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"A pulley is a wheel having a grooved rim for carrying a rope or other line, and turning on an axis carried in a frame, called a pulley block. The pulley is movable if the block moves during the action of the power." — Avery, 1895

Movable pulley

"A pulley is a wheel having a grooved rim for carrying a rope or other line, and turning on an axis…

A line of boys pushing eachother, with the first boy being knocked over.

Boys in line

A line of boys pushing eachother, with the first boy being knocked over.

"An apparatus devised by Mach for the illustration of the pendular motions of the particles of a medium transmitting waves of any kind, longitudinal or transverse, stationary or progressive." — Avery, 1895

Line of pendulums

"An apparatus devised by Mach for the illustration of the pendular motions of the particles of a medium…

A line of interlocking circles.

Circles

A line of interlocking circles.

"A vertical conductor carrying an electric current, and surrounded by a magnetic line of force, which is in turn surrounded by electric whirls; the magnetic line of force is an electric vortex-ring." — Avery, 1895

Vertical conductor

"A vertical conductor carrying an electric current, and surrounded by a magnetic line of force, which…

"A crystal has a center of symmetry if an imaginary line is passed from some point on its surface through its center, and a similar point is found on the line at an equal distance beyond the center." — Ford, 1912

Symmetry plane

"A crystal has a center of symmetry if an imaginary line is passed from some point on its surface through…

"A crystal has a center of symmetry if an imaginary line is passed from some point on its surface through its center, and a similar point is found on the line at an equal distance beyond the center." — Ford, 1912

Symmetry axis

"A crystal has a center of symmetry if an imaginary line is passed from some point on its surface through…

"A crystal has a center of symmetry if an imaginary line is passed from some point on its surface through its center, and a similar point is found on the line at an equal distance beyond the center." — Ford, 1912

Symmetry center

"A crystal has a center of symmetry if an imaginary line is passed from some point on its surface through…

Hydraulic tourniquet, also called Barker's mill. It consists of a vessel of water free to rotate about a vertical axis, and having at its lower end bent arms through which the water is discharged horizontally, the direction of discharge being nearly at right angles to a line joining the discharging orifice to the axis. The unbalanced pressures at the bends of the tube, opposite to the openings, cause the apparatus to revolve in the opposite direction to the issuing liquid.

Tourniquet

Hydraulic tourniquet, also called Barker's mill. It consists of a vessel of water free to rotate about…

A pyramid is a solid whose base is a plan figure, and whose sides are triangles uniting at a common point, called the vertex. If a straight line be drawn on one of the sides of a pyramid from the vertex so as to be perpendicular to one edge of the base, this line is called the slant height.

Pyramid

A pyramid is a solid whose base is a plan figure, and whose sides are triangles uniting at a common…

A cone is a solid whose base is a circle, and whose convex surface tapers uniformly to a point called the vertex. If a straight line be drawn on the cone from the vertex to the edge of the base, this line is ccalled the slant height.

Cone

A cone is a solid whose base is a circle, and whose convex surface tapers uniformly to a point called…

A roman moulding, called a <em>Scotia.</em> It consists of two quarter circles one of which has a radius equal to twice the radius of the other. The centers of both arcs must be on the same horizontal line. It is generally applied in the bases of columns.

Scotia

A roman moulding, called a Scotia. It consists of two quarter circles one of which has a radius…

A roman moulding, called a <em>Cyma Recta.</em> It is a moulding of double curvature and two fillets. The curve is composed of quarter-circles; the upper or concave portion of the has its center without, while the lower curve has its center within the moulding. Both centers are on the same horizontal line. This moulding is frequently called an <em>Ogee</em>.

Cyma Recta

A roman moulding, called a Cyma Recta. It is a moulding of double curvature and two fillets.…

A roman moulding, called a <em>Cyma Reversa.</em> This like the cyma recta, is composed of two quarter circles and an upper and lower fillet. It is distinguished from the former by having its convex part above and the concave part below a horizontal center line.

Cyma Reversa

A roman moulding, called a Cyma Reversa. This like the cyma recta, is composed of two quarter…

An order of flowerless or cryptogamous plants. All plants are classified as belonging to the flowering or flowerless division, lichens being included with the latter. They are found native in all zones up to the snow line.

Lichens

An order of flowerless or cryptogamous plants. All plants are classified as belonging to the flowering…

Link in Lozenge or Spiral is a combination of two triangles with one side of each parallel with the other and sometimes joined by a diagonal line. It is found in the borders of Asia Minor rugs, also in the field of many Nomad productions. Especially common in the Kurdistans and Shirvans.

Link Design

Link in Lozenge or Spiral is a combination of two triangles with one side of each parallel with the…

Link in Lozenge or Spiral is a combination of two triangles with one side of each parallel with the other and sometimes joined by a diagonal line. It is found in the borders of Asia Minor rugs, also in the field of many Nomad productions. Especially common in the Kurdistans and Shirvans.

Link Design

Link in Lozenge or Spiral is a combination of two triangles with one side of each parallel with the…

A firearm resembling a pistol, but differing from it in having a breech-loading cylinder so arranged that the cocking of the hammer revolves it and brings the next cartridge in line for firing.

Revolver

A firearm resembling a pistol, but differing from it in having a breech-loading cylinder so arranged…

Soup line at Ruhleben Prison Camp-1916

Soup line

Soup line at Ruhleben Prison Camp-1916

This illustration shows the structure of capsule of Funaria: 5, capsule with calyptra, 5A, removed. 6, section of nearly mature capsule-sp, spore-forming cells surrounded on outside by loosely arranged chlorophyll-bearing cells; o, operculum; r, annulus; p, peristome; a, apophysis. 8, magnified view of a portion of the capsule, showing the annulus, r, and the thick-walled cells of the peristome, p, which are attached at their base to the epidermis by a double row of cells; sp, spore-forming cells, the doted line should run to the four roundish cells at the left. 7, the cells shown in 8, p, have split apart, thus orming the inner and outer teeth-like segments of the peristome.

Funaria

This illustration shows the structure of capsule of Funaria: 5, capsule with calyptra, 5A, removed.…

This diagram shows a fresh-water annelid. a, appendages; br., brain; d, dissepiments; i, intestine; m, mouth; nph, nephridium; oe, aesophagus; p, pavilion, line with ciliated entoderm; ph., pharynx; pr., processes from the anal segment; z, zone immediately in front of the anal segment where new segments are continually being formed; z', the zone of fission or budding. This takes place in the middle of a segment. The anterior half-segment of z' will produce a region like z for the anterior half of the worm.

Annelid

This diagram shows a fresh-water annelid. a, appendages; br., brain; d, dissepiments; i, intestine;…

This diagram shows a transverse section of dero. c., caelom; c.l., cells of the so-called "lateral line"; d.m., dermo-muscular wall including muscles and skin; d.v., dorsal blood vessel; ect, ectoderm; ent, entoderm; g, gut; g.f., giant nerve fibers; gl, glandular cells assisting in digestion; m.c., circular muscle fibers; m.l., longitudinal muscle fibers; n, nephridium; n.v., ventral nerve chain, made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers; s, setae; v.v., ventral blood vessel.

Annelid

This diagram shows a transverse section of dero. c., caelom; c.l., cells of the so-called "lateral line";…

This illustration shows the skull of a rattlesnake. ar, articular portion of lower jaw; de, dentary portion; bo, basi-occipatal; mx, maxilla, bearing poison fang; na, nasal; pl, palatine, the front end being represented by a dotted line as though seen through the maxilla; pmx, premaxilla; po, post frontal; pr, prefrontal; pt, pterygoid; qu, quadrate; sq, squamosal; tr, transverse bone.

Rattlesnake Skull

This illustration shows the skull of a rattlesnake. ar, articular portion of lower jaw; de, dentary…

The teeth are compressed and trunctated, and the lateral line is cimple and arched above the pectoral.

Dab

The teeth are compressed and trunctated, and the lateral line is cimple and arched above the pectoral.

A round, laterally flattened wooden block, encircled by a rope or an iron band, and pierced with three holes to recieve the lanyard, used to extend the shrouds and stays, and for other purposes.

Deadeye

A round, laterally flattened wooden block, encircled by a rope or an iron band, and pierced with three…

A round, laterally flattened wooden block, encircled by a rope or an iron band, and pierced with three holes to recieve the lanyard, used to extend the shrouds and stays, and for other purposes.

Deadeye

A round, laterally flattened wooden block, encircled by a rope or an iron band, and pierced with three…

Sagittal section in the median line of the male pelvis.

Male Pelvis

Sagittal section in the median line of the male pelvis.

Sagittal section in the median line of the female pelvis.

female Pelvis

Sagittal section in the median line of the female pelvis.

"Shell of a Bivalve Mollusk, inner surface. ad.a., depression showing the attachment of the anterior adductor muscle; ad.p., posterior adductor muscle; h, hinge with teeth; l, attachments of the ligaments; p, pallial line, marking the attachment of the mantle muscles; s, the pallial sinus, marking the attachment of the retractor muscles of the siphon; u, umbo or beak." &mdash; Galloway

Bivalve Mollusk

"Shell of a Bivalve Mollusk, inner surface. ad.a., depression showing the attachment of the anterior…

Making up rafts on the Susquehanna River. A scene on the line of the Erie Railroad.

Susquehanna River

Making up rafts on the Susquehanna River. A scene on the line of the Erie Railroad.

The correct position when the pen is at the bottom of an extended letter below the line, the pen being, as shown, nearly perpendicular.

Penmanship

The correct position when the pen is at the bottom of an extended letter below the line, the pen being,…

"For drawing ink lines other than arcs of circles, the ruling pen is used. It should be held as nearly perpendicular to the board as possible, bearing lightly against the T square or triangle, along the edge of which the line is drawn. After a little practice, this position will become natural, and no difficulty will be experienced." &mdash; Hallock, 1905

Ruling Pen

"For drawing ink lines other than arcs of circles, the ruling pen is used. It should be held as nearly…

"For drawing ink lines other than arcs of circles, the ruling pen is used. It should be held as nearly perpendicular to the board as possible, bearing lightly against the T square or triangle, along the edge of which the line is drawn. After a little practice, this position will become natural, and no difficulty will be experienced." &mdash; Hallock, 1905

Ruling Pen

"For drawing ink lines other than arcs of circles, the ruling pen is used. It should be held as nearly…

"Curves other than arcs of circles are drawn with the pencil or ruling pen by means of curved or irregular-shaped rulers, called irregular curves. A series of points is first determined through which the curved line is to pass. The line is then drawn through these points by using such parts of the irregular curve as will pass through several of the points at once, the curve being shifted from time to time as required." &mdash; Hallock, 1905

Irregular Curves

"Curves other than arcs of circles are drawn with the pencil or ruling pen by means of curved or irregular-shaped…

"A genus of saurian reptiles, constituting a distinct family, of very peculiar form and structure, and on various accounts highly interesting. The body is much compressed; the dorsal line sharp, in some of the species rising into an elevated crest; the back of the head is also elevated into a sort of cone. The neck is very short, and does not admit of the head being turned, for which, however, compensation is found in the remarkable powers of motion possessed by the large prominent eyes, which move independently of one another, and are covered with a membrane pierced only with a small hole for the pupil to look through." &mdash; Chambers, 1881

Chameleon

"A genus of saurian reptiles, constituting a distinct family, of very peculiar form and structure, and…

"Carte, Guard. Turn wrist with nails upwards; hand on a line with lower part of breast; arm somewhat bent, and elbow inclined a little to the outside; point of foil elevated at an angle of about 15 degrees, and directed at upper part of adversary's breast." &mdash; Chambers, 1881

Carte

"Carte, Guard. Turn wrist with nails upwards; hand on a line with lower part of breast; arm somewhat…

"The ghats, or landing places that line the banks of the rivers of Northern India, are often of great architectural merit." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Ghat, Goosla

"The ghats, or landing places that line the banks of the rivers of Northern India, are often of great…

A conoid shaped metal bob or weight attached to the end of a plumb line.

Plumb Bob

A conoid shaped metal bob or weight attached to the end of a plumb line.

A conoid shaped metal bob or weight attached to the end of a plumb line.

Plumb Bob

A conoid shaped metal bob or weight attached to the end of a plumb line.

A conoid shaped metal bob or weight attached to the end of a plumb line.

Plumb Bob

A conoid shaped metal bob or weight attached to the end of a plumb line.

A conoid shaped metal bob or weight attached to the end of a plumb line.

Plumb Bob

A conoid shaped metal bob or weight attached to the end of a plumb line.

A narrow board with parallel edges having a stright line drawn through the middle, and a string carrying a metal weight attached to the upper end of the line. It is used by masons, bricklayers, and carpenters to determine a vertical.

Plumb Rule

A narrow board with parallel edges having a stright line drawn through the middle, and a string carrying…

"The operation which succeeds that of the drawing frame is slubbing, where the sliver has a certain amount of twist imparted to it, and is wound on a bobbin. In this process the end or sliver from the last head of the drawing frame is drawn out by means of three pairs of rollers, and this is twisted as it emerges from the front line of rollers by the action of vertical spindles and flyers, which at the same time wind the ends upon bobbins in successive layers." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Slubbing Frame

"The operation which succeeds that of the drawing frame is slubbing, where the sliver has a certain…

"The diving dress envelops the whole body of the diver, the upper portion a being the "helmet," the intermediate portion b the "breast-plate," and the lower portion c the "dress." The hose by which the air is supplied is shown at d, and e is the "life" or "signal" line, which is attached to the diver's waist, and by which he makes signals and is hauled to the surface. The water-proof material of which the dress is made is very generally sheet india-rubber covered on both sides with tanned twill to protect the india-rubber from injury." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Diving Dress

"The diving dress envelops the whole body of the diver, the upper portion a being the "helmet," the…

"Section of strats, bent at a line of fault." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fault

"Section of strats, bent at a line of fault." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"A sectional elevation of incorporating mill, showing one runner and ploughs (p, p); C, curb of bed; M, machinery in tank, underground; D, drenching apparatus; l, lever-board, or shutter; t, tank; f, f, floor line." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Gunpowder Mill

"A sectional elevation of incorporating mill, showing one runner and ploughs (p, p); C, curb of bed;…

"A sectional elevation of incorporating mill, showing one runner and ploughs (p, p); C, curb of bed; M, machinery in tank, underground; D, drenching apparatus; l, lever-board, or shutter; t, tank; f, f, floor line." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Gunpowder Mill

"A sectional elevation of incorporating mill, showing one runner and ploughs (p, p); C, curb of bed;…

A block used in hauling in the pursing line or bridle of a purseseine. Two of these attached o the purse-davit by hooks.

Pursing Block

A block used in hauling in the pursing line or bridle of a purseseine. Two of these attached o the purse-davit…

"a shows a young tree with its second year's growth, the upright shoot of the maiden tree having been moderately headed back, being left longer if the buds near the base promise to break freely, or cut shorter if they are weak and wanting in vigour. The winter pruning, carried out with the view to shape the tree into a well-grown pyramid, would be effected at the places marked by a cross line." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pyramid Pruning

"a shows a young tree with its second year's growth, the upright shoot of the maiden tree having been…

"Diagram showing possible modifications of medusiform and hydriform persons of a colony of Siphonophora. n, pneumatocyst; k, nectocalyces (swimming bells); l, hydrophyllium (covering-piece); i, generative medusiform person; g, dactylozooid with attached tentacle, h; e, nutritive hydriform person, with branched grappling tentacle, f; m, stem. The thick black line represents endoderm, the thinner line ectoderm." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Siphonophora

"Diagram showing possible modifications of medusiform and hydriform persons of a colony of Siphonophora.…

"Cycloid scale from the lateral line of Odax linealus." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Scale

"Cycloid scale from the lateral line of Odax linealus." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Arrangement of scales in the Roach (Leuciscus rutilus). L, Lateral line; t r, transverse line; a, transverse line from lateral line to yentral fin." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Roach Scale Arrangement

"Arrangement of scales in the Roach (Leuciscus rutilus). L, Lateral line; t r, transverse line; a, transverse…

"Popularly, banister or ballaster, the name given to small shafts or pillars set in a line at short equal distances, and supporting a cornice or coping. These miniature pillars have generally either a pear-shaped swelling at the lower end, or consist of two pear-shaped pieces, places above each other, a ring of moulding being set between them." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Baluster

"Popularly, banister or ballaster, the name given to small shafts or pillars set in a line at short…

"Upon a tripod provided with levelling screws stands the pillar P, to which is fixed the graduated azimuthal circle CC. The compass box B, with the vernier V, attached to it, moves on the azimuthal circle by means of a pivot at the pillar P. Two uprights, U, U, are fixed to the side of the compass-box, on the tops of which rests the axis of the telescope T. A graduated are A, is fixed to the bottom of one of the uprights, and the angle of elevation of the telescope is marked by the vernier on the arm E, attached to the axis of the telescope. A level, L, is also hung on the axis of the telescope, for adjusting the instrument. Inside the compass-box is another graduated circle, F, the line joining the zero-points of which is parallel to the axis of the telescope. All the fittings are in brass or copper, iron, of course, being unsuitable." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Declinometer

"Upon a tripod provided with levelling screws stands the pillar P, to which is fixed the graduated azimuthal…

"Dentalium: B, the shell of Dentalium Entalis, broken longitudinally, showing the animal in a contracted state. C, the shell, showing the animal advancing out; a and b, the foot, the lobes of which are developed in the form of a corolla; c, a part of the collar of the mantle. E, the animal, magnified, extricated from the shell, with them antle slit along the dorsal and medial line, detached in part from its posterior insertion, and turned aside so as to show the parts enclosed; a, the extremity of the foot, which closes the aperture j, of the collar lm, of the mantle nop; bb, lobes of the fot; c, the foot itself, presenting a depression or a channel, running its whole length; d, the head; e, the cerebral ganglion; f, f, the two sides of the mouth; g, g, the membranes which support the branchiae; gg, ii, the branchiae; pp, qq, the retractor muscles; s, the muscle of insertion; t, the expanded posterior extremity, in which is situated the vent." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Dentalium

"Dentalium: B, the shell of Dentalium Entalis, broken longitudinally, showing the animal in a contracted…

"Transverse section through a zooid of Cladocora. The corallum shaded with dots, the mesogloca represented by a thick line. Thirty-two septa are present, six in the entocoeles of the primary cycle of mesenteries, I; six in the entocoeles of the secondary cycle of mesenteries, II; four in the entocoeles of the tertiary cycle of mesenteries, II, only four pairs of the latter being developed; and sixteen in the entocoeles between the mesenterial pairs. D, D, Directive mesenteries; st, stomodaeum." &mdash; The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Cladocora

"Transverse section through a zooid of Cladocora. The corallum shaded with dots, the mesogloca represented…

A device consisting of a pair of clamping jaws carrying a ring and a hook. Used for securing or attaching the end of a cord, as a round lathe belt or rail car signal cord.

Rope Clamp

A device consisting of a pair of clamping jaws carrying a ring and a hook. Used for securing or attaching…

"View of the ventral surface of the mid-line of the prosomatic region of Limulus polyphemus. The coxae of the five pairs of limbs following the chelicerae were arranged in a series on each side between the mouth, M, and the metasternites, mets. sf, The sub-frontal median sclerite. Ch, the chelicerae. cam, The camerostome or upper lip. M, the mouth. pmst, The promesosternal sclerite or chitinous plate, unpaired. mets, the right and left metasternites (corresponding to the similarly placed pentagonal sternite of Scorpio." &mdash; The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Limulus Polyphemus

"View of the ventral surface of the mid-line of the prosomatic region of Limulus polyphemus. The coxae…

"Cryptostemma Karschii, anterior aspect of the prosoma with the "hood" removed. I to IV, first to fourth appendages of the prosoma; a, basal segment of the second pair of appendages meeting its fellow in the middle line." &mdash; The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Cryptostemma Karschii

"Cryptostemma Karschii, anterior aspect of the prosoma with the "hood" removed. I to IV, first to fourth…

"Cryptostemma Karschii, one of the Podogona. Vental view. I to VI, The six pairs of appendages of the prosoma, the last three cut short. 1, 2, 3, 4, The four somites of the opisthosoma. a, Visible hood overhanding the first pair of appendages. b, Position of the genital orifice. c, Part of 3rd appendage. d, Fourth segment of 2nd appendage Observe that the basal segment of appendage III does not meet its fellow in the middle line." &mdash; The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Cryptostemma Karschii

"Cryptostemma Karschii, one of the Podogona. Vental view. I to VI, The six pairs of appendages of the…