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"Hearson's machine is cylindrical in form, and is surmounted by two turrets. Internally the cylinder is divided into two compartments by a transverse portion, one being occupied by a rotary blower, an apparatus similar in construction to the drum of a water-meter, and the other by an elevator or dipper wheel, the function of which is to raise gasolin into the blower chamber, where the gasoline must be maintained at a constant level." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Auto-Pneumatic Apparatus

"Hearson's machine is cylindrical in form, and is surmounted by two turrets. Internally the cylinder…

"Lock of a Gatling Gun." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Gatling Gun

"Lock of a Gatling Gun." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Nordenfelt Machine Gun. 1-10, parts of frame; 11, breech plug; 12, striker; 13, extractor; 14, cartridge receiver; 15-18, 23-31, lock and trigger parts; 19-22, locking action; 32-35, loading action; 36-39, cartridge receiver; 40, cover; 41-44, parts of hand-lever; 45-49, traversing action; 50-55, elevating and trailing action; 56, 56, hopper and slide." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Machine Gun

"Nordenfelt Machine Gun. 1-10, parts of frame; 11, breech plug; 12, striker; 13, extractor; 14, cartridge…

"Nordenfelt Machine Gun." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Machine Gun

"Nordenfelt Machine Gun." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"7-inch Armstrong Breech-loader." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Armstrong Breech-loader

"7-inch Armstrong Breech-loader." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"9-poounder Field Gun Carriage (elevation )." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Field Gun Carriage

"9-poounder Field Gun Carriage (elevation )." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"9-pounder Field Gun Carriage (plan)." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Field Gun Carriage

"9-pounder Field Gun Carriage (plan)." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"9-pounder Limber (elevation)." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Limber

"9-pounder Limber (elevation)." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"9-pounder Limber (plan)." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Limber

"9-pounder Limber (plan)." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Breaking-down Machine. H, hopper; B, endless band; R, rollers; M, boxes to receive meal." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Gunpowder Mill

"Breaking-down Machine. H, hopper; B, endless band; R, rollers; M, boxes to receive meal." — Encyclopedia…

"Granulating machine. A, hopper, with raising arrangement; B, endless band; C, C, C, C, four pairs of rollers; D, D, D, short screens; E, E, long screens; F, box for dust; G, box for grain; H, box for chucks; K, bottom board." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Granulating Machine

"Granulating machine. A, hopper, with raising arrangement; B, endless band; C, C, C, C, four pairs of…

"Rollers of cube-cutting machine." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Cube-cutting

"Rollers of cube-cutting machine." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

A horse drawn harvesting machine for grain crops.

Reaping Machine

A horse drawn harvesting machine for grain crops.

"A new instrument for clipping hedges, Ridgeway's hedge-cutter, does its work quickly and well; and the same can be said for Adie's new lawn-edging machine." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Hedge-Cutter

"A new instrument for clipping hedges, Ridgeway's hedge-cutter, does its work quickly and well; and…

"In the year 1589 the stocking-frame, the machine which mechanically produces the looped stitch in hosiery, was invented by the Rev. William Lee, a graduate of Cambridge, and native of Woodborough, near Nottingham. The fundamental principle of the apparatus consists in the substitution of a seperate hooked or barbed needle for the support and working of each loop, in place of the system whereby an indefinate number of loops are skewered on one or more wires or needles. At R is seen a thread of yarn passed over the needle stalks and within the terminal hooks. The yarn, it will be observed, is waved or depressed between each pair of needles, whereby sufficient yarn is secured to form the seperate loops of uniform size, and thus produce a regular equal fabric." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Hosiery

"In the year 1589 the stocking-frame, the machine which mechanically produces the looped stitch in hosiery,…

"The cream separator is a machine for separating the cream from the milk. It does the work much better and much more quickly than it can be done by allowing the cream to rise in pans or in cans." — Goff, 1904

Cream Separator

"The cream separator is a machine for separating the cream from the milk. It does the work much better…

"A machine for raising water, said to have been invented by Archimedes, during his stay in Egypt for draining and irrigating the land." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Archimedes Screw

"A machine for raising water, said to have been invented by Archimedes, during his stay in Egypt for…

"A machine used for clearing out or deepening the channels of rivers or harbors. Dredging-machines are variously constructed, the simplest being like the oyster-dredge described above, only having a perforated cowhide bag instead of the chain-net, and a stronger 'spoon' or iron mouth to the bag." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Dredge Machine

"A machine used for clearing out or deepening the channels of rivers or harbors. Dredging-machines are…

Armor made by sewing rings of metal on a background of leather or cloth.

Ring Armor

Armor made by sewing rings of metal on a background of leather or cloth.

A machine drill used to drill through rocky surfaces. Powered by steam, water or horse.

Rock Drill

A machine drill used to drill through rocky surfaces. Powered by steam, water or horse.

"A representation of one of the class of mechanical rabbles known as Witham's machine rabble applied to a double puddling furnace." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Mechanical Rabble

"A representation of one of the class of mechanical rabbles known as Witham's machine rabble applied…

"Dormoy's rabble differs from others of this class in being worked by rotation like a hair-brushing machine; the tool being made to revolve very rapidly (300 to 500 turns per minute for white iron and 800 to 1000 for grey pig) gives the metal such an impulse that it gyrates horizontally round the bed, continually renewing the surface in contact with the atmosphere; this is further aided, by making the end of the rabble to carry a disk, which is replaced by a short twisted point when the metal comes to nature." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Dormoy's Rabble

"Dormoy's rabble differs from others of this class in being worked by rotation like a hair-brushing…

"Dormoy's rabble differs from others of this class in being worked by rotation like a hair-brushing machine; the tool being made to revolve very rapidly (300 to 500 turns per minute for white iron and 800 to 1000 for grey pig) gives the metal such an impulse that it gyrates horizontally round the bed, continually renewing the surface in contact with the atmosphere; this is further aided, by making the end of the rabble to carry a disk, which is replaced by a short twisted point when the metal comes to nature." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Dormoy's Rabble

"Dormoy's rabble differs from others of this class in being worked by rotation like a hair-brushing…

"Condie's Hammer." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Condie's Hammer

"Condie's Hammer." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Two kinds of successions of grooves used for rectangular bars in "two-high" train." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Two-high Trains

"Two kinds of successions of grooves used for rectangular bars in "two-high" train." — The Encyclopedia…

"The electrical machine most usually employed consists of a large circular plate of glass, mounted upon a metallic axis, and supported upon pillars fixed to a secure base, so that the plate can, by means of a handle, w, be turned with ease. Upon the supports of the glass, and fixed so as to press easily but uniformly on the plate, are four rubbers, marked r r r r in the figure; and flaps of silk, s s, oiled on one side, are attached to these, and secured to fixed supports by several silk cords. When the machine is put in motion, these flaps of silk are drawn tightly against the glass, and thus the friction is increased, and electricity excited. The points p p collect the electricity from the glass, and convey it to the conductor, c, which is supported by the glass rod g." —Wells, 1857

Electrical Machine

"The electrical machine most usually employed consists of a large circular plate of glass, mounted upon…

"A form of an electrical machine. S being the glass cylinder turning on an axis, Y the conductor, F the rubber, A A supports." —Wells, 1857

Electrical Machine

"A form of an electrical machine. S being the glass cylinder turning on an axis, Y the conductor, F…

"A section of part of a lace machine. E is the cylinder or beam upon which the lace is rolled as made, and upon which the ends of both warp and weft threads are fastened at starting. Beneath are w, w, w, a series of trays or beams, one above the other, containing the reels of the supplies of warp threads; c, c represent the slide bars for the passage of the bobbin b with its thread from k to k, the landing bars, one on each side of the rank of warp threads; s, t are the combs which take it in turns to press together the twistings as they are made. The combs are so regulated that they come away clear from the threads as soon as they have pressed them together and fall into positions ready to perform their pressing operations again." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Lace Machine

"A section of part of a lace machine. E is the cylinder or beam upon which the lace is rolled as made,…

"Striking machines are now very generally used for the operation. These consist of a drum or cylinder having a parallel series of projecting knives, or plates of gun-metal, set angularly across its surface. Underneath the drum is a brass bed, fixed on a yielding cushion, which can be pressed up or eased by means of a foot lever, according as the leather operated on is thick or thin." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Striking Machine

"Striking machines are now very generally used for the operation. These consist of a drum or cylinder…

"Finally, the leather is rolled and compressed on a level zinc-lined wooden bed by a heavy hand roller, or on the platform of one of the numerous forms of machines designed for that purpose." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Hand Roller

"Finally, the leather is rolled and compressed on a level zinc-lined wooden bed by a heavy hand roller,…

"In this machine the knife or cutter a is an endless band of steel which revolves at considerable speed with its cutting edges close to the sides of a pair of rollers through which the leather is fed and pressed against the knife. The lower of these rollers is made of short segments or rings, each separately capable of yielding to some extent so as to accommodate itself to the inequal thickness of various parts of a hide." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Splitting Machine

"In this machine the knife or cutter a is an endless band of steel which revolves at considerable speed…

"Another machine now largely used by curriers is the scouring machine, a level table or platform freely movable in all directions, having mounted over it a reciprocating frame in which are fixed brushes and pieces of slate or thin stone. These, with a small jet of water, scour and brush the entire surface of the leather lying on the platform, effectually scouring out bloom and all soluble impurities." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Scouring Machine

"Another machine now largely used by curriers is the scouring machine, a level table or platform freely…

A shaping machine or shaper of wood, metal, or stone.

Routing Machine

A shaping machine or shaper of wood, metal, or stone.

A shaping machine or shaper of wood, metal, or stone.

Routing Machine

A shaping machine or shaper of wood, metal, or stone.

"Atwood's Machine. This difficulty has however been overcome by a curious piece of machinery invented by Mr. Atwood. This consists of an upright pillar, with a wheel on the top. The weights A and B are of the same size and are made to balance each other, exactly, being connected by a thread passing over the wheel. The ring R admits the weight A, to fall through it in its passage to the stage S, on which it rests. The right and stage slide up and down, and are fastened by a thumb screw. The pillar is a graduated scale, and M is a small bent wire, weighing a quarter of an ounce, and longer than the diameter of the ring." —Comstock, 1850

Atwood's Machine

"Atwood's Machine. This difficulty has however been overcome by a curious piece of machinery invented…

"The capstan, in universal use, on board of ships, is an axle placed upright, with a head, or drum, A, pierced with holes for the levers B, C, D. The weight is drawn by the rope E, passing two or three times round the axle to prevent its slipping. This is a very powerful and convenient machine. When not in use, the levers are taken out of their places and laid aside, and when great force is required two or three men can push at each lever." —Comstock, 1850

Capstan

"The capstan, in universal use, on board of ships, is an axle placed upright, with a head, or drum,…

"The operation of the condenser is the reverse of that of the air pump, and is a much more simple machine. The air pump, will deprive a vessel of its ordinary quantity of air. The condenser, on the contrary, will double or treble the ordinary quantity of air in a close vessel according to the force employed. This instrument consists of a pump barrel and piston, a, a stop-cock b, and the vessel c furnished with a valve opening downwards. The orifice d is to admit the air, when the piston is drawn up to the top of the barrel." —Comstock, 1850

Condenser

"The operation of the condenser is the reverse of that of the air pump, and is a much more simple machine.…

"Hero's Machine. The generation of steam from water by the application of heat, and the mechanical force produced by this means, appear to have been understood at a very remote period; but their application to machinery devoted to the purposes of locomotion, is a discovery of recent date. The ingenious contrivances of early discoverers were devoted to objects of minor importance, as those of raising water and propelling smoke upwards." —Comstock, 1850

Hero's Machine

"Hero's Machine. The generation of steam from water by the application of heat, and the mechanical force…

"In 1629 Giovanni Branca, an Italian, contrived a machine which was employed for the various purposes of raising water, of sawing timber and pounding materials. His machine consisted of a wheel furnished with flat vanes around its circumference, like the boards of a paddle-wheel. Upon these vanes, steam was propelled from a close vessel, called an eolipile. A rotary motion was produced, and communicated to appropriate machinery. The results, however, of these and other discoveries made about this period, have never been rendered applicable to the purposes for which the modern steam engine is adapted." —Comstock, 1850

Brancas Engine

"In 1629 Giovanni Branca, an Italian, contrived a machine which was employed for the various purposes…

"Of all the contrivances for regulating the motion of machinery, this is said to be the most effectual. It will be readily understood by the following description. It consists of two heavy iron balls b, attached to the extremities of the two rods, b, e. These rods play on a joint at e, passing through a mortice in the vertical stem d, d. At f, these pieces are united, by joints to two short rods, f, h, which, at their upper ends, are again connected by joints at h, to a ring which slides upon the vertical stem d d." —Comstock, 1850

Governor

"Of all the contrivances for regulating the motion of machinery, this is said to be the most effectual.…

"The machine itself is sufficiently simple, and will be comprehended at once, by those who have made electro-magnetic experiments, by the annexed diagram and description. The temporary magnet a, enveloped with its insulated copper wire, is fastened to the wooden frame b, g, by means of cords or otherwise. The frame also supports the standard h, which sustains the revolving drum f, on which the paper to receive the emblematical alphabet is fixed, m being the edge of the paper. To the arm g, is appended the lever c, of wood, which has a slight vertical motion, in one direction by the steel spring d, and in the other, by the armature of soft iron e." —Comstock, 1850

Morses Telegraph

"The machine itself is sufficiently simple, and will be comprehended at once, by those who have made…

"The machine is in fact a lathe with a few special features, such as the hollow mandrel, which enables it to operate upon a bar of any length. Dies mounted on a modified form of slide-rest cut the thread to the full depth at a single traverse, and a simple arrangement enables nuts to be tapped with equal facility. In some other varieties of screwing machines, more particularly those intended for hand power only, the outward resemblance to the turning lathe is less apparent, but if their action is looked into it will be found that in them as in almost all machine tools it is the principle of the slide which is mainly conducive to their success." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Screwing Machine

"The machine is in fact a lathe with a few special features, such as the hollow mandrel, which enables…

"The ordinary self-acting planing machine. Its action bears no resemblance to the familiar process of wood planing, but is analogous to that by which the successive cuts of a narrow tool produce a cylindrical surface in a slide lathe. A transverse table carries the work and forces it against the tool, which is stationary while making its cut, but between the cuts has a slight "feed" motion along its horizontal slide." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Planning Machine

"The ordinary self-acting planing machine. Its action bears no resemblance to the familiar process of…

"An ordinary vertical drilling machine, one of comparatively small size and single-geared having been chosen rather than a larger example with greater complication. When once properly started, this machine is self-acting, but for each hole the work has to be adjusted by hand so as to bring the required portion exactly under the drill spindle, and the small size of the table prevents its being at any great distance from the edge." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Drilling Machine

"An ordinary vertical drilling machine, one of comparatively small size and single-geared having been…

"The slotting machine also cuts grooves and slots, but in an entirely different manner. Those who are acquainted with the wood mortising machine, from which the idea of this tool was derived by Roberts of Manchester, will at once understand its principle, and will appreciate the good service which can be rendered by this principle, and will appreciate the good service which can be rendered by this powerful pairing tool." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Slotting Machine

"The slotting machine also cuts grooves and slots, but in an entirely different manner. Those who are…

"For work of moderate size shaping machines, which are more recent indroduction than either slotting or planning machines, both of which they resemble in theiraction, are in some respects more convenient. The slide which carries the tool is in their case horizontal, and its short but variable strokes are in a direction transverse to the bed, along which it can travel, just as a slide-rest travels along a lathe bed." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Shaping Machine

"For work of moderate size shaping machines, which are more recent indroduction than either slotting…

"Emery Shaping Machine." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Shaping Machine

"Emery Shaping Machine." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

"A self-contained shearing and punching machine. The apparent ease with which machines of this kind, acting with a slow quiet stroke, shear or perforate plates of iron, even when of considerable thickness, gives an altogether false impression of the amount of power which the operation requires." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Shearing Machine

"A self-contained shearing and punching machine. The apparent ease with which machines of this kind,…

Sledge-hammer

Sledge-hammer

Sledge-hammer

Darlington's Rock Drill

Darlington Drill

Darlington's Rock Drill

Darlington's rock drill

Darlington Drill

Darlington's rock drill

New Ingersoll Drill

Ingersoll Drill

New Ingersoll Drill

Roller, washing, machine,

Roller Washing Machine

Roller, washing, machine,

The Mather Kier, cross section

The Mather Kier

The Mather Kier, cross section

The Mather Kier, longitudinal section

The Mather Kier

The Mather Kier, longitudinal section

Mather and Platt's Horizontal Drying Machine

Drying Machine

Mather and Platt's Horizontal Drying Machine

Diagram showing the Horizontal Drying Machine threaded with cloth

Drying Machine Diagram

Diagram showing the Horizontal Drying Machine threaded with cloth

Diagram showing the Horizontal Drying Machine threaded with cloth

Drying Machine Diagram

Diagram showing the Horizontal Drying Machine threaded with cloth

Babcock and Wilcox water-tube boiler fitted with superheaters

Water-tube Boiler

Babcock and Wilcox water-tube boiler fitted with superheaters

Stirling Water-tube boiler

Water-tube Boiler

Stirling Water-tube boiler