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This is an illustration by artist Charles Robinson. It is found in novelist Robert Louis Stevenson's book "A Child's Garden of Verse". The drawing depicts a girl alone in what seems to be a church.

Gothic Church Interior

This is an illustration by artist Charles Robinson. It is found in novelist Robert Louis Stevenson's…

This is an illustration of a "Midsummer Night's Dream" by artist Robert Anning Bell in 1895. It is a romantic comedy, written by William Shakespeare. The drawing depicts one of the fairy characters in the story.

A Midsummer Night's Dream

This is an illustration of a "Midsummer Night's Dream" by artist Robert Anning Bell in 1895. It is a…

This is a pen drawing by artist R. Spence. It seems to depict men fighting a war.

Pen Drawing

This is a pen drawing by artist R. Spence. It seems to depict men fighting a war.

This is an illustration of one of the stories of Baron Munchausen by artist William Strang. He was a German Baron that told outrageous tales of his adventures while serving in the military. This drawing shows one of adventures being carried by a seagull.

Baron Munchausen

This is an illustration of one of the stories of Baron Munchausen by artist William Strang. He was a…

This is an illustration of one of the stories of Baron Munchausen by artist William Strang. He was a German Baron that told outrageous tales of his adventures while serving in the military.

Baron Munchausen

This is an illustration of one of the stories of Baron Munchausen by artist William Strang. He was a…

This is an illustration of the fairy tale of Cinderella by artist H. Granville Fell.

Cinderella

This is an illustration of the fairy tale of Cinderella by artist H. Granville Fell.

The Evergreen is a story that was illustrated by artist Robert Burns. The drawing seems to depict possibly a sheep herder.

The Evergreen

The Evergreen is a story that was illustrated by artist Robert Burns. The drawing seems to depict possibly…

This is an illustration of the Fairy Queen by English artist Walter Crane in 1896. It is an English epic poem by Edmund Spenser. This illustration shows Una, one of the characters, and the lion.

Fairy Queen

This is an illustration of the Fairy Queen by English artist Walter Crane in 1896. It is an English…

Otto of the Silver Hand is a novel that was written and illustrated by Howard Pyle. The novel is about the dark ages and centers around the life of Otto, the son of a German warlord.

Otto of the Silver Hand

Otto of the Silver Hand is a novel that was written and illustrated by Howard Pyle. The novel is about…

This is a prospectus or advertisement for "Bradley His Book" in 1896. It is a drawing of a woman with a floral plant border.

Bradley His Book

This is a prospectus or advertisement for "Bradley His Book" in 1896. It is a drawing of a woman with…

This is an illustration of the Fairy Queen by English artist Walter Crane in 1896. It is an English epic poem by Edmund Spenser. This illustration shows a ship traveling the sea.

Fairy Queen

This is an illustration of the Fairy Queen by English artist Walter Crane in 1896. It is an English…

An illustration by Walter Crane; featuring the Story of the Glittering Plain by Morris. Depicts, three men on horses approaching a young male.

The Story of the Glittering Plain

An illustration by Walter Crane; featuring the Story of the Glittering Plain by Morris. Depicts, three…

This is an illustration of Fasciculus Medicinae by artist Ketham during the 15th century. It is a collection of European medieval medical knowledge and techniques.

Fasciculus Medicinae

This is an illustration of Fasciculus Medicinae by artist Ketham during the 15th century. It is a collection…

The St. Peter's Basilica is located within the Vatican city in Rome, Italy. This drawing shows the architecture of the front of the church. It was built in 1626 in a Renaissance and Baroque style. The church was named after one of Jesus's twelve disciples, Simon known as Peter.

St. Peter's Basilica

The St. Peter's Basilica is located within the Vatican city in Rome, Italy. This drawing shows the architecture…

This is a drawing of the interior of the St. Peter's Basilica located in the Vatican city of Rome, Italy. The interior space of the church was designed by Giovanni Paolo Panini an Italian painter and architect. The interior space is the largest interior of any Christian church in the world.

Interior of St. Peter's Basilica

This is a drawing of the interior of the St. Peter's Basilica located in the Vatican city of Rome, Italy.…

Bernieres Immense Burning Glass is an illustration found in an illustrated journal The "Wonders of Heat" by Achille Cazin. This drawing shows the phenomenon of burning glass to produce heat.

Bernieres Immense Burning Glass

Bernieres Immense Burning Glass is an illustration found in an illustrated journal The "Wonders of Heat"…

The Drake Leading the Lady to the Rescue is an illustration found in the illustrative anecdote book "The Intelligence of Animals". It shows the intelligence of different kinds of animals, and in this drawing it shows the intelligence of a male duck.

The Drake Leading the Lady to the Rescue

The Drake Leading the Lady to the Rescue is an illustration found in the illustrative anecdote book…

This is a drawing of a hot air balloon voyage. The hot air balloon is made up of a balloon bag that holds hot air, and a wicker basket that hangs at the bottom that carries passengers.

Balloon Voyage

This is a drawing of a hot air balloon voyage. The hot air balloon is made up of a balloon bag that…

George Washington, born in Virginia, February 22nd, 1732 was the eldest of five children. He was inquisitive, docile and diligent with a talent for leadership. His first surveying job established his reputation in that field. At nineteen, he was appointed military inspector with the rank of major. He continued for many years of service in his military career finally retiring to private life in 1758. On January 6th, 1759, he married Mrs. Martha Custis, a widow. With the revolution approaching he was commissioned to take command of the army. He leadership skills were to carry him though the years of difficulty ahead. The succesful siege of Yorktown was a victory that put a finish to the war. On the 25th of November, 1783, a peace treaty with Britain was ratified. Once again he retired to private life, spending the next several years devoted to his family and farm. In 1787 he was chosen as president of the convention to revise the federal system held at Philadelphia. With the new constitution about to go into operation, Washington was unanimously chosen as the first president of the United States.

George Washington

George Washington, born in Virginia, February 22nd, 1732 was the eldest of five children. He was inquisitive,…

Robert Fulton, an American engineer and inventor, was the first to establish steam navigation. In 1800 he was commissioned by Napoleon Bonaparte to design the Nautilus, the first practical submarine in history. In 1806, Fulton married Chancellor Livingston's niece Harriet (who was the daughter of Walter Livingston), and they later had four children: Robert, Julia, Mary and Cornelia. In 1807, Fulton and Livingston together built the first commercial steamboat, the North River Steamboat (later known as the Clermont), which carried passengers between New York City and Albany, New York. The Clermont was able to make the 300 mile trip in 62 hours. From 1811 until his death in 1815, Fulton was a member of the Erie Canal Commission. He is buried in the Trinity Church Cemetery in New York City, alongside other famous Americans such as Alexander Hamilton.

Robert Fulton

Robert Fulton, an American engineer and inventor, was the first to establish steam navigation. In 1800…

The ruling pen with spring blade for easy cleaning. Ruling pens are useful in drawing with ink.

Ruling Pen

The ruling pen with spring blade for easy cleaning. Ruling pens are useful in drawing with ink.

A hinged ruling for pen easy cleaning. Ruling pens are useful in drawing with ink.

Hinged Ruling Pen

A hinged ruling for pen easy cleaning. Ruling pens are useful in drawing with ink.

An oval nib ruling pen for easy cleaning. Ruling pens are useful in drawing with ink.

Oval Nib Ruling Pen

An oval nib ruling pen for easy cleaning. Ruling pens are useful in drawing with ink.

A ruling pen with clamp for easy cleaning. Ruling pens are useful in drawing with ink.

Ruling Pen with Clamp

A ruling pen with clamp for easy cleaning. Ruling pens are useful in drawing with ink.

A ruling pen with hook for easy cleaning. Ruling pens are useful in drawing with ink.

Ruling Pen with Hook

A ruling pen with hook for easy cleaning. Ruling pens are useful in drawing with ink.

An English T-square for drawing straight lines. The narrowing of the bottom blade makes the T-square look as if it is not perpendicular.

English T-square

An English T-square for drawing straight lines. The narrowing of the bottom blade makes the T-square…

A regular fixed head T-square for drawing straight lines. The blade must be perfectly straight in order to draw accurate lines.

Regular Fixed Head T-square

A regular fixed head T-square for drawing straight lines. The blade must be perfectly straight in order…

A long fixed head T-square for drawing straight lines. The head shape of the T-square allows for drawing a long square.

Long Fixed Head T-square

A long fixed head T-square for drawing straight lines. The head shape of the T-square allows for drawing…

A test to ensure the triangle is accurate by drawing a perpendicular line from a T-square.

Triangle Accuracy Test using T-square

A test to ensure the triangle is accurate by drawing a perpendicular line from a T-square.

An Engineer's Scale ruler for plotting and map drawing.

Engineer's Scale Ruler

An Engineer's Scale ruler for plotting and map drawing.

An Architect's Scale ruler for drawing machinery and structures.

Architect's Scale Ruler

An Architect's Scale ruler for drawing machinery and structures.

Compass beam is used for large circles a compass or a lengthening bar cannot draw.

Beam Compass

Compass beam is used for large circles a compass or a lengthening bar cannot draw.

Drop pen, or rivet pen, can make small circles faster than the bow pen. The pen is useful in bridge work, constructional work, and topographical drawing.

Drop Pen

Drop pen, or rivet pen, can make small circles faster than the bow pen. The pen is useful in bridge…

The Universal Drafting Machine is used in a large drafting room. It combines the functions of T-square, triangle, scale, and protractor to save time in machine drawing and civil engineering work.

Universal Drafting Machine

The Universal Drafting Machine is used in a large drafting room. It combines the functions of T-square,…

A regular bottle holder that prevents the ink bottle from spilling onto the drawing, table or floor.

Ink Bottle Holder

A regular bottle holder that prevents the ink bottle from spilling onto the drawing, table or floor.

A Alteneder Company bottle holder that prevents the ink bottle from spilling onto the drawing, table or floor. The bottle holder is made with a mechanism for easy access when filling the pen.

Alteneder Company Ink Bottle Holder

A Alteneder Company bottle holder that prevents the ink bottle from spilling onto the drawing, table…

When drawing vertical lines, the blade of the T-square is held with the thumb while the fingers adjusting the triangle.

Drawing Vertical Lines Using a T-square and a Triangle

When drawing vertical lines, the blade of the T-square is held with the thumb while the fingers adjusting…

The arrows shows the motion direction of drawing a 30-degrees, 45-degrees, or a-60 degrees angle using a 60-degree triangle.

Drawing Lines using Triangle, 30-, 45-, 60-Degrees

The arrows shows the motion direction of drawing a 30-degrees, 45-degrees, or a-60 degrees angle using…

The 45-degree triangle can be used to make a line at a multiple of 15 degrees.

Drawing Lines using Triangle at Angles in Multiples of 15 degrees

The 45-degree triangle can be used to make a line at a multiple of 15 degrees.

Parallel lines are drawn by holding the triangle against the T-square at an angle, or another triangle, then slip the first triangle onto the required position.

Drawing Parallel Lines Using T-square and Triangle

Parallel lines are drawn by holding the triangle against the T-square at an angle, or another triangle,…

Perpendicular lines are drawn by fitting the hypothenuse of the triangle to the T-square at an angle, or another triangle. Then, turn the triangle so that the hypothenuse is perpendicular to the line.

Drawing Perpendicular Lines Using T-square and Triangle

Perpendicular lines are drawn by fitting the hypothenuse of the triangle to the T-square at an angle,…

When drawing the circle, the compass is turned by the handle with the thumb and forefinger in a clockwise motion.

Drawing a Circle Using Compass

When drawing the circle, the compass is turned by the handle with the thumb and forefinger in a clockwise…

"Circles up to perhaps three inches in diameter may be drawn with the legs straight but for larger sizes both the needle-point and the pencil leg should be at the knuckle joints so as to be perpendicular to the paper." — French, 1911

Drawing Large Circles with Compass

"Circles up to perhaps three inches in diameter may be drawn with the legs straight but for larger sizes…

Lengthening bar is used to draw circles bigger than 10 inches.

Use of Lengthening Bar

Lengthening bar is used to draw circles bigger than 10 inches.

Bow instruments can be used for drawing small circles. Hold the the left hand and spin the nut in or out with the finger to avoid wear and stripping the thread. "Small adjustments should be made with one hand, with needle point in position on the paper." — French, 1911

Drawing Small Circles with Bow Instrument

Bow instruments can be used for drawing small circles. Hold the the left hand and spin the nut in or…

"This distance should be thought of not as three inches but as a foot divided into inches and eighths of inches. It is noticed that this foot is divided with the zero on the inside, the inches running to the left and the feet to the right, so that dimensions given in feet and inches may be read directly, as 1 ft. 0 1/2"." —French, 1911

Scaling Drawing with Ruler

"This distance should be thought of not as three inches but as a foot divided into inches and eighths…

"Through the center of the space draw a horizontal and a vertical line, measuring on these lines as diameters lay off a three-inch square. Along the lower side and the upper half of the left side measure 3/8' spaces with the scale. Draw all horizontal lines with the T-square and all vertical lines with the T-square and triangle." —French, 1911

Drawing Exercise for T-square, Triangle, and Scale

"Through the center of the space draw a horizontal and a vertical line, measuring on these lines as…

"Draw three-inch square. Draw lines AB, BC, DE and EF at 30 degrees. Divide lower side into seven equal parts with the dividers. Draw the vertical lines, and mark divisions on AC with pencil as each line is drawn. Through the division points on top and bottom draw the converging lines using the triangle alone as a straight-edge." —French, 1911

Drawing Converging Lines

"Draw three-inch square. Draw lines AB, BC, DE and EF at 30 degrees. Divide lower side into seven equal…

"Through the center of the space draw the three construction lines, AB vertical, DE and FG at 30 degrees. Measure CA and CB 1 1/2" long. Draw AE, AF, DB and BG at 30 degrees. Complete hexagon by drawing DF and GE vertical. Set spacers to 3/32". Step off 3/32" on each side of the center lines, and 3/16" from each side of hexagon. Complete figure as shown with triangle against T-square." —French, 1911

Drawing Hexagonal Figure

"Through the center of the space draw the three construction lines, AB vertical, DE and FG at 30 degrees.…

"An exercise in starting and stopping short lines. Draw three-inch square. Draw diagonals with 45-degree triangle. With scale lay off 3/8" spaces along the diagonals, from their intersection. With 45-degree triangle complete figure, finishing one-quarter at a time." —French, 1911

Drawing Street Paving Intersection

"An exercise in starting and stopping short lines. Draw three-inch square. Draw diagonals with 45-degree…

"Draw three-inch square and one-inch square. From the corners of inner square draw lines to outer square at 15 degrees and 75 degrees, with the two triangles in combination. Mark points with spacers 3/16" inside of each line of this outside cross, and complete figure with triangles in combination." —French, 1911

Drawing Maltese Cross using T-square, Spacers, and Triangles

"Draw three-inch square and one-inch square. From the corners of inner square draw lines to outer square…

"Draw Horizontal line throuch center of space. On it mark off radii for six concentric circles 1/4" apart. In drawing concentric circles always draw the smallest first. The dotted circles are drawn in in pencil with long dashes, and inked as shown." —French, 1911

Drawing Concentric Circles with Compass

"Draw Horizontal line throuch center of space. On it mark off radii for six concentric circles 1/4"…

"On horizontal center line mark off eleven points 1/4" apart, beginning at left side of space. Draw horizontal limiting lines (in pencil only) 1 1/2" above and below center line." —French, 1911

Drawing Concentric Arcs with Compass

"On horizontal center line mark off eleven points 1/4" apart, beginning at left side of space. Draw…

"On horizontal center line mark off eight points 3/8" apart, beginning at right side of space." —French, 1911

Drawing Concentric Arcs with Compass and Lengthening Bar

"On horizontal center line mark off eight points 3/8" apart, beginning at right side of space." —French,…

"Draw a circle three inches in diameter. Divide the circumference into five equal parts by trial with dividers. From these points draw radial lines and divide each into four equal parts with spacers. With these points as centers draw the semicircles as shown The radial lines are not to be inked." —French, 1911

Drawing Tangent Arcs with Compass and Dividers

"Draw a circle three inches in diameter. Divide the circumference into five equal parts by trial with…

"On base AB, 3 1/2" long construct an equilateral triangle, using the 60-degree triangle. Bisect the angles with the 30-degree angle, extending the bisectors to the opposite sides. With these middle points of the sides as centers and radius equal to 1/2 the side, draw arcs cutting the bisectors. These intersection will be centers for the inscribed circles. With centers on the intersection of these circles and the bisectors, round off the points of the triangle as shown." —French, 1911

Drawing Tangent Circles and Lines with Compass and Triangles

"On base AB, 3 1/2" long construct an equilateral triangle, using the 60-degree triangle. Bisect the…

"Draw one and one-half inch square about center of space. Divide AE into four 3/16" spaces, with scale. With bow pencil and centers A, B, C, D draw four semicircles with 3/8" radius and so on. Complete the figure by drawing the horizontal and vertical tangents as shown." —French, 1911

Drawing Tangent to Circle Arcs with Bow Compass

"Draw one and one-half inch square about center of space. Divide AE into four 3/16" spaces, with scale.…

Make a perpendicular lines at point B and C, and join by a straight line. Create a desired curve by referencing the lines as a center and tangent.

Draw Reverse or Ogee Curve

Make a perpendicular lines at point B and C, and join by a straight line. Create a desired curve by…

"Any noncircular curve may be approximated by tangent circle arcs, selecting a center by trial, drawing as much of an arc as will practically coincide with the curve, then changing the center and radius for the next portion, remembering always that if arcs are to be tangent, their centers must lie on the common normal at the point of tangency." —French 1911

Curve Inked with Circle Arcs

"Any noncircular curve may be approximated by tangent circle arcs, selecting a center by trial, drawing…

"Let OA and OB be the asymptotes and P a point on the curve. Draw PC and PD. Mark any points on Pc; through these points draw ordinates parallel to OA and through the same points lines to O. At the intersection of these lines with PD draw abscissæ with the ordinates give points on the curve." —French, 1911

Drawing Rectangular Hyperbola

"Let OA and OB be the asymptotes and P a point on the curve. Draw PC and PD. Mark any points on Pc;…