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This diagram shows the bronchial tubes, with clusters of cells. The bronchioles are the first airway branches that no longer contain cartilage. They are branches of the bronchi, and are smaller than one millimetre in diameter.

Bronchioles

This diagram shows the bronchial tubes, with clusters of cells. The bronchioles are the first airway…

This is an illustration of raphides, or acicular crystals, from the stalk of the Rhubarb: three of the cells contain chlorophyll, and two of them raphides.

Raphides

This is an illustration of raphides, or acicular crystals, from the stalk of the Rhubarb: three of the…

The electrical symbol for a battery, either storage or dry cells.

Battery

The electrical symbol for a battery, either storage or dry cells.

The circulation of protoplasm (p) in a cell of the stamen-hair of Tradescania. In the channels the granules move back and forth to the various parts of the cell. The remainder of the cell is filled with cell-sap (s) which in these cells is colored.

Protoplasm

The circulation of protoplasm (p) in a cell of the stamen-hair of Tradescania. In the channels the granules…

Modes of cell reproduction. A, B, and C, stages in the reproduction of the Infusorian, Colpoda, by the breaking up of the protoplasm to form numerous cells. A, encysted stage; B, protoplasm escaping, spores partly formed; C, spores completely separated; D, budding in Chlamydomyxa, a lowly Rhizopod. b, bud; cw., cell wall; m, mother cell; n, nuclear matter; s, spores.

Cell Reproduction

Modes of cell reproduction. A, B, and C, stages in the reproduction of the Infusorian, Colpoda, by the…

"Modes of forming mesoderm. A and B, special mesoblasts distinguishable early in egmentation (annelid): A, surface view from active pole; B, sectional view of same. ec, micromeres destined to form ectoderm; en, macromeres destined to form entoderm; m, primitive mesoblast which produces the mesoderm. C, amaeboid mesodermal cells (c) budding from entoderm into the segmentation cavity (s.c.), in an Echinoderm. a, archenteron." — Galloway

Mesoderm

"Modes of forming mesoderm. A and B, special mesoblasts distinguishable early in egmentation (annelid):…

"Section through ovary of a young Mammal. The eggs (o) are seen to be formed from the epithelium. c, connective tissue of ovary; e, epithelium; f, follicle of epithelial cells in which the ova ripen; o, ova in different stages of ripeness." — Galloway

Ovary

"Section through ovary of a young Mammal. The eggs (o) are seen to be formed from the epithelium. c,…

"Blood corpuscles (human). c, colored; l, leucocytes. The red cells tend to collect in rows with the sides in contact." — Galloway

Blood Corpuscles

"Blood corpuscles (human). c, colored; l, leucocytes. The red cells tend to collect in rows with the…

"Scheme showing the essential relations of the parts of a nervous system: 1, the sensory end organ (epithelial); 2, afferent nerve tract; 3, central nervous cells (ganglia); 4, efferent nerves, leading to 5, muscle, gland, etc. g, ganglion cells; gl., gland; m, muscle fibre; n.f., nerve fibre; s.e., sensory epithelium." — Galloway

Nervous System

"Scheme showing the essential relations of the parts of a nervous system: 1, the sensory end organ (epithelial);…

"Otocyst in a mollusk. n, nerve; ;o, otolith; s.c., sensory cells in wall of otocyst." — Galloway

Otocyst

"Otocyst in a mollusk. n, nerve; ;o, otolith; s.c., sensory cells in wall of otocyst." — Galloway

"Eudorina. A colony of 16 flagellate cells imbedded in a gelatinous matrix." — Galloway

Eudorina

"Eudorina. A colony of 16 flagellate cells imbedded in a gelatinous matrix." — Galloway

"Nettling cells of Hydra. A, unexploded; B, exploded; b, barbs; c, the nettling cell in which the nettling organ is developed; cn., the cnidocil or "trigger"; cp., the capsule or nettling organ; f, the nettling filament or lasso; n, neck of the capsule; nu., nucleus of the cell." — Galloway

Hydra

"Nettling cells of Hydra. A, unexploded; B, exploded; b, barbs; c, the nettling cell in which the nettling…

"Transverse section of the intestine of the Earthworm. ty, typhlosole, an infolded longitudinal ridge in the gut in which the fland cells (gl.) are especially aggregated." — Galloway

Earthworm

"Transverse section of the intestine of the Earthworm. ty, typhlosole, an infolded longitudinal ridge…

"Nervous tissue is either gray, which is a mass of tailed cells suppoted by a fine connective tissue." — Richardson, 1906

Nerve Cells

"Nervous tissue is either gray, which is a mass of tailed cells suppoted by a fine connective tissue."…

"Non-striped spindle-shaped cells which branch and join with one another." — Richardson, 1906

Non-Striated Muscle

"Non-striped spindle-shaped cells which branch and join with one another." — Richardson, 1906

"Carte, Guard. Turn wrist with nails upwards; hand on a line with lower part of breast; arm somewhat bent, and elbow inclined a little to the outside; point of foil elevated at an angle of about 15 degrees, and directed at upper part of adversary's breast." — Chambers, 1881

Carte

"Carte, Guard. Turn wrist with nails upwards; hand on a line with lower part of breast; arm somewhat…

"Tierce, Guard. As in carte, the nails and wrist being somewhat more downward, and the arm stretched a little outward, to cover the outside." — Chambers, 1881

Tierce

"Tierce, Guard. As in carte, the nails and wrist being somewhat more downward, and the arm stretched…

"Seconde, Parade. Nails and wrist downward, hand opposed outward, and blade, pointing low, should form an angle of about 45 degrees with the ground." — Chambers, 1881

Seconde

"Seconde, Parade. Nails and wrist downward, hand opposed outward, and blade, pointing low, should form…

"Prime, Parade. In using prime to parry the thrust in seconde, pass your point over the adversary's blade, lower it to the waist, keeping your wrist as high as your mouth, nails downward, elbow bent, and body held back as far as possible. The left foot should also be drawn backward a few inches, to remove the body further from the hostile point." — Chambers, 1881

Prime

"Prime, Parade. In using prime to parry the thrust in seconde, pass your point over the adversary's…

"Quinte, Parade. Wrist in high carte, sword-point low, and oppose adversary from the forte of the outside edge of your blade." — Chambers, 1881

Quinte

"Quinte, Parade. Wrist in high carte, sword-point low, and oppose adversary from the forte of the outside…

"Radial longitudinal section of wood of Pinus Sylvestris. a, cambium; b, c, d, e, f, wood cells; f, bordered pits in an early stage of formation, before the thickening ring has arched over the thin portion of cell'wall; t', bordered pit after the thickening mass has arched over the thin cell-wall; st, very large pits where in contact with medullary rays." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Pinus Sylvestris

"Radial longitudinal section of wood of Pinus Sylvestris. a, cambium; b, c, d, e, f, wood cells; f,…

"Section of Bamboo, showing an angular network of cells, and the round apertures of pitted vessels." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Bamboo

"Section of Bamboo, showing an angular network of cells, and the round apertures of pitted vessels."…

"Vertical section of the leaf of Potamogeton or Pondweed, showing air cavities or lecunae l, and parenehymatous cells p, with granules." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Pondweed Leaf

"Vertical section of the leaf of Potamogeton or Pondweed, showing air cavities or lecunae l, and parenehymatous…

"a, Starch cells of the Pea, showing grains of starch in the interior. b, Seperate starch grains, with striae and hilum." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Starch Cells

"a, Starch cells of the Pea, showing grains of starch in the interior. b, Seperate starch grains, with…

"Vertical section of part of the rind of the Orange, showing glands containing volatile oil, R, R, R, surrounded by cells." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Orange Rind

"Vertical section of part of the rind of the Orange, showing glands containing volatile oil, R, R, R,…

"Cells of Rumex c, containing raphides r. The cells are called Raphidian. The raphides are acicular or needle-like crystals forming bundles." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Rumex

"Cells of Rumex c, containing raphides r. The cells are called Raphidian. The raphides are acicular…

"Cells of Beet-root, containing conglomerate crystals." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Beet-root

"Cells of Beet-root, containing conglomerate crystals." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

"Cellular tissue from leaf of Urostigma elasticum. c, a large cell; r, cystolith, an agglomeration of crystals situated at the extremity of an inward prolongation of the cell-wall, t; u, cells filled with chlorophyll granules." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Urostigma Elasticum

"Cellular tissue from leaf of Urostigma elasticum. c, a large cell; r, cystolith, an agglomeration of…

"Vertical section of epidermis, from the lower surface of the leaf of Madder, showing the intimate union of the spidermal cells e, the loose subjacent parenchyma p, with intercellular canals m, and lacuna l; s, stoma." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Epidermis

"Vertical section of epidermis, from the lower surface of the leaf of Madder, showing the intimate union…

"Epidermis of leaf of Saxifraga Sarmentosa, showing clusters of stomata s, surrounded by large epidermal cells e. The cells among which the stomata occus are very small." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Saxifraga Sarmentosa

"Epidermis of leaf of Saxifraga Sarmentosa, showing clusters of stomata s, surrounded by large epidermal…

"Formation of stomata from leaf of Hyacinth, seen from the surface. e, epidermis cells; s', mother-cell of stomatic guard-cells; s, bipartition of mother-cell into two guard-cells." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Hyacinth

"Formation of stomata from leaf of Hyacinth, seen from the surface. e, epidermis cells; s', mother-cell…

"Splitting of partition wall between guard-cells to form the stoma (Sachs.)" — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Sachs

"Splitting of partition wall between guard-cells to form the stoma (Sachs.)" — Encyclopedia Britanica,…

"Transverse section of an open fibro-vascular bundle. c, cambium; cb, continuation of cambium between the fibro-vascular bundles; g, large pitted vessels; t, smaller pitted vessels and spiral vessels intermixed with wood-cells; y, inner phloem layers; bm bast fibers; m is the parenchyma of the pith; r, is the cortical parenchyma. Immediately external to the bark lies the bundle sheath of cells filled with starch." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Cambium

"Transverse section of an open fibro-vascular bundle. c, cambium; cb, continuation of cambium between…

"Longitudinal section of an open fibro-vascular bundle. c, cambium; s, spiral vessels with fibers which can be unrolled; l, scalariorm reticulated vessel; h, h', h'', h''', wood-cells; t, bordered pitted vessel; t', young pitted vessel; p, inner phloem layer; b, best layer; gs, bundle-sheath; r, cortical parenchyms; m, pith parenchyms. The elements are developed from s to t' in the xylem portion." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Fibro-vascular Bundle

"Longitudinal section of an open fibro-vascular bundle. c, cambium; s, spiral vessels with fibers which…

"Transverse section of a closed fibro-vascular bundle. r, annular vessel; s, spiral vessel; I, inter-cellular canal; g, pitted vessel; v, cambiform tissue which has become permanent. Between v and s are reticulated vessels. p, surrounding parenchyms. Outer cells a of the bundle are parenchymatous, i marks the inner side of the bundle." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Fibro-vascular Bundle

"Transverse section of a closed fibro-vascular bundle. r, annular vessel; s, spiral vessel; I, inter-cellular…

"1, Portion of epithelium from the tentacle of an Actinian, showing three supporting cells and one sense cell; 2, a cnidoblast with enclosed nematocyst from the same specimen; 3 and 4, two forms of gland cell from the stomodaeum; 5a, 5b, epithelio-muscular cells from the tentacle in different states of contraction; 5c, an epithelio-muscular cell from the endoderm, containing a symbiotic zooxanthella ; 6, a ganglion cell fro mthe ectoderm of the peristome." —Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Tentacles

"1, Portion of epithelium from the tentacle of an Actinian, showing three supporting cells and one sense…

One of the arms or branches of the cross guard of a sword.

Sword Hilt

One of the arms or branches of the cross guard of a sword.

"Presently in the production of ordinay connective tissue, fibers of two kinds make their appearance in the intercellular substance, and to all appearance independent of the cells. Those of the one kind are highly elastic and refracting, not easily affected by reagents, stain deeply with magenta, run singly, always branch, and become united with neighboring fibers so as to form a network throughout the tissue." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Connective Tissue

"Presently in the production of ordinay connective tissue, fibers of two kinds make their appearance…

"Presently in the production of ordinay connective tissue, fibers of two kinds make their appearance in the intercellular substance, and to all appearance independent of the cells. Those of the other kind are excessively fine and indistinct, never run singly but always in bundles, and generally with a wavy course, are readily affected by reagents, and, in vertebrates, yield gelatin on boiling." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Connective Tissue

"Presently in the production of ordinay connective tissue, fibers of two kinds make their appearance…

"Epidermo-muscular cells of Hydra m, muscular-fiber processes." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Epiderm Cels

"Epidermo-muscular cells of Hydra m, muscular-fiber processes." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Portion of the body-wall of Hydra, showing ectoderm cells above, separated by "structureless lamelia" from three flagellate endoderm cells below. The latter are vacnolated, and contain each a nucleus and several dark granules. In the middle ectoderm cell are seen a nucleus and three nematocysts, with trigger hairs projecting beyond the cuticle. A large nematocyst with everted thread, is seen in the right-hand ectodermal cell." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Body-wall

"Portion of the body-wall of Hydra, showing ectoderm cells above, separated by "structureless lamelia"…

"Vacnolated endoderm cells of eartilaginous consistence from the axis of the tentacle of a Medusa (Cunina)." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Endoderm Cell

"Vacnolated endoderm cells of eartilaginous consistence from the axis of the tentacle of a Medusa (Cunina)."…

"Portions of sections through the disc of medusae. The upper one of Lizzia, the lower of Aurelia. el, endoderm lamelia, or vascular lamelia; m, muscular processes of the ectoderm cells in cross section; d, ectoderm; en, endoderm lining the enteric cavity; e, wandering endoderm cells of the gelatinous substances." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Medusae

"Portions of sections through the disc of medusae. The upper one of Lizzia, the lower of Aurelia. el,…

"Gelatinous substance of the disc of Aurelia, showing-a, fibrous trabeculae, and b, wandering endoderm cells, with amaebold movements." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Aurelia

"Gelatinous substance of the disc of Aurelia, showing-a, fibrous trabeculae, and b, wandering endoderm…

"Muscular cells of medusae (Lizzia). The uppermost is a purely muscular cell from the sub-umbrella; the two lower are epidermo-muscular cells from the base of a tentacle; the upstanding nucloated portion forms part of the epidermal mosaic on the free surface of the body." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Muscular Cells

"Muscular cells of medusae (Lizzia). The uppermost is a purely muscular cell from the sub-umbrella;…

"Ocellus of a medusa (Lizzia Koellikeri). oc, pigmented ectodermal cells; l, lens." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Ocellus

"Ocellus of a medusa (Lizzia Koellikeri). oc, pigmented ectodermal cells; l, lens." — Encyclopedia…

"Simple tentaculocyst of one of the Trachomedusae (Rhopalonema velatum). The process carrying the otolith or concretion hk, formed by endoderm cells, is enclosed by an upgrowth forming the "vesicle," which is not yet quite closed in at the top." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Trachomedusae

"Simple tentaculocyst of one of the Trachomedusae (Rhopalonema velatum). The process carrying the otolith…

"Carmarina (Geryonia) hastata, one of the Trachomedusae. a, nerve-ring; a', radial nerve; b, tentaculocyst; c, circular canal; e, radiating canal; g'', ovary; h, perenia or cartilaginous process ascending from the cartilaginous margin of the disc centripetally in the outer surface of the jelly-like disc; six of these are perradial, six interradial, coresponding to the twelve solid larval tentacles, resembling those of Cunina; k, dilatation (stomach) of the manubrium; l, jelly of the disc; p, manubrium; t, tentacle (hollow and tertiary, i.e., preceded by six perradial and six interradial solid larval tentacles); u, cartilaginous margin of the disc covered by thread-cells; v, velum." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Carmarina

"Carmarina (Geryonia) hastata, one of the Trachomedusae. a, nerve-ring; a', radial nerve; b, tentaculocyst;…

"Fucus vesiculosus: showing the receptacles of the fructification a, a, at the ends of the branching frond; b, b, b, large air-cells which help to float the plant." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Fucus Vesiculosus

"Fucus vesiculosus: showing the receptacles of the fructification a, a, at the ends of the branching…

"A genus of Andromeda polifolia of plants of the natural order Ericaceae, distinguished by a 5-valve naked capsule, which splits up through the back of the cells; anthers with two awns, and a globose corolla with the orifice contracted." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Andromeda

"A genus of Andromeda polifolia of plants of the natural order Ericaceae, distinguished by a 5-valve…

"Cloves are the flower-buds of the Clove-tree. The genus to which this tree belongs is of the natural order Myrtaceae; the calyx has a cylindrical tube and 4-cleft border; the corolla consists of four petals united by their tips; the stamens are in four clusters; and the fruit is an oblong dry berry with one or two cells and as many seeds." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Cloves

"Cloves are the flower-buds of the Clove-tree. The genus to which this tree belongs is of the natural…

"A name given to many plants, of which the foliage has a pungent, mustard-like taste, and is used as a salad. It is sometimes more strictly confused to the genus Lepidium, a genus of the natural order Cruciferae, having small white flowers, and oblong or rounded laterally compressed pouches (silicules), with the cells one-seeded, and the valves keeled or winged on the back." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Cress

"A name given to many plants, of which the foliage has a pungent, mustard-like taste, and is used as…

"Portion of epithelium from the tentacle of an Actinian, showing three supporting cells and one sense cell (sc); 2, a enidoblast with enclosed nematocyst from the same specimens; 3 and 3, two forms of gland cell from the stomodaeum; 5a and 5b, epithelio-muscular cells from the tentacle in different states of contraction; 5c, an epithelio-muscular cell from the endoderm, containing a symbiotic zooxanthelia; 6, a ganglion cell from the ectoderm of the peristome." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Epithelium

"Portion of epithelium from the tentacle of an Actinian, showing three supporting cells and one sense…

"Section through the lateral eye of Euscorpius italicus. lens, Cuticular lens. nerv.c, Retinal cells (nerve-end cells). rhabd, Rhabdomes. nerv.f, Nerve fibes of the optic nerve. int, Intermediate cells (lying between the bases of the retinal cells)." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Euscorpius Italicus

"Section through the lateral eye of Euscorpius italicus. lens, Cuticular lens. nerv.c, Retinal cells…

"Section through a portion of the lateral eye of Limulus, showing three ommatidia—A, B and C. hyp, The epidermic cell-layer (so-called hypodermis), the cells of which increase in volume below each lens, l, and become nerve-end cells or retinula-cells, rl; in A, the letters rh point to a rhabdomere secreted by the cell rl; c, the peculiar central spherical cell; n, nerve fibers; mes, mesoblastic skeletal tissue; ch, chitinous cuticle." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Limulus

"Section through a portion of the lateral eye of Limulus, showing three ommatidia—A, B and C.…

"Section through one of the central eyes of a young Limulus. L, Cuticular or corneous lens. hy, Epidermic cell-layer. corn, Its corneagen portion immediately underlying the lens. ret, Retinula cells. nf, Nerve fibers. con. tiss, Connective tissue (mesoblastic skeletal tissue)." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Limulus

"Section through one of the central eyes of a young Limulus. L, Cuticular or corneous lens. hy, Epidermic…

"Diagram of a retinula of the central eye of a scorpion consisting of five retina-cells (ret), with adherent branched pigment cells (pig)." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Retinula

"Diagram of a retinula of the central eye of a scorpion consisting of five retina-cells (ret), with…

"Transverse section of a retinula of the lateral eye of Limulus, showing ten retinula cells (ret), each bearing a rhabdomere (rhab)." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Limulus

"Transverse section of a retinula of the lateral eye of Limulus, showing ten retinula cells (ret), each…

"Spirillum containing many spores (a), which are liberated at b by the breaking up of the parent cells." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Spirillum

"Spirillum containing many spores (a), which are liberated at b by the breaking up of the parent cells."…

"Raspberry (Rubus idaeus, order Rosaceae), being fertilized. A, Flower. p, p, Petals. a, a, Anthers. s, Stigma. no, Nectary openings. nc, Nectar Cells. D, Drupels." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Raspberry Fertilization

"Raspberry (Rubus idaeus, order Rosaceae), being fertilized. A, Flower. p, p, Petals. a, a, Anthers.…