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Oldenburg Stamp (1/3 groeshen) from 1856

Oldenburg Ein Drittel Groeshen Stamp, 1856

Oldenburg Stamp (1/3 groeshen) from 1856

Coat of Arms, Saxony

The Great Seal of Saxony

Coat of Arms, Saxony

Saxony Stamp (3 pfennige) from 1851

Saxony Drei Pfennige Stamp, 1851

Saxony Stamp (3 pfennige) from 1851

Coat of Arms, Schleswig-Holstein

The Great Seal of Schleswig-Holstein

Coat of Arms, Schleswig-Holstein

Coat of Arms, Würtemburg

The Great Seal of Würtemberg

Coat of Arms, Würtemburg

Würtemberg Official Stamp (10 pfennig) from 1881

Würtemberg Zehn Pfennig Official Stamp, 1881

Würtemberg Official Stamp (10 pfennig) from 1881

"German Millet: a and b, two views of the spikelet with its cluster of three "beards;" c, 'seed.'" -Department of Agriculture, 1899

German Millet

"German Millet: a and b, two views of the spikelet with its cluster of three "beards;" c, 'seed.'" -Department…

The home of German monk, Martin Luther in Frankfurt.

Martin Luther's Home

The home of German monk, Martin Luther in Frankfurt.

(1817-1903) German historian and archaeologist most celebrated for his work with Roman history.

Theodor Mommsen

(1817-1903) German historian and archaeologist most celebrated for his work with Roman history.

(1756-1791) German composer of the Classical era. Some of his most famous works are The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, The Magic Flute, Requiem, Twelfth Mass, and Ave Verum.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

(1756-1791) German composer of the Classical era. Some of his most famous works are The Marriage of…

(1770-1827) German composer whose most famous works are his Fifth and Ninth symphonies and Moonlight Sonata.

Ludwig von Beethoven

(1770-1827) German composer whose most famous works are his Fifth and Ninth symphonies and Moonlight…

German for "running machine", the dandy horse was a two-wheeled vehicle propelled by the rider's feet.

Dandy Horse

German for "running machine", the dandy horse was a two-wheeled vehicle propelled by the rider's feet.

The German Renascence chair was made out of wood.

German Renascence chair

The German Renascence chair was made out of wood.

The German chair was decorated with stones.

German Chair

The German chair was decorated with stones.

The German chair was decorated with stones.

German Chair

The German chair was decorated with stones.

The German 17th century chair had openings for the hand that were carved into the wooden back of the chair. This was done for convenience in moving the chair.

German 17th Century Chair

The German 17th century chair had openings for the hand that were carved into the wooden back of the…

The German 17th century chair had openings for the hand that were carved into the wooden back of the chair. This was done for convenience in moving the chair.

German 17th Century Chair

The German 17th century chair had openings for the hand that were carved into the wooden back of the…

The German 17th century chair had openings for the hand that were carved into the wooden back of the chair. This was done for convenience in moving the chair.

German 17th Century Chair

The German 17th century chair had openings for the hand that were carved into the wooden back of the…

This Toilet-stand clock-case was made during the German Renaissance in 1597. A slender tall cabinet, the upper and lower parts of which are provided with doors, which holds various necessary objects, while the center takes the form of a niche. Inside the niche hangs a metal water-reservoir with a lid and a drain. It also includes metal wrought-iron towel-holders.

Toilet-Stand Clock-Case

This Toilet-stand clock-case was made during the German Renaissance in 1597. A slender tall cabinet,…

This Toilet-stand clock-case was made during the German Renaissance. Made of various colored wood, it was a slender tall cabinet where the upper and lower parts included doors, which holds various necessary objects. The center takes the form of a niche and inside the niche hangs a metal water-reservoir with a lid and a drain. It also includes metal wrought-iron towel-holders.

Toilet-Stand Clock-Case

This Toilet-stand clock-case was made during the German Renaissance. Made of various colored wood, it…

The German 17th century Architectural frame was an oblong shape that was surrounded by an ornate frame that is symmetrical on all sides., without regard to the top and bottom.

German 17th Century Architectural Frame

The German 17th century Architectural frame was an oblong shape that was surrounded by an ornate frame…

The German mirror frame was made in the 18th century. A mirror surrounded by scroll work.

German Mirror-Frame

The German mirror frame was made in the 18th century. A mirror surrounded by scroll work.

The German mirror frame was made in the 18th century. A mirror surrounded by scroll work.

German Mirror-Frame

The German mirror frame was made in the 18th century. A mirror surrounded by scroll work.

The German Renaissance Architectural frame had a small niche in the middle or curved out hole as a design.

German Renaissance Architectural Frame

The German Renaissance Architectural frame had a small niche in the middle or curved out hole as a design.

The Coffer Architectural frame of the German Renaissance, was a round shape that is surrounded by an ornate frame that is symmetrical on all sides, without regard to the top and bottom.

Coffer Frame

The Coffer Architectural frame of the German Renaissance, was a round shape that is surrounded by an…

The pulpit Architectural frame was a German frame that was dated between 1595 to 1597. It had the general shape of an erect triangle that has a cresting feature, free-ending upwards.

Pulpit Frame

The pulpit Architectural frame was a German frame that was dated between 1595 to 1597. It had the general…

This modern frame was made in the style of the German Renaissance. It has an oblong shape in the center that is surrounded by an ornate design which is symmetrical on all sides, without regard to the bottom or top of the frame.

Modern Architectural Frame

This modern frame was made in the style of the German Renaissance. It has an oblong shape in the center…

Kohlrabi or German turnip, a variety of wild cabbage.

Kohlrabi

Kohlrabi or German turnip, a variety of wild cabbage.

"Tower of a German Feudal Castle." -Foster, 1921

Feudal Castle Tower

"Tower of a German Feudal Castle." -Foster, 1921

A poster of facts and illustrations of the age of feudalism and chivalry.

Feudalism and Chivalry

A poster of facts and illustrations of the age of feudalism and chivalry.

A castle on the Rhine in Germany.

Castle

A castle on the Rhine in Germany.

"(1749-1832), the greatest figure in German literature, a dramatist, lyric poet, novelist and philosopher." -Foster, 1921

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

"(1749-1832), the greatest figure in German literature, a dramatist, lyric poet, novelist and philosopher."…

(1577-1640) 17th century Flemish Baroque painter.

Peter Paul Rubens

(1577-1640) 17th century Flemish Baroque painter.

(1471-1528) German painter, printmaker, and theorist famous for his engravings.

Albrecht Dürer

(1471-1528) German painter, printmaker, and theorist famous for his engravings.

"Albrecht Dürer's House in Nürnberg. From the engraving in Dibdin's 'Biographical Tour.'" -Heath, 1901

Albrecht Dürer's House in Nürnberg

"Albrecht Dürer's House in Nürnberg. From the engraving in Dibdin's 'Biographical Tour.'"…

Iris germanica or German Iris and the ripe capsule of an Iris.

German Iris

Iris germanica or German Iris and the ripe capsule of an Iris.

Now known as Mainz Cathedral. Originally St. John's Church, then St. Salvator, consecrated in 911 by Archbishop Hatto I, served as the cathedral for the Bishop of Mainz until the appointment of Willigis as Archbishop of Mainz in 975.

Mayence Cathedral

Now known as Mainz Cathedral. Originally St. John's Church, then St. Salvator, consecrated in 911 by…

The Cathedral of Constance (Konstanzer Münster in German) served as the central church of the diocese of Konstanz until 1821. Records indicate that in 590 the Alemannic diocese of Constance is established. The former bishopric of Vindonissa was replaced by Lausanne in the west and Constance in the east.

Constance Cathedral

The Cathedral of Constance (Konstanzer Münster in German) served as the central church of the diocese…

William Caxton (c. 1415~1422 – c. March 1492) was an English merchant, diplomat, writer and printer. He was the first English person to work as a printer and the first person to introduce a printing press into England. He was also the first English retailer of books (his London contemporaries were all Dutch, German or French).

Caxton in the Almonry, Westminster

William Caxton (c. 1415~1422 – c. March 1492) was an English merchant, diplomat, writer and printer.…

Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 – February 18, 1546) was a German monk, theologian, university professor, Father of Protestantism, and church reformer whose ideas influenced the Protestant Reformation and changed the course of Western civilization. Luther's theology challenged the authority of the papacy by holding that the Bible is the only infallible source of religious authority. On October 31, 1517, Luther wrote to Albrecht, Archbishop of Mainz and Magdeburg, protesting the sale of indulgences. He enclosed in his letter a copy of his "Disputation of Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences," which came to be known as The 95 Theses.

Martin Luther

Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 – February 18, 1546) was a German monk, theologian, university professor,…

Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 - February 18, 1546) was a German monk, theologian, university professor, Father of Protestantism, and church reformer whose ideas influenced the Protestant Reformation and changed the course of Western civilization. Luther's theology challenged the authority of the papacy by holding that the Bible is the only infallible source of religious authority and that all baptized Christians under Jesus are a universal priesthood. According to Luther, salvation is a free gift of God, received only by true repentance and faith in Jesus as the Messiah, a faith given by God and unmediated by the church.

Martin Luther

Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 - February 18, 1546) was a German monk, theologian, university professor,…

Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 - November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer, and key figure in the 17th century astronomical revolution. He is best known for his eponymous laws of planetary motion, codified by later astronomers based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican Astronomy. They also provided one of the foundations for Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation.

Johannes Kepler

Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 - November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer,…

Helmuth Karl Bernhard Graf von Moltke (October 26, 1800 - April 24, 1891) was a German Generalfeldmarschall. The chief of staff of the Prussian Army for thirty years, he is widely regarded as one of the great strategists of the latter half of the 1800s, and the creator of a new, more modern method, of directing armies in the field. He is often referred to as Moltke the Elder to distinguish him from his nephew Helmuth Johann Ludwig von Moltke, who commanded the German Army at the outbreak of World War I.

Helmuth Karl Bernhard Graf von Moltke

Helmuth Karl Bernhard Graf von Moltke (October 26, 1800 - April 24, 1891) was a German Generalfeldmarschall.…

Frederick III (October 18, 1831 - June 15, 1888), was German Emperor and King of Prussia, ruling for 99 days until his death on June 15, 1888. Frederick III was a war hero during the Second Schleswig War, the Austro-Prussian War, and the Franco-Prussian War before his reign as German Emperor, yet his father's unusually long reign and longevity never let Frederick III capitalize on his military successes, popularity, and youth as emperor. He was more liberal than previous German leaders and represented a possibility for the earlier liberalization of German society and government. However, Frederick III developed larynx cancer shortly before he assumed the throne which severely limited his time and effectiveness as German Emperor. After his largely ineffectual reign and lost impact on German society, his successor, Wilhelm II, abandoned any path toward liberalization that Frederick III previously leaned towards.

Frederick III, German Emperor

Frederick III (October 18, 1831 - June 15, 1888), was German Emperor and King of Prussia, ruling for…

George I (28 May 1660 – 11 June 1727) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714 until his death, and ruler of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire from 1698. George was born in Lower Saxony in what is now Germany, and eventually inherited the title and lands of the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. A succession of European wars expanded his German domains during his lifetime, and in 1708 he was ratified as Prince-elector of Hanover. During George's reign the powers of the monarchy diminished and Britain began a transition to the modern system of Cabinet government led by a Prime Minister. Towards the end of his reign, actual power was held by Sir Robert Walpole, Great Britain's first de facto Prime Minister. George died on a trip to his native Hanover, where he was buried.

King George I of Great Britain

George I (28 May 1660 – 11 June 1727) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714…

Edward Bouverie Pusey (22 August 1800 – 16 September 1882), was an English churchman and Regius Professor of Hebrew at Christ Church, Oxford. He was one of the leaders of the Oxford Movement.

Rev. Edward Bouverie Pusey

Edward Bouverie Pusey (22 August 1800 – 16 September 1882), was an English churchman and Regius…

Ernst Curtius (September 2, 1814 – July 11, 1896) was a German archaeologist and historian.

Ernst Curtius

Ernst Curtius (September 2, 1814 – July 11, 1896) was a German archaeologist and historian.

A portrait of Hermann Grimm.

Hermann Grimm

A portrait of Hermann Grimm.

Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow (13 October 1821 – 5 September 1902) was a German doctor, anthropologist, public health activist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist and politician. He is referred to as the "Father of Pathology," and founded the field of Social Medicine.

Rudolf Virchow

Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow (13 October 1821 – 5 September 1902) was a German doctor, anthropologist,…

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (August 31, 1821 – September 8, 1894) was a German physician and physicist who made significant contributions to several widely varied areas of modern science. In physiology and physiological psychology, he is known for his mathematics of the eye, theories of vision, ideas on the visual perception of space, color vision research, and on the sensation of tone, perception of sound, and empiricism. In physics, he is known for his theories on the conservation of energy, work in electrodynamics, chemical thermodynamics, and on a mechanical foundation of thermodynamics. As a philosopher, he is known for his philosophy of science, ideas on the relation between the laws of perception and the laws of nature, the science of aesthetics, and ideas on the civilizing power of science. A large German association of research institutions, the Helmholtz Association, is named after him.

Hermann von Helmholtz

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (August 31, 1821 – September 8, 1894) was a German physician…

Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (30 November 1817 – 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician, archaeologist, and writer generally regarded as the greatest classicist of the 19th century. His work regarding Roman history is still of fundamental importance for contemporary research. He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1902, and was also a prominent German politician, as a member of the Prussian and German parliaments. His works on Roman law and on the law of obligations had a significant impact on the German civil code.

Theodor Mommsen

Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (30 November 1817 – 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar,…

Frederick II (January 24, 1712 – August 17, 1786) was a King of Prussia (1740–1786) from the Hohenzollern dynasty. In his role as a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire, he was Frederick IV of Brandenburg. He became known as Frederick the Great and was nicknamed "Old Fritz".

Frederick II of Prussia

Frederick II (January 24, 1712 – August 17, 1786) was a King of Prussia (1740–1786) from…

Archaeopteryx, sometimes referred to by its German name Urvogel ("original bird" or "first bird"), is the earliest and most primitive bird known. Archaeopteryx lived in the late Jurassic Period around 155–150 million years ago, in what is now southern Germany during a time when Europe was an archipelago of islands in a shallow warm tropical sea, much closer to the equator than it is now.

Archaeopteryx

Archaeopteryx, sometimes referred to by its German name Urvogel ("original bird" or "first bird"), is…

Johann Gottlieb Rall (ca. 1726 - December 26, 1776 ) was a German colonel in command of Hessian troops in Trenton, New Jersey. By 1776, Rall belonged to the infantry regiment of the 1st Division under General Phillip Leopold von Heister and commanded approximately 1,200 men fighting for Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War. He was at the Battle of Brooklyn at Flatbush, the Battle of White Plains, the Battle of Long Island, and figured prominently in the Battle of Trenton. At the Battle of Trenton, Rall was mortally wounded and taken back to his headquarters where he died. <p>"Rall's head-quarters. This is a frame building standing upon Warren Street, opposite Perry, near the corner of Bank Alley. The buildings on the left are also of ante-Revolutionary origin. This house was a tavern at the time, kept by Stacey Potts, the grandfather of Stacey G. and Joseph C. Potts, Esqrs., of Trenton. In a pane of glass, in the front window on the left of the front door, lower story, may be seen a hole made by a bullet, shot during the battle. Colonel Rall died in the front room in the second story, immediately over this window. It is related that a daughter of Mr. Potts, who was at a neighbor's when the firing commenced, was running toward her father's house, when a musket-ball struck her comb from her head and slightly injured her scalp."—Lossing, 1851

Rall's Headquarters

Johann Gottlieb Rall (ca. 1726 - December 26, 1776 ) was a German colonel in command of Hessian troops…

Johann von Robaii, Baron de Kalb (June 19, 1721 &ndash; August 19, 1780) was a German soldier and volunteer who served as a major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.

Baron de Kalb

Johann von Robaii, Baron de Kalb (June 19, 1721 – August 19, 1780) was a German soldier and volunteer…

Monument to Johann von Robaii, Baron de Kalb a German soldier and volunteer who served as a major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.

Baron de Kalb's Monument

Monument to Johann von Robaii, Baron de Kalb a German soldier and volunteer who served as a major general…

The tits, chickadees, and titmice comprise Paridae, a large family of small passerine birds which occur in the northern hemisphere and Africa. Most were formerly classified in the genus Parus. These birds are called "chickadees" (onomatopoeic, derived from their distinctive "chick-a dee dee dee" communication or alarm call) or "titmice" in North America, and just "tits" in the rest of the English speaking world. The name titmouse is attested from the 14th century, composed of the Old English name for the bird, mase (Proto-Germanic *maison, German Meise) and tit, denoting something small. The spelling was influenced by mouse in the 16th century.

Tit Bird

The tits, chickadees, and titmice comprise Paridae, a large family of small passerine birds which occur…

Dr. Francis Lieber (March 18, 1800 – October 2, 1872) was a German-American jurist and political philosopher. He is most widely known as the author of the Lieber Code during the American Civil War.

Francis Lieber

Dr. Francis Lieber (March 18, 1800 – October 2, 1872) was a German-American jurist and political philosopher.…

The Tree Sparrow, Passer montanus, breeds over most of Europe and Siberia, and allied forms occur in other parts of Asia. It has been introduced to Australia, and the United States (where it is known as the Eurasian Tree Sparrow or German Sparrow to differentiate it from the native, unrelated American Tree Sparrow), where German immigrants introduced it to the area around St. Louis in the 1870s. From there, it has slowly expanded its range into Illinois and Missouri. Changes in farming methods have meant that this species is declining in some parts of western Europe.

Tree Sparrow

The Tree Sparrow, Passer montanus, breeds over most of Europe and Siberia, and allied forms occur in…

Valeriano Weyler Nicolau, marqués de Tenerife (17 September 1838 – 20 October 1930) was a Spanish soldier. Weyler was born at Palma de Majorca on 17 September 1838 to a Spanish mother and a German father, who was a military doctor, and educated in Granada. He served as Governor General of the Philippines and Cuba. His family was originally Prussian, and served in the Spanish army for several generations. He entered at sixteen the military college of infantry at Toledo, and, when he attained the rank of lieutenant, passed into the staff college, from which he came out as the head of his class. Two years afterwards he became captain, and was sent to Cuba at his own request.

Valeriano Weyler

Valeriano Weyler Nicolau, marqués de Tenerife (17 September 1838 – 20 October 1930) was a Spanish…