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"A tree of the natural order Liliaceae, remarkable for the size which it sometimes attains, rivalling even the baobab, and of which a celebrated specimen near Orotava, in the island of Tenerife, was found by Humboldt in 1799 to have a stem about 45 feet in circumference, and is described as having been of similar gigantic size in the beginning of the 15th century." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Dragon Tree

"A tree of the natural order Liliaceae, remarkable for the size which it sometimes attains, rivalling…

"A. Colony of Pennatula phosphorea from the metarachidial aspect. p, The peduncle. B, Section of the rachis bearing a single pinna. a, Axis; b, metarachidial; c, prorachidial; d, pararachidial stem canals." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Pennatula Phosphorea

"A. Colony of Pennatula phosphorea from the metarachidial aspect. p, The peduncle. B, Section of the…

"Of all the contrivances for regulating the motion of machinery, this is said to be the most effectual. It will be readily understood by the following description. It consists of two heavy iron balls b, attached to the extremities of the two rods, b, e. These rods play on a joint at e, passing through a mortice in the vertical stem d, d. At f, these pieces are united, by joints to two short rods, f, h, which, at their upper ends, are again connected by joints at h, to a ring which slides upon the vertical stem d d." —Comstock, 1850

Governor

"Of all the contrivances for regulating the motion of machinery, this is said to be the most effectual.…

"Vibration of a wire. A conducting copper wire, w, is suspended by a loop from a hook of the same metal, which passes through the arm of metal or wood, as seen in the cut. The upper end of the hook terminates in the cup P, to contain mercury. The lower end of the copper wire just touched the mercury, Q, contained in a little trough about an inch long, formed in the wood on which the horseshoe magnet, M, is laid, the mercury being equally distant from the two poles. The cup, N, has a stem of wire which passes through the wood of the platform into the mercury, this end of the wire being tinned, or amalgamated, so as to form a perfect contact." —Comstock, 1850

Wire Vibration

"Vibration of a wire. A conducting copper wire, w, is suspended by a loop from a hook of the same metal,…

"Blackberry knot gall common on the stems of the blackberry." —Davison, 1906

Blackberry Knot

"Blackberry knot gall common on the stems of the blackberry." —Davison, 1906

A stem girdled by the label wire

Label

A stem girdled by the label wire

The stem-mother that starts the transformation.

Stem Mother

The stem-mother that starts the transformation.

Funaria hygrometrica. Further stages of the development of the sporogonium enclosed in the calyptra formed from the archegonial wall and still bearing the neck. The foot of the sporogonium has penetrated into the underlying tissue of the stem of the moss-plant

Bryophyta

Funaria hygrometrica. Further stages of the development of the sporogonium enclosed in the calyptra…

Funaria hygrometrica. Further stages of the development of the sporogonium enclosed in the calyptra formed from the archegonial wall and still bearing the neck. The foot of the sporogonium has penetrated into the underlying tissue of the stem of the moss-plant

Bryophyta

Funaria hygrometrica. Further stages of the development of the sporogonium enclosed in the calyptra…

Section of a flax-seed magnified and divided flat-wise: turned round, so that the stem-end (caulicle) of the embryo is below: the whole broad upper part is the inner face of one of the cotyledons: the minute nick at its base is the plumule.

Flax-seed

Section of a flax-seed magnified and divided flat-wise: turned round, so that the stem-end (caulicle)…

Growth of Flax seedling from a stem with two leaves and a bud, to a stem with several leaves and stem joints between leaves.

Early Flax Seedling

Growth of Flax seedling from a stem with two leaves and a bud, to a stem with several leaves and stem…

Seedling with stem joints and pair of leaves.

Red Maple Seedling

Seedling with stem joints and pair of leaves.

Piece of the stem of Virginia Creeper, bearing a leaf and a tendril.

Virginia Creeper

Piece of the stem of Virginia Creeper, bearing a leaf and a tendril.

Branch of a Honeysuckle, with connate-perfoliate leaves.

Honeysuckle Stem

Branch of a Honeysuckle, with connate-perfoliate leaves.

A piece of stem of Larch with two clusters (fascicles) of numerous leaves.

Larch

A piece of stem of Larch with two clusters (fascicles) of numerous leaves.

Piece of a flowering-stem of Moneywort with single flower successively produced in the axils of the leaves, from below upwards, as the stem grows on.

Moneywort

Piece of a flowering-stem of Moneywort with single flower successively produced in the axils of the…

Cranberry-blossom in section; parts epigynous.

Cranberry-Blossom

Cranberry-blossom in section; parts epigynous.

Diagram of papilionaceous flower, with bract below; axis of inflorescence above.

Papilionaceous Flower

Diagram of papilionaceous flower, with bract below; axis of inflorescence above.

Diagram of Violet-flower; showing the relation of parts to bract and axis.

Violet-Flower

Diagram of Violet-flower; showing the relation of parts to bract and axis.

Corolla of Morning Glory laid open, to show the five stamens inserted on it, near the base.

Morning Glory

Corolla of Morning Glory laid open, to show the five stamens inserted on it, near the base.

Style of a Lady's Slipper (Cypripedium), and stamens united with it; the anther of the two good stamens; an abortive stamen, what should be its anther changed into a petal-like body; the stigma.

Lady's Slipper

Style of a Lady's Slipper (Cypripedium), and stamens united with it; the anther of the two good stamens;…

Flower of Lobelia cardinalis, Cardinal flower; corolla making approach to the ligulate form; filaments (<em>st</em>) monadelphous, and anthers (<em>a</em>) syngenesious.

Lobelia cardinalis

Flower of Lobelia cardinalis, Cardinal flower; corolla making approach to the ligulate form; filaments…

Flower of a Mallow, with calyx and corolla cut away; showing monadelphous stamens.

Mallow

Flower of a Mallow, with calyx and corolla cut away; showing monadelphous stamens.

Monadelphous stamens of Lupine.

Lupine

Monadelphous stamens of Lupine.

Diadelphous stamens of a pea-blossom.

Pea-blossom

Diadelphous stamens of a pea-blossom.

One of five stamen-clusters of the flower of American Linden, with accompanying scale.

American Linden

One of five stamen-clusters of the flower of American Linden, with accompanying scale.

Five syngenesious stamens of a Coreopsis.

Coreopsis

Five syngenesious stamens of a Coreopsis.

Stamen of Isopyrum, with innate anther.

Isopyrum

Stamen of Isopyrum, with innate anther.

Of Tulip-tree, with adnate (and extrorse) anther.

Tulip-tree

Of Tulip-tree, with adnate (and extrorse) anther.

Of Evening Primrose, with versatile anther.

Evening Primrose

Of Evening Primrose, with versatile anther.

Stamen of Moonseed, with anther cut across; this 4-celled, or rather 4-locellate.

Stamen of Moonseed

Stamen of Moonseed, with anther cut across; this 4-celled, or rather 4-locellate.

Stamen of Pentstemon pubescens; the two-anther-cells diverging, and almost confluent.

Stamen of Pentstemon

Stamen of Pentstemon pubescens; the two-anther-cells diverging, and almost confluent.

Stamen of Mallow; the anther supposed to answer to that of Pentstemon pubescens, but the cells completely confluent into one.

Stamen of Mallow

Stamen of Mallow; the anther supposed to answer to that of Pentstemon pubescens, but the cells completely…

Very short filament bearing a single anther-cell; it is open from top to bottom, showing the pollen within.

Stamen of Globe Amaranth

Very short filament bearing a single anther-cell; it is open from top to bottom, showing the pollen…

Stamens of the mint family. Of a Monarda: the two anther-cells with bases divergent so that they are transverse to the filament, and their contiguous tips confluent, so as to form one cell opening by a continuous line. Fig 301; Of a Calamintha: the broad connective separating the two cells. Fig 302; Of a Sage (Salvia Texana; with long and slender connective resembling forks of the filament, one bearing a good anther-cell wholly wanting. Fig 304; Of a White Sage, Audibertia grandiflora; the lower fork of connective a mere vestige. Fig. 305; Of another White Sage (A. stachyoides), the lower fork of connective suppressed.

Stamens

Stamens of the mint family. Of a Monarda: the two anther-cells with bases divergent so that they are…

Cells opening by a terminal hole.

Stamens of Pyrola

Cells opening by a terminal hole.

Cells of anther each opening by an uplifted valve.

Stamen of Barberry

Cells of anther each opening by an uplifted valve.

Magnified pollen of a Lily, smooth and oval.

Pollen

Magnified pollen of a Lily, smooth and oval.

Pollen of Echinocystis, grooved lengthwise.

Pollen

Pollen of Echinocystis, grooved lengthwise.

Pollen of Sicyos, with bristly points and smooth bands.

Pollen

Pollen of Sicyos, with bristly points and smooth bands.

Pollen of Musk Plant (Mimulus), with spiral grooves.

Pollen

Pollen of Musk Plant (Mimulus), with spiral grooves.

Pollen of Succory, twelve-sided and dotted.

Pollen

Pollen of Succory, twelve-sided and dotted.

Magnified pollen of Hibiscus and other Mallow plants, beset with prickly projections.

Hibiscus pollen

Magnified pollen of Hibiscus and other Mallow plants, beset with prickly projections.

Circaea with angles bearing little lobes.

Circaea

Circaea with angles bearing little lobes.

Evening Primrose, the three lobes as large as the central body.

Evening Primrose

Evening Primrose, the three lobes as large as the central body.

Four grains united, as in most of the Heath family.

Kalmia

Four grains united, as in most of the Heath family.

As it were of three grains or cells united; the lateral empty and light.

Pine Pollen

As it were of three grains or cells united; the lateral empty and light.

Pollen, a pair of pollinia of a Milkweed, Asclepias, attached by stalks to a gland.

Polllinia of a Milkweed

Pollen, a pair of pollinia of a Milkweed, Asclepias, attached by stalks to a gland.

Pollinium of an Orchis (Habenaria), with its stalks attached to a sticky gland.

Polllinia of a Orchis

Pollinium of an Orchis (Habenaria), with its stalks attached to a sticky gland.

Simple pistil of Podophyllum, cut across, showing ovules borne on placenta.

Podophyllum

Simple pistil of Podophyllum, cut across, showing ovules borne on placenta.

Two simple carpals or pistil-leaves, united at the base only, cut across both above and below.

Pistil of Saxifrage

Two simple carpals or pistil-leaves, united at the base only, cut across both above and below.

Compound 3-carpellary pistil of common St. John's-wort, cut across: the three styles separate.

Pistil of common St. John's-wort

Compound 3-carpellary pistil of common St. John's-wort, cut across: the three styles separate.

The same of shrubby St. John's-wort; the three styles as well as ovaries here united into one.

Pistil of shrubby St. John's-wort

The same of shrubby St. John's-wort; the three styles as well as ovaries here united into one.

Compound 3-carpellary pistil of Tradescantia or Spiderwort; the three stigmas as well as styles and ovary completely coalescent into one.

Pistil of Spiderwort

Compound 3-carpellary pistil of Tradescantia or Spiderwort; the three stigmas as well as styles and…

Pistil of a Sandwort, with vertical and transverse section of the ovary: free central placenta.

Pistil of Sandwort

Pistil of a Sandwort, with vertical and transverse section of the ovary: free central placenta.

Cross section of the ovary of Frost-Weed (Helianthemum), with three parietal placenta, bearing ovules.

Ovary of Frost Weed

Cross section of the ovary of Frost-Weed (Helianthemum), with three parietal placenta, bearing ovules.

Cross-section of an ovary of Hypericum graveolens, the three large placenta meeting in the centre, so as to form a three-celled ovary.

Hypericum graveolens

Cross-section of an ovary of Hypericum graveolens, the three large placenta meeting in the centre, so…

Section of the ovary of a Buttercup, lengthwise, showing its ascending ovule.

Ovary of a Buttercup

Section of the ovary of a Buttercup, lengthwise, showing its ascending ovule.

Section of the ovary of Buckwheat, showing the erect ovule.

Ovary of Buckwheat

Section of the ovary of Buckwheat, showing the erect ovule.

Section of the ovary of Anemone, showing its suspended ovule.

Ovary of Anemone

Section of the ovary of Anemone, showing its suspended ovule.