"An involute is a curve generated by unwrapping an inflexible chord from around a polygon. Thus the involute of any polygon may be drawn by extending its sides, and with the corners of the polygon as successive centers drawing the tangent arcs." —French, 1911

Involute of Pentagon

"An involute is a curve generated by unwrapping an inflexible chord from around a polygon. Thus the…

"Divide the circumference into a number of equal parts, drawing the radii and numbering the points. Divide the radius No. 1 into the same number of equal parts, numbering from the center. With C as center draw concentric arcs intersecting the radii of corresponding numbers, and draw a smooth curve through these intersections." —French, 1911

Draw Spiral of Archimedes

"Divide the circumference into a number of equal parts, drawing the radii and numbering the points.…

"For the first practice draw in pencil top and bottom guide lines for 3/16" letters and with a 516 F or similar pen make directly in ink a series of vertical lines, drawing the pen down with a finger movement. This one stroke must be practised until the beginner can get lines vertical and of equal weight." —French, 1911

Top View of Position for Lettering Using Pen

"For the first practice draw in pencil top and bottom guide lines for 3/16" letters and with a 516 F…

This supporting brace for bicycles is also known as training wheels, which are mounted parallel to the rear wheel of a bike. The support brace assists learners until they have developed a usable sense of balance. Typically they are used in teaching very young children

Supporting Brace for Bicycles

This supporting brace for bicycles is also known as training wheels, which are mounted parallel to the…

A tricycle is a three wheeled vehicle, while tricycles are often associated with the small three wheeled vehicles used by pre school age children, they are also used by adults for a variety of purposes. in the United States and Canada, adult sized tricycles are used primarily by older persons for recreation, shopping, and exercise.

Three Wheeled Vehicle

A tricycle is a three wheeled vehicle, while tricycles are often associated with the small three wheeled…

A T-square is a technical drawing instrument, primarily a guide for drawing horizontal lines on a drafting table. It is used by draftsmen. It is also used to guide the triangle that draws the vertical lines.

Architects Drafting Square

A T-square is a technical drawing instrument, primarily a guide for drawing horizontal lines on a drafting…

A Pantograph is a mechanical linkage connected in a special manner based on parallelograms so that the movement of one specified point is an amplified version of the movement of another point. If a line drawing is traced by the first point, an enlarged copy will be drawn by a pen fixed to the other.

Pantograph Machine

A Pantograph is a mechanical linkage connected in a special manner based on parallelograms so that the…

This metal frame is used to enhance a work of art aesthetically, as well as to protect it from dirt, dust and handling. This metal frame maintains a controlled setting to extend the life of the artwork it holds.

Metal Artwork Frame

This metal frame is used to enhance a work of art aesthetically, as well as to protect it from dirt,…

"A circle may be shaded by shifting the center on a 45-degree line toward the lower right hand corner... by keeping the needle in the center after drawing the circle and springing the compass out and gradually pressing with the middle finger in the position as shown." —French, 1911

Shading a Circle Using Compass

"A circle may be shaded by shifting the center on a 45-degree line toward the lower right hand corner...…

"The intersection of two cylinders might represent a dome on a boiler. If the top view of cylinder A is divided into a number of equal parts the points will represent the top views of elements."—French, 1911

Intersection of Two Cylinders

"The intersection of two cylinders might represent a dome on a boiler. If the top view of cylinder A…

"If the cylinder A were to be developed a right section as at S—S would have to be taken, whose stretchout would be a straight line. If the cutting planes were taken at uniform distances apart, or at random, the elements would not be spaced uniformly on the stretchout but would be found as they project on the turned section of S—S." —French, 1911

Two Cylinders with Axes Not Intersecting

"If the cylinder A were to be developed a right section as at S—S would have to be taken, whose…

"A series of planes as S—S are passed perpendicular to the axis of revolution, cutting out the circles shown on the end view. The points at which these circles cut the 'flat' are projected back as points on the curve." —French, 1911

Intersection of Surface of Revolution and Plane

"A series of planes as S—S are passed perpendicular to the axis of revolution, cutting out the…

An illustration to draw triangle prism's development, or stretched out surfaces, in a 4" by 5" surface.

Triangle Prism Exercise

An illustration to draw triangle prism's development, or stretched out surfaces, in a 4" by 5" surface.

An exercise developed to draw a rolled out or development of the pentagon prism in a 4" by 5" surface.

Pentagon Development Prism Exercise

An exercise developed to draw a rolled out or development of the pentagon prism in a 4" by 5" surface.

An exercise in drawing a pentagonal prism development or rolled out image in a 4" by 5" area.

Pentagonal Prism Development Exercise

An exercise in drawing a pentagonal prism development or rolled out image in a 4" by 5" area.

An illustration to exercise a stretched out, or development, image of the triangular prism using 4" by 5 " surface.

Triangular Prism Development Exercise

An illustration to exercise a stretched out, or development, image of the triangular prism using 4"…

An exercise problem in creating a development or rolled out surface of a cylinder in a 4" by 5" drawing area.

Development Exercise of Cylinder

An exercise problem in creating a development or rolled out surface of a cylinder in a 4" by 5" drawing…

The exercise problem of creating a three piece elbow development or rolled out image of the cylinder using projections or with dividers.

Development Exercise of Cylinder using Three Piece Elbow

The exercise problem of creating a three piece elbow development or rolled out image of the cylinder…

Problem exercise in drawing a development or a stretchout image of the octagonal roof and finding the true shape of hip rafter by using projections or dividers.

Development Exercise of Octagonal Roof and True Shape of Rafter

Problem exercise in drawing a development or a stretchout image of the octagonal roof and finding the…

A development or rolled out image exercise problem of the dome and finding the true shape of the hip, or edge, of the dome by using projections or with dividers.

Development Exercise of Dome and True Shape of Hip

A development or rolled out image exercise problem of the dome and finding the true shape of the hip,…

Exercise problem to develop, or rolled out, image of the triangular pyramid by creating an equal length of the edges of each triangle.

Development Exercise of Triangular Pyramid

Exercise problem to develop, or rolled out, image of the triangular pyramid by creating an equal length…

A pentagonal pyramid problem exercise to complete the top view of the image, and development, or rolled out image, of the pyramid.

Development Exercise of Pentagonal Pyramid

A pentagonal pyramid problem exercise to complete the top view of the image, and development, or rolled…

A problem exercise creating a stretched out or developed image of the octagonal light shade by using the hexagonal pyramid development method.

Development Exercise of Octagonal Light Shade

A problem exercise creating a stretched out or developed image of the octagonal light shade by using…

A sample exercise problem in completing the top part of the hexagonal pyramid and to create a development, or stretched out, of the image by creating edges at equal lengths, and revolving the sides.

Development Exercise of Hexagonal Pyramid

A sample exercise problem in completing the top part of the hexagonal pyramid and to create a development,…

Development and top completion exercise problem of the cone by dividing the base into equal parts and creating an arc to revolve the sides of the plane.

Development Exercise of Cone

Development and top completion exercise problem of the cone by dividing the base into equal parts and…

An exercise problem to complete the top and develop, stretched out, image of the flange and hood cones by using series of cone development.

Development Exercise of Flange and Hood Cones

An exercise problem to complete the top and develop, stretched out, image of the flange and hood cones…

The problem exercise in completing the top view and creating the development, or rolled out, image of the pentagonal pyramid.

Development Exercise of Pentagonal Pyramid

The problem exercise in completing the top view and creating the development, or rolled out, image of…

A sample exercise problem to complete the top part and create a stretched out image of the oblique hexagonal pyramid. The stretched out image is created by drawing an arc with the perimeter of the base stepped off to create an intersection point.

Development Exercise of Oblique Hexagonal Pyramid

A sample exercise problem to complete the top part and create a stretched out image of the oblique hexagonal…

"The illustration gives conventions for a number of different materials. Those in the first line are accepted by practically all who use conventional cross—hatching... Those given are part of the codes of government standards of the Bureau of Steam Engineering and the Bureau of Construction U.S.N." —French, 1911

Mechanical Drawing Cross Hatching of Material Symbols

"The illustration gives conventions for a number of different materials. Those in the first line are…

A conventional cross hatching material symbol for cast iron.

Mechanical Drawing Cross Hatching of Cast Iron

A conventional cross hatching material symbol for cast iron.

A conventional cross hatching symbol for Babbitt, metal composed of tin and copper.

Mechanical Drawing Cross Hatching of Babbitt

A conventional cross hatching symbol for Babbitt, metal composed of tin and copper.

The conventional material symbol using cross hatching technique for brass.

Mechanical Drawing Cross Hatching of Brass

The conventional material symbol using cross hatching technique for brass.

A mechanical drawing cross hatching symbol for cast steel.

Mechanical Drawing of Cross Hatching Cast Steel

A mechanical drawing cross hatching symbol for cast steel.

A wrought iron conventional cross hatching symbol.

Mechanical Drawing Cross Hatching of Wrought Iron

A wrought iron conventional cross hatching symbol.

Conventional cross hatching mechanical drawing of copper.

Mechanical Drawing Cross Hatching of Copper

Conventional cross hatching mechanical drawing of copper.

The conventional cross hatching mechanical drawing symbol for wrought steel.

Mechanical Drawing Cross Hatching of Wrought Steel

The conventional cross hatching mechanical drawing symbol for wrought steel.

A conventional face hardened steel, commonly used in military armory, cross hatching mechanical drawing symbol.

Mechanical Drawing Cross Hatching of Face Hardened Steel

A conventional face hardened steel, commonly used in military armory, cross hatching mechanical drawing…

A conventional leather cross hatching mechanical drawing symbol.

Mechanical Drawing Cross Hatching of Leather

A conventional leather cross hatching mechanical drawing symbol.

Conventional cross hatching for glass for mechanical drawing.

Mechanical Drawing Cross Hatching of Glass

Conventional cross hatching for glass for mechanical drawing.

A conventional liquid symbol in cross hatching used in mechanical drawing.

Mechanical Drawing Cross Hatching of Liquid

A conventional liquid symbol in cross hatching used in mechanical drawing.

Cross hatching conventional symbol for insulating material used in mechanical drawing.

Mechanical Drawing Cross Hatching of Insulating Material

Cross hatching conventional symbol for insulating material used in mechanical drawing.

A series of general electrical symbols commonly used in mechanical drawing.

Electrical Symbols

A series of general electrical symbols commonly used in mechanical drawing.

A series of illustration with conventional breaks and other symbols. The break in the bar is used as a shortcut in shortening the length of the bar.

Conventional Breaks and Other Symbols

A series of illustration with conventional breaks and other symbols. The break in the bar is used as…

Cask ale or cask-conditioned beer is the term for unfiltered and unpasteurised beer which is conditioned and served from a cask without additional nitrogen or carbon dioxide pressure. Cask ale may also be referred to as real ale, a term coined by the Campaign for Real Ale, often now extended to cover bottle-conditioned beer as well.

Process of Drawing Off Beer

Cask ale or cask-conditioned beer is the term for unfiltered and unpasteurised beer which is conditioned…

A conventional break symbol for a round section to use as a shortcut in shortening the length of the bar.

Conventional Breaks Symbols of Round Section Cylinder

A conventional break symbol for a round section to use as a shortcut in shortening the length of the…

A shortcut drawing pipe or tubing conventional break to draw a pipes and tubes by shortening the length of the bar without the diameter cut.

Conventional Breaks Symbols of Pipe or Tubing without Cutting Diameter

A shortcut drawing pipe or tubing conventional break to draw a pipes and tubes by shortening the length…

The conventional break symbol for drawing a pipe or tubing by cutting the diameter in half.

Conventional Breaks Symbols of Pipe or Tubing by Cutting Diameter

The conventional break symbol for drawing a pipe or tubing by cutting the diameter in half.

A conventional standard symbol for shop riveting known as Osborn symbol.

Standard Symbols for Shop Riveting

A conventional standard symbol for shop riveting known as Osborn symbol.

A side view of Osborn, or standard, symbol for riveting.

Side View of Standard Symbols for Shop Riveting

A side view of Osborn, or standard, symbol for riveting.

The standard standard symbol for field riveting, or Osborn symbol for field riveting.

Side View of Standard Symbols for Field Riveting

The standard standard symbol for field riveting, or Osborn symbol for field riveting.

A large scale riveting illustration showing the length of the rivets for Osborn symbol for riveting.

Large View of Riveting for Drawing

A large scale riveting illustration showing the length of the rivets for Osborn symbol for riveting.

Vertical line is drawn downward with the pencil held with freedom, not close to the point.

Sketching Vertical Line

Vertical line is drawn downward with the pencil held with freedom, not close to the point.

Horizontal line can be drawn left to right by holding the pencil away from the point.

Sketching Horizontal Line

Horizontal line can be drawn left to right by holding the pencil away from the point.

Castings can be measured by laying a straight edge on top to measure the dimensions of the casting.

Measuring Castings using Straight Edge

Castings can be measured by laying a straight edge on top to measure the dimensions of the casting.

An illustration of perspective drawing using a picture plane to create a vanishing points of the image.

Perspective Outline of Object

An illustration of perspective drawing using a picture plane to create a vanishing points of the image.

"Holding the pencil in a plane perpendicular to the line of sight, marking with the thumb the length of pencil which covers a line of the model rotating the arm, with the thumb held in position, until the pencil coincides with another line, and estimating the proportion of this measurement to the second line." —French, 1911

Estimating Lines using Pencil

"Holding the pencil in a plane perpendicular to the line of sight, marking with the thumb the length…

"An object in parallel perspective with one face in the picture plane is shown. At B is shown the top view of A with the cone of rays. C shows the picture plane detached and set forward in order that it may not interfere with the plan when revolved. D is the top view of C after the picture plane has been revolved." —French, 1911

Parallel Perspective

"An object in parallel perspective with one face in the picture plane is shown. At B is shown the top…

A doll is an object that represents a baby or other human being. Dolls have been around since the dawn of human civilization, and have been fashioned from a vast array of materials, ranging from stone, clay, wood, bone, cloth and paper, to porcelain, china, rubber and plastic.

Female Doll Figure

A doll is an object that represents a baby or other human being. Dolls have been around since the dawn…

A series of illustration of the image showing the different perspectives showing vanishing points and picture plane.

Angular Perspective

A series of illustration of the image showing the different perspectives showing vanishing points and…

A display drawing showing a ruled outline of a house on tracing paper.

Ruled Outline of House

A display drawing showing a ruled outline of a house on tracing paper.