ClipArt ETC
Illustration of a hollow right heptagonal (septagonal) pyramid. The base is a heptagon and the faces are isosceles triangles. The pyramid is inverted, meaning that the vertex is at the bottom and the base is on top. The hidden edges are shown in this drawing.

Inverted Septagonal/Heptagonal Pyramid

Illustration of a hollow right heptagonal (septagonal) pyramid. The base is a heptagon and the faces…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets eleven to thirty-one); alternate; edge of leaflets evenly and sharply toothed. Outline - of leaflet, narrow egg-shape. Apex - long, taper-pointed. Base, rounded or slightly heart-shaped. Leaflet/Stem - lacking. Leaf/Stem - densely velvety-hairy. Leaflet - usually two to four inches long and about one fourth as wide; the under surface whitish and more or less downy. Leaf - one or two feet or more in length. Branchlets - and stalks, especially towards their ends, covered with a very dense velvet-like down, often crimson-tinged. The just is milky and acid. Flowers - greenish-yellow, in upright, pyramid-shaped bunches at the ends of the branches. June. Berries - rounded, somewhat flattened, bright crimson velvety, crowded. Stone - smooth. Juice, acid. September, October. Found - from New Brunswick and the valley of the St. Lawrence through the Northern States, and southward along the Alleghany Mountains to Central Alabama. General Information - A small tree, ten to thirty feet high (or often a shrub), with straggling and evenly spreading branches that are leaved mostly toward their ends, giving an umbrella-like look to the tree. The wood is very soft and brittle; yellow within; the sap-wood white. The young shoots with the pith removed, are used in the spring as "sap quills" in drawing the sap from the sugar maples. The downy and irregular branchlets are suggestive of the horns of a stag, whence the name. An infusion of the berries is sometimes used as a gargle for sore-throat. This species is not poisonous. A variety with deeply gashed leaves (var. laciniata) is reported from Hanover, N. H.

Genus Rhus, L. (Sumach)

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets eleven to thirty-one); alternate; edge of leaflets evenly…

A drawing board is usually made of well-seasoned and straight-grained soft pine, the grain running lengthwise of the board.

Drawing Board

A drawing board is usually made of well-seasoned and straight-grained soft pine, the grain running lengthwise…

A T-square is used to aid drawing straight and parallel lines. It consist of a thin straightedge, the blade, and a head fastened at right angles.

T-square

A T-square is used to aid drawing straight and parallel lines. It consist of a thin straightedge, the…

T-squares can be used in conjunction with a drawing board to draw parallel lines.

Drawing Parallel Lines

T-squares can be used in conjunction with a drawing board to draw parallel lines.

Triangles are made of various substances such as wood, rubber, celluloid, and steel.

45 Degree Triangle

Triangles are made of various substances such as wood, rubber, celluloid, and steel.

Triangles are made of various substances such as wood, rubber, celluloid, and steel.

30-60 Degree Triangle

Triangles are made of various substances such as wood, rubber, celluloid, and steel.

Use a drawing board and T-square to test the accuracy of the 90 degree angle.

Testing Triangles

Use a drawing board and T-square to test the accuracy of the 90 degree angle.

Triangles are used in drawing lines at right angles to the T-square.

Drawing Vertical Parallel Lines

Triangles are used in drawing lines at right angles to the T-square.

It is possible to draw lines forming angles of 15 and 75 degrees by arranging two triangles.

Drawing Lines at an Angle 15 and 75

It is possible to draw lines forming angles of 15 and 75 degrees by arranging two triangles.

A triangle and a T-square can be used in conjunction to draw a rectangle.

Drawing Rectangles

A triangle and a T-square can be used in conjunction to draw a rectangle.

Compasses are used for drawing circles and arcs of circles.

Compasses and Attachments

Compasses are used for drawing circles and arcs of circles.

In some instruments joints are held in position by lock nuts allowing ample movement of the legs, yet gives proper stiffness

Compass

In some instruments joints are held in position by lock nuts allowing ample movement of the legs, yet…

For drawing straight lines and curves that are not arcs of circles, the ruling pen is used. The distance between the pen points, which regulates the width of line to be drawn, is adjusted by the thumb screw, and the blades are given a slight curvature so that there will be a cavity for ink when the points are close together.

Ruling Pen

For drawing straight lines and curves that are not arcs of circles, the ruling pen is used. The distance…

This is the standard layout for plates.

Drawing Board Setup

This is the standard layout for plates.

This is a sample lettering plate.

Drawing Board Lettering Setup

This is a sample lettering plate.

Diamond pattern exercise: Divide A D and A B into 4 equal parts, then draw horizontal lines through E, F, and G and vertical lines through L, M, and N. Draw lines from A and B to the intersection O of lines E and M, and from A and D to the intersection P of lines F and L. Similarly, draw D J, J C, C I, and I B. Also connect the points O, P, J, and I, thus forming a square. The four diamond-shaped areas are formed by drawing lines from the middle points of A D, A B, B C, and D C to the middle points of lines A P, A O, O B, I B, etc.

Diamond Exercise

Diamond pattern exercise: Divide A D and A B into 4 equal parts, then draw horizontal lines through…

Square pattern exercise: Divide A D and A B into 4 equal parts and draw horizontal and vertical lines. Now divide these dimensions, A L, M N, etc., and E F, G B, etc., into 4 equal parts- each 1/4 inch- and draw light pencil lines with the T-square and triangle.

Square Exercise

Square pattern exercise: Divide A D and A B into 4 equal parts and draw horizontal and vertical lines.…

Weave pattern exercise: Divide A D and A B into 8 equal parts, and through the points O, P, Q, H, I, J, etc., draw horizontal and vertical lines. Now draw lines connecting O and H, P and I, Q and J, etc. As these lines form an angle of 45 degrees with the horizontal, a 45-degree triangle may be used. Similarly from each one of the given points on A B and A D, draw lines at an angle of 45 degrees to B C and D C respectively.

Weave Exercise

Weave pattern exercise: Divide A D and A B into 8 equal parts, and through the points O, P, Q, H, I,…

Circle pattern exercise: Draw diagonals A C and D B, and with the T-square draw the line E H. Now mark off on E H distances of 1.4 inch, and with H as a center describe, by means of the compasses, circles having radii respectively 2 inches, 1.5 inches, 1 inch, 0.75 inch, 0.5 inch, and .25 inch. Similarly with H as a center and a radius of 1.75 inch and 1.25 inches respectively raw the arcs F G and I J and K L and M N, being careful to end the arcs in the diagonals.

Circle Exercise

Circle pattern exercise: Draw diagonals A C and D B, and with the T-square draw the line E H. Now mark…

Box pattern exercise

Box Exercise

Box pattern exercise

Arc pattern exercise

Arc Exercise

Arc pattern exercise

To fasten the paper, lay a sheet on the board with the left edge an inch or so from the ending, place a T-square in position and "true up" the paper with the T-square.

Adjusting the Paper

To fasten the paper, lay a sheet on the board with the left edge an inch or so from the ending, place…

All lines in a mechanical drawing are made with the aid of an instrument. Horizontal lines are drawn with the upper edge of the T-square blade as a guide.

Drawing a Horizontal Line

All lines in a mechanical drawing are made with the aid of an instrument. Horizontal lines are drawn…

Vertical lines are drawn by using a triangle held against the T-square.

Drawing a Vertical Line

Vertical lines are drawn by using a triangle held against the T-square.

15 degrees with the horizontal or 75 degrees with the vertical.

Triangle Set Up for 15 Degrees

15 degrees with the horizontal or 75 degrees with the vertical.

30 degrees with the horizontal or 60 degrees with the vertical.

Triangle Set Up for 30 Degrees

30 degrees with the horizontal or 60 degrees with the vertical.

45 degrees with the horizontal or 45 degrees with the vertical.

Triangle Set Up for 45 Degrees

45 degrees with the horizontal or 45 degrees with the vertical.

60 degrees with the horizontal or 30 degrees with the vertical.

Triangle Set Up for 60 Degrees

60 degrees with the horizontal or 30 degrees with the vertical.

75 degrees with the horizontal or 15 degrees with the vertical.

Triangle Set Up for 75 Degrees

75 degrees with the horizontal or 15 degrees with the vertical.

Parallel lines are drawn by using a triangle in combination with a T-square. To draw a line parallel to the one given, place a triangle against the T-square and move them together until the hypotenuse of the triangle matches the line. Hold the T-square firmly and slide the triangle in the direction of the arrow until the desired position of the parallel line is reached.

Drawing Parallel Lines Exercise

Parallel lines are drawn by using a triangle in combination with a T-square. To draw a line parallel…

Lines perpendicular to each other may be drawn by using a triangle in combination with the T-square. To draw a line perpendicular to a given line place a triangle against the T-square and move them together until the hypotenuse of the triangle matches the line. Turn the triangle on its right angled corner until the perpendicular line can be drawn on the hypotenuse of the triangle.

Drawing Perpendicular Lines Exercise

Lines perpendicular to each other may be drawn by using a triangle in combination with the T-square.…

Adjusting the needle point so that it is slightly longer than that of the pencil.

The Tip of the Compass

Adjusting the needle point so that it is slightly longer than that of the pencil.

In changing the compass from a small to large radius, hold the legs together with one hand and spin the nut with the other, in order to save wear on the threads.

Adjusting the Compass

In changing the compass from a small to large radius, hold the legs together with one hand and spin…

Scales are made with different divisions for different purposes. For machine, structural and architectural drawing the architects' scale of proportional feet and inches is used.

The Scale of the Architects

Scales are made with different divisions for different purposes. For machine, structural and architectural…

The pulp of a hair injected; 1, cut surface of hair; 2, the pulp; 3, injected vessel ramifying in it. On the right the figure shows the hair in its follicle, though the drawing was made from the whisker of a Walrus; 2, the cutis; 3, external sheath of the follicle; 4, internal sheath continuous with the cuticle; 5, pulp; 6, shaft of hair; 7, large nerve going to it.

Hair and Its Follicle

The pulp of a hair injected; 1, cut surface of hair; 2, the pulp; 3, injected vessel ramifying in it.…

Outside calipers are used to measure solid objects.

Outside Caliper

Outside calipers are used to measure solid objects.

Inside calipers are used to measure hollow objects or internal holes.

Inside Caliper

Inside calipers are used to measure hollow objects or internal holes.

Transfer the caliper to a scale to receive measurement.

Reading the Outside Caliper

Transfer the caliper to a scale to receive measurement.

Transfer the caliper to a scale to receive measurement.

Reading the Inside Caliper

Transfer the caliper to a scale to receive measurement.

When the caliper cannot be removed from a thickness, a filler can be used. The distance must be subtracted from the total distance to obtain the desired thickness.

Caliper with Filler

When the caliper cannot be removed from a thickness, a filler can be used. The distance must be subtracted…

The transfer caliper is provided with a false leg which is set so that the caliper may be opened and then brought back to the same position after removing from the casting.

Transfer Caliper

The transfer caliper is provided with a false leg which is set so that the caliper may be opened and…

Do not hold the pen over the drawing while filing. Keep the blades parallel to the direction of the line

Pen Positioning

Do not hold the pen over the drawing while filing. Keep the blades parallel to the direction of the…

Always draw a circle in one stroke, inclining the compass in the direction of the line and rolling the handle between the thumb and finger.

Inking a Circle

Always draw a circle in one stroke, inclining the compass in the direction of the line and rolling the…

"Drawings carved by Middle Stone Age man on ivory." -Breasted, 1914

Stone Age Carving

"Drawings carved by Middle Stone Age man on ivory." -Breasted, 1914

A drawing of plowing and sowing in the Pyramid Age of Egypt. The hieroglyphs tell the story of the picture.

Plowing and Sowing

A drawing of plowing and sowing in the Pyramid Age of Egypt. The hieroglyphs tell the story of the picture.

"Donkey carrying a load of grain sheaves in the Pyramid Age." -Breasted, 1914.

Donkeys

"Donkey carrying a load of grain sheaves in the Pyramid Age." -Breasted, 1914.

Carpenters in the Pyramid Age of Egypt.

Egyptian Carpenters

Carpenters in the Pyramid Age of Egypt.

A Peruvian drawing of Inca warriors.

Peruvian Drawing

A Peruvian drawing of Inca warriors.

A: "Camera-lucida drawing of a bleached leaf of a Dicotyledon, showing the course of the vascular bundles, and how end free in the mesophyll." C:magnified detail. -Stevens, 1916

Dicotyledon Leaf

A: "Camera-lucida drawing of a bleached leaf of a Dicotyledon, showing the course of the vascular bundles,…

B: "Camera-lucida drawing of a bleached leaf of... a Monocotyledon, showing the anastomosis of the parallel veins by means of slender lateral branches." D: magnified detail. -Stevens, 1916

Monocotyledon Leaf

B: "Camera-lucida drawing of a bleached leaf of... a Monocotyledon, showing the anastomosis of the parallel…

"Showing pitted connections between medullary rays and xylem parenchyma, and between contiguous xylem parenchyma cells. m, medullary rays; n, xylem parenchyma. Camera-lucida drawing of tangential section of wood of yellow poplar." -Stevens, 1916

Yellow Poplar Wood

"Showing pitted connections between medullary rays and xylem parenchyma, and between contiguous xylem…

"Stages in the formation of the megaspore, its germination, fertilization of the egg and endosperm cells. D, more highly magnified drawing of o in A showing archesporial cell at a." -Stevens, 1916

Megaspore Formation Stage 4

"Stages in the formation of the megaspore, its germination, fertilization of the egg and endosperm cells.…

"The repairing of a rent in the nest of the red tree ant (Ecophylla smaragdina). The nest is made of leaves, held together with a silken web. The figure shows the workers repairing a rent, one brigade of them being occupied in drawing the edges of the leaves together, while the others on the inside of the nest move the spinning larvae back and forth across the gap." -National Geographic, 1912

Red Tree Ants

"The repairing of a rent in the nest of the red tree ant (Ecophylla smaragdina). The nest is made of…

Neolithic age hut urns. The first drawing probably representing a lake dwelling. Not drawn to scale.

Neolithic Age Hut Urns

Neolithic age hut urns. The first drawing probably representing a lake dwelling. Not drawn to scale.

Perhaps the earliest people to form real cities in the western region of the world, were a people of mysterious origin called Sumerians. This drawing is a very early Sumerian stone carving showing Sumerian warriors in phalanx.

Stone Carvings of Sumerian Warriors

Perhaps the earliest people to form real cities in the western region of the world, were a people of…

Drawing of Napoleon of France as Emperor.

Napoleon as Emperor

Drawing of Napoleon of France as Emperor.

Drawing of Tsar Alexander I. He was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland, and first Grand Duke of Finland.

Tsar Alexander I

Drawing of Tsar Alexander I. He was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland, and first Grand Duke of Finland.

This image shows a woman creating an illustration using the camera obscura.

Camera Obscura

This image shows a woman creating an illustration using the camera obscura.

An illustration showing how to use isometric perspective. "This kind of perspective admits of scale measurements the same as any ordinary drawing, and gives a clear representation of the object. It is easily learned. All horizontal rectangular lines are drawn at an angle of 30°. All circles are ellipses of proportion, as shown."

Construction Using Isometric Perspective

An illustration showing how to use isometric perspective. "This kind of perspective admits of scale…