellogg

Ms. Kellogg was a famous American singer known for her operas and soprano voice.

"The use of the spindle and loom, sewing, braiding, etc, form the subjects of many of the paintings, as also the process of cultivating flax, beating and combing it." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian Weaving

"The use of the spindle and loom, sewing, braiding, etc, form the subjects of many of the paintings,…

A band used in transmitting power from one wheel to another.

Belt

A band used in transmitting power from one wheel to another.

A portable machine, variously constructed, for raising great weights.

Jack

A portable machine, variously constructed, for raising great weights.

An instrument or machine for measuring time.

Clock

An instrument or machine for measuring time.

A machine-tool for turning or shaping articles of wood, metal, or other material.

Lathe

A machine-tool for turning or shaping articles of wood, metal, or other material.

A machine, variously constructed, for exhausting the air from a closed vessel.

Air-pump

A machine, variously constructed, for exhausting the air from a closed vessel.

A woman whose occupation is sewing; a needle woman.

Seamstress

A woman whose occupation is sewing; a needle woman.

An instrument used by weavers for passing the thread of the woof from one side of the cloth to the other, between the threads of the warp; sewing machine shuttle.

Shuttle

An instrument used by weavers for passing the thread of the woof from one side of the cloth to the other,…

A kind of metallic cap or cover, or sometimes a ring, for the finger, used in sewing to protect the finger from the needle.

Thimble

A kind of metallic cap or cover, or sometimes a ring, for the finger, used in sewing to protect the…

A machine for wringing or pressing water from clothes after they have been washed.

Clothes-wringer

A machine for wringing or pressing water from clothes after they have been washed.

"It is found preferable, therefore, when a great difference of velocity is required, to use a combination of wheels, of moderate size. In the following figure, three wheels are seen thusly connected." &mdash; Goodrich, 1844

Gears

"It is found preferable, therefore, when a great difference of velocity is required, to use a combination…

"A force pushing a weight from C to D, only raises it through the perpendicular height, E D, by acting along the whole length of the plane, C D; and if the plane be twice as it is high, one pound at B, acting over the pulley, D, would balance two pounds at A, or any where on the plane; and so of all other quantities and proportions." — Goodrich, 1844

Inclined Plane

"A force pushing a weight from C to D, only raises it through the perpendicular height, E D, by acting…

A machine used for striking and stamping coins.

Coin Press

A machine used for striking and stamping coins.

A machine for taking by pressure, an exact copy of any manuscript recently written.

Copying-press

A machine for taking by pressure, an exact copy of any manuscript recently written.

A machine to sew on, of which there are many different makes.

Sewing-machine

A machine to sew on, of which there are many different makes.

A machine to thrash with.

Thrashing-machine

A machine to thrash with.

A machine to pare apples with.

Apple-parer

A machine to pare apples with.

"Diagram illustrating the disadvantage of an oblique pull." &mdash; Martin, 1917

Oblique pull

"Diagram illustrating the disadvantage of an oblique pull." — Martin, 1917

"The Atwood machine consists of a wheel or pulley, R, over the grooved edge of which are balanced two equal weights suspended by a long silk thread which is both light and strong. The axle of this wheel is preferably supported upon the circumfrences of four friction wheels, r, r, r', r', for greater delicacy of motion. As the thread is so light that its weight may be disregarded, it is evident that the weights will be in equilibrium whatever their position." &mdash; Avery, 1895

Atwood Machine

"The Atwood machine consists of a wheel or pulley, R, over the grooved edge of which are balanced two…

"A lever is an inflexible bar freely movable about a fixed axis called the fulcrum. If the fulcrum is between the power and weight, the lever is of the first class." &mdash; Avery, 1895

First Class Lever

"A lever is an inflexible bar freely movable about a fixed axis called the fulcrum. If the fulcrum is…

"A lever is an inflexible bar freely movable about a fixed axis called the fulcrum. If the power is between the weight and the fulcrum the lever is of the third class." &mdash; Avery, 1895

Third class lever

"A lever is an inflexible bar freely movable about a fixed axis called the fulcrum. If the power is…

"The wheel and axle consists of a wheel united to a cylinder in such a way that they may turn together on a common axis. It is a modified lever of the first or second class." &mdash; Avery, 1895

Wheel and axle

"The wheel and axle consists of a wheel united to a cylinder in such a way that they may turn together…

A machine used for raising anchors on ships.

Capstan

A machine used for raising anchors on ships.

"A pulley is a wheel having a grooved rim for carrying a rope or other line, and tuning on an axis carried in a frame, called a pulley block. The pulley is fixed if the block is stationary." &mdash; Avery, 1895

Fixed Pulley

"A pulley is a wheel having a grooved rim for carrying a rope or other line, and tuning on an axis carried…

"A pulley is a wheel having a grooved rim for carrying a rope or other line, and turning on an axis carried in a frame, called a pulley block. The pulley is movable if the block moves during the action of the power." &mdash; Avery, 1895

Movable pulley

"A pulley is a wheel having a grooved rim for carrying a rope or other line, and turning on an axis…

"The pulley is a lever with equal arms of the first or second class, but, when it moves. the attachments of the forces are moved. The underlying fact that enables the pulley to afford any mechanical advantage is the uniformity of the tension of the cord in all of its parts, the pulley itself serving only to diminish the friction." &mdash; Avery, 1895

Pulley

"The pulley is a lever with equal arms of the first or second class, but, when it moves. the attachments…

"Pascal's law finds an important application in the hydraulic press, in the more common forms of which the pressure of a piston operated by a lever is transmitted though a pipe to a piston of larger area." — Avery, 1895

Hydraulic press

"Pascal's law finds an important application in the hydraulic press, in the more common forms of which…

"In the overshot wheel, the water falls into buckets at the top, and by its weight, aided by the force of the current, turns the wheel. Such wheels have been made 100 feet in diameter." &mdash; Avery, 1895

Overshot wheel

"In the overshot wheel, the water falls into buckets at the top, and by its weight, aided by the force…

"The most efficient form of water-wheel is the turbine, one form of which is shown." &mdash; Avery, 1895

Turbine

"The most efficient form of water-wheel is the turbine, one form of which is shown." — Avery,…

"The lift pump or suction-pump consists of a cylinder or barrel, piston, two valves, and a suction pipe, the lower end of which dips below the surface of the liquid to be raised." &mdash; Avery, 1895

Lift pump

"The lift pump or suction-pump consists of a cylinder or barrel, piston, two valves, and a suction pipe,…

"The operation of the force-pump is similar to that of the suction-pump. The outlet-valve generally opens from the cylinder, the piston being made solid." &mdash; Avery, 1895

Force pump

"The operation of the force-pump is similar to that of the suction-pump. The outlet-valve generally…

"The Savart wheel consists of a heavy metal toothed wheel that may be put in rapid revolution by pulling a cord wound upon its axis. Set such a wheel in rapid motion and hold the edge of a card against its teeth. As the speed of the wheel diminishes, the shrill tone produced by the rapid vibrations of the card correspondingly falls in pitch." &mdash; Avery, 1895

Savart wheel

"The Savart wheel consists of a heavy metal toothed wheel that may be put in rapid revolution by pulling…

"Place a bit of tinder in the cavity of the piston of the 'fire-syringe'. Put the piston into the open end of the cylinder and force it in, compressing the confined air as abruptly as possible. Promptly remove the piston. The tinder will probably be on fire." &mdash; Avery, 1895

Fire syringe

"Place a bit of tinder in the cavity of the piston of the 'fire-syringe'. Put the piston into the open…

"The steam engine is a powerful device for utilizing the energy involved in the elasticity and expansive force of steam as a motive power. It is a real heat-engine, transforming heat into mechanical energy." &mdash; Avery, 1895

Steam engine

"The steam engine is a powerful device for utilizing the energy involved in the elasticity and expansive…

"A shaft runs through the machine from end to end, carrying a pulley, P, at one end, a commutator, c, at the other end, and a wheel armature, R, at the middle. The armature carries eight or more helices of insulated wire, H H, connected in pairs. As the shaft is turned by the action of the belt upon the pulley, the armature and the commutator are turned with it." &mdash; Avery, 1895

Brush dynamo

"A shaft runs through the machine from end to end, carrying a pulley, P, at one end, a commutator, c,…

"Electric gas lighting is often effected by sparks from the interrupted circuit of a voltaic battery, in which circuit is a 'kicking coil,' or by sparks from the secondary of an induction coil, or from a machine for the generation of static electricity." &mdash; Avery, 1895

Electric gas light

"Electric gas lighting is often effected by sparks from the interrupted circuit of a voltaic battery,…

"A machine for remobing air out of any given vessel, or forcing it in." &mdash; Williams, 1889

Air-pump

"A machine for remobing air out of any given vessel, or forcing it in." — Williams, 1889

"A wheel turned by the force of water which is level with its centre." &mdash; Williams, 1889

Breast-wheel

"A wheel turned by the force of water which is level with its centre." — Williams, 1889

"A valve in pumps with a single flap, hinged at one edge, and consisting of a plate of leather a little larger than the valve aperture. The valve box is generally one and a half times the diameter of the valve opening." &mdash; Williams, 1889

Clack-valve

"A valve in pumps with a single flap, hinged at one edge, and consisting of a plate of leather a little…

"A small projection in machinery, used to impart motion. <em>C. wheel</em>, a wheel having cogs on its circumfrence." &mdash; Williams, 1889

Cog-wheel

"A small projection in machinery, used to impart motion. C. wheel, a wheel having cogs on its…

"A crank which regulates the motion of the chief or escapement wheel of a train of clock-work worked by the pendulum or spring." &mdash; Williams, 1889

Escapement

"A crank which regulates the motion of the chief or escapement wheel of a train of clock-work worked…

"2 wheels revolving in contact, but in different planes, so as to transfer motion from one plane to another." &mdash; Williams, 1889

Mitre-wheels

"2 wheels revolving in contact, but in different planes, so as to transfer motion from one plane to…

"A circular wheel, with teeth on the circumference, by which it can be moved or its motion stayed." &mdash; Williams, 1889

Ratchet-wheel

"A circular wheel, with teeth on the circumference, by which it can be moved or its motion stayed."…

"An apparatus for lifting heavy bodies a short distance." &mdash; Williams, 1889

Screw-jack

"An apparatus for lifting heavy bodies a short distance." — Williams, 1889