ClipArt ETC
Three early stages in the growth of ovule of a Magnolia, showing the forming outer and inner coats, which, even in the later figure have not yet completely enclosed the nucleus.

Ovule of a Magnolia

Three early stages in the growth of ovule of a Magnolia, showing the forming outer and inner coats,…

Longitudinal section of flower of Silene Pennsylvanica, showing stipe between calyx and corolla.

Silene Pennsylvanica

Longitudinal section of flower of Silene Pennsylvanica, showing stipe between calyx and corolla.

Flower of a Cleome of the section Gynandropsis, showing broadened receptacles to bear petals, lengthened stripe below stamens, and another between these and pistil.

Flower of a Cleome

Flower of a Cleome of the section Gynandropsis, showing broadened receptacles to bear petals, lengthened…

Forming fruit (capsule) of Gaultheria, with calyx thickening around its base.

Gaultheria

Forming fruit (capsule) of Gaultheria, with calyx thickening around its base.

Section of mature fruit of Gaultheria, the berry-like calyx nearly enclosing the capsule.

Fruit of Gaultheria

Section of mature fruit of Gaultheria, the berry-like calyx nearly enclosing the capsule.

Leafy shoot and berry (cut across) of the larger Cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon.

Cranberry

Leafy shoot and berry (cut across) of the larger Cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon.

Longitudinal section of a peach, showing flesh, stone, and seed.

Peach

Longitudinal section of a peach, showing flesh, stone, and seed.

Magnified view of a portion of a transverse slice of stem of Calla Lily. The great spaces are tubular air-channels built up by the cells.

Calla Lily

Magnified view of a portion of a transverse slice of stem of Calla Lily. The great spaces are tubular…

A Palm-stem in transverse and longitudinal section, the dots on the cross sections represent cut ends of the woody bundles or threads.

Palm-stem

A Palm-stem in transverse and longitudinal section, the dots on the cross sections represent cut ends…

Short piece of stem of Flax, magnified, showing the bark, wood, and pith in a cross section.

Stem of Flax

Short piece of stem of Flax, magnified, showing the bark, wood, and pith in a cross section.

Piece of a stem of Soft Maple, of a year old, cut crosswise and lengthwise.

Piece of Stem from a Soft Maple

Piece of a stem of Soft Maple, of a year old, cut crosswise and lengthwise.

Piece of stem of Sensitive Plant (Mimosa pudica), with two leaves. the lower open, the upper in the closed state.

Sensitive Plant

Piece of stem of Sensitive Plant (Mimosa pudica), with two leaves. the lower open, the upper in the…

Portion of stem and leaves of Telegraph-plant (Desmodium gyrans), almost of natural size.

Telegraph-plant

Portion of stem and leaves of Telegraph-plant (Desmodium gyrans), almost of natural size.

Upper part of a stem of a Horsetail, Equisetum sylvaticum.

Horsetail

Upper part of a stem of a Horsetail, Equisetum sylvaticum.

A Tree-Fern, Dicksonia arborescens, with a young one near its base. In front a common herbaceous Fern (Polypodium vulgare) with its creeping stem or rootstock.

Tree-Fern

A Tree-Fern, Dicksonia arborescens, with a young one near its base. In front a common herbaceous Fern…

Two elaters and some spores from the same.

Elaters of Jungermannia

Two elaters and some spores from the same.

Magnified section of a spore-case with some spores.

Spore-Case

Magnified section of a spore-case with some spores.

A fruiting portion, showing the structure; a sporocarp, and an antheidium.

Fruiting

A fruiting portion, showing the structure; a sporocarp, and an antheidium.

The doodad is a picture of an unopened flower hanging from its stem.

Doodad

The doodad is a picture of an unopened flower hanging from its stem.

A Red Maple seedling with next joint of stem and leaves apparent.

Maple Seedling

A Red Maple seedling with next joint of stem and leaves apparent.

A Silver Maple embryo, taken out of the husk; upper part of growing stem cut off.

Silver Maple Embryo

A Silver Maple embryo, taken out of the husk; upper part of growing stem cut off.

Advanced stage of germination; caulicle or priamry stem, cotyleaons or seed-leaves, and the root well developed.

Morning Glory Germination

Advanced stage of germination; caulicle or priamry stem, cotyleaons or seed-leaves, and the root well…

Twining or voluble stem of Morning-Glory.

Morning-Glory

Twining or voluble stem of Morning-Glory.

Bulbet-like tubers, such as are occasionally formed on the stem of a Potato-plant above ground.

Tubers

Bulbet-like tubers, such as are occasionally formed on the stem of a Potato-plant above ground.

Part of stem and leaf of Prince's-Feather (Polygonum orientale) with the united sheathing stipules forming a sheath or ocrea.

Prince's-Feather

Part of stem and leaf of Prince's-Feather (Polygonum orientale) with the united sheathing stipules forming…

Diagram of a cross section of a very young exogenous stem, showing six woody bundles or wedges.

Exogenous Stem

Diagram of a cross section of a very young exogenous stem, showing six woody bundles or wedges.

Diagram of a cross section of a very young exogenous stem, showing twelve woody bundles or wedges.

Exogenous Stem

Diagram of a cross section of a very young exogenous stem, showing twelve woody bundles or wedges.

Diagram of a cross section of an exogenous stem, the wedges filling the space, separated only by the thin lines, or medullary rays, running from pith to bark.

Exogenous Stem

Diagram of a cross section of an exogenous stem, the wedges filling the space, separated only by the…

Antheridia and a pistillidium of the Mnium cuspidatum, at the end of a stem of same plant, the leaves torn away.

Mnium

Antheridia and a pistillidium of the Mnium cuspidatum, at the end of a stem of same plant, the leaves…

Outlines of a portion of the stem in section, showing the central cell and the outer or cortical cells.

Chara

Outlines of a portion of the stem in section, showing the central cell and the outer or cortical cells.

Bryopsis plumosa; apex of a stem with its branchlets; all the extension of one cell.

Bryopsis Plumosa

Bryopsis plumosa; apex of a stem with its branchlets; all the extension of one cell.

Languria Mozardi, egg.

Clover Stem Borer

Languria Mozardi, egg.

Languria Mozardi, larva in clover stem.

Clover Stem Borer

Languria Mozardi, larva in clover stem.

Languria Mozardi, larva.

Clover Stem Borer

Languria Mozardi, larva.

Languria Mozardi, pupa.

Clover Stem Borer

Languria Mozardi, pupa.

Languria Mozardi, adult.

Clover Stem Borer

Languria Mozardi, adult.

Blackberry-gall maker; section through an old stem to show the character of the gall.

Blackberry Gall

Blackberry-gall maker; section through an old stem to show the character of the gall.

Phylloecus flaviventris, female adult.

Currant Stem Girdler

Phylloecus flaviventris, female adult.

Phylloecus flaviventris, male abdomen.

Currant Stem Girdler

Phylloecus flaviventris, male abdomen.

Phylloecus flaviventris, female abdomen.

Currant Stem Girdler

Phylloecus flaviventris, female abdomen.

Phylloecus flaviventris, spur of anterior tibia.

Currant Stem Girdler

Phylloecus flaviventris, spur of anterior tibia.

Cephus Pygmaeus, wheat-stem saw-fly, outline of larva.

Saw Wheat-Stem Fly

Cephus Pygmaeus, wheat-stem saw-fly, outline of larva.

Cephus Pygmaeus, wheat-stem saw-fly, larva.

Saw Wheat-Stem Fly

Cephus Pygmaeus, wheat-stem saw-fly, larva.

Cephus Pygmaeus, wheat-stem saw-fly, larva in wheat stalk.

Saw Wheat-Stem Fly

Cephus Pygmaeus, wheat-stem saw-fly, larva in wheat stalk.

Cephus Pygmaeus, wheat-stem saw-fly, adult female.

Saw Wheat-Stem Fly

Cephus Pygmaeus, wheat-stem saw-fly, adult female.

Cephus Pygmaeus, wheat-stem saw-fly, female parasite.

Saw Wheat-Stem Fly

Cephus Pygmaeus, wheat-stem saw-fly, female parasite.

Female Isosoma ovipositing in stem of wheat.

Isosoma

Female Isosoma ovipositing in stem of wheat.

Upper end of stem, showing leaves of asparagus.

Asparagus

Upper end of stem, showing leaves of asparagus.

The base of brain. Labels: 1. Olfactory Bulb; 2. Second, or Optic Nerves; 3. Anterior Perforated Space; 4. Optic Tract; 5. Crus Cerebri; 6. 3rd Nerve; 7. 4th Nerve.; 8. 5th Nerve; 9. 6th Nerve; 10. Pyramid; 11. Olivary Body; 12. Vertebral Artery; 13. Anterior Spinal Artery; 14. Anterior Cerebral Artery; 15. Lamina Cinerea; 16. Middle Cerebral Artery; 17. Tuber Cinereum; 18. Corpora Albicantia; 19. Posterior Perforated Space; 20. Posterior Cerebral Artery; 21. Superior Cerebral Artery; 22. Pons Varolii; 23. Inferior Cerebellar Artery; 24. 7th and 8th Nerves; 25. 9th, 10th, and 11th Nerves; 26. 12th Nerve; 27. Cerebellum.

Base of the Brain

The base of brain. Labels: 1. Olfactory Bulb; 2. Second, or Optic Nerves; 3. Anterior Perforated Space;…

The medulla oblongata (brain stem).

The Medulla Oblongata

The medulla oblongata (brain stem).

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire. Outline - round heart-shape. Apex - tapering and rather blunt, sometimes with a short bristle. Base - heart shape. Leaf/Stem - smooth and swollen at each end into a sort of knob. Leaf - usually about four to five inches long and wide; rather thin, smooth above and below; with seven prominent ribs radiating from the end of the leaf-stem. Flowers - reddish, acid, usually abundant in small clusters along the branches; appearing before the leaves. March to May. Fruit - a small, many-seeded, flat pod, winged along the seed-bearing stem. Seeds - reverse egg-shape. Found - in rich soil, Western Pennsylvania, westward and southward. Common in cultivation. General Information - A small and fine ornamental tree, with long, flat-leaved branches. The name "Judas tree" is traditional. "This is the tree whereon Judas did hang himself, and not the elder tree, as it is said." From a Greek word meaning "shuttle," because of the shuttle-shaped pod.

Genus Cercis, L. (Red Bud)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire. Outline - round heart-shape. Apex - tapering and rather blunt,…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire. Outline - oval or reverse egg-shape. Apex - pointed. Base - pointed. Leaf/Stem - slightly hairy when young. Leaf - two to five inches long; usually about half as broad; dark green and very shining above, especially when old; light green and shining below; thick, tough, and firm. Middle rib slightly hairy when young; side ribs rather indistinct and curved. Bark - grayish and often broken into short sections. Fertile Flowers - small, in clusters of three to eight on slender stems. April, May. Fruit - nearly one half inch long; bluish-black when ripe; egg-shape or oval; acid and rather bitter until "frosted." Stone - oval, somewhat pointed at each end, slightly flattened, and with three or four blunt ridges on each side. September. Found - from Southern Maine to Michigan, and southward to Florida and Texas. General Information - A tree twenty to forty feet high (larger southward), with flat, horizontal branches. The wood, even in short lengths, is very difficult of cleavage, and so is well fitted for beetles, hubs of wheels, pulleys, etc. Its leaves are the first to ripen in the fall, changing (sometimes as early as August) to a bright crimson. In the South, opossums climb the tree in search of its fruit and are immortalized in stories.

Genus Nyssa, L. (Sour Gum)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire. Outline - oval or reverse egg-shape. Apex - pointed. Base -…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire or lobed. Outline - when the edge is entire usually oval or egg-shape; when lobed usually broader and reverse egg-shape. Apex - of the leaf or of the lobes rounded or slightly blunt-pointed. Base - pointed or wedge-shape. Leaf - variable in size, dark, thin, smooth; rather shining above; the lobes, when resent, two or three in number and usually more or less bulging, with the hollows always rounded. Bark - obliquely and curiously furrowed and broken, gray without, reddish within; young twigs yellowish. Flowers - greenish-yellow, in clusters. May, June. Fruit - oval, one-seeded, blue, with a reddish, club shaped stem; pungent. Found - from Southwestern Vermont, southward and westward. General Information - a tree fifteen to fifty feet high with light and soft wood. All parts of the tree have a pleasant, spicy taste and fragrance. From the bark of the roots a powerful aromatic stimulant is obtained.

Genus Sassafras, Nees. (Sassafras)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire or lobed. Outline - when the edge is entire usually oval or…

Leaves - simple/alternate; edge somewhat irregularly very sharp-toothed. Outline - rounded, often very one-sided. Apex - pointed. Base - strongly heart-shaped. Leaf - usually about three to four inches wide, four to five inches long; sometimes much larger; rather thick, very smooth and shining above; with small tufts of reddish hairs in the angles of the ribs below; and often with the ribs themselves hairy. Bark - of the trunk very thick; on the young branches dark brown. Fruit - gray-downy, ovate, the size of small peas, clustered on a long stem of which the lower half is joined to half the length of a narrow, leaf-like bract, usually with a tapering base. Found - in rich woods, from British America southward to Virginia and along the Alleghany Mountains and westward. General Information - A straight-trunked tree, sixty to eighty feet high (often unbranching to half its height) and two to four feet in diameter. Its very tough inner bark is used for mats and coarse rope. The wood is white and soft and clear of knots. It is much used for wooden ware, in cabinet-work, and for the paneling of carriages, though now less esteemed than the tulip tree for these uses, owing to its liability to crack in bending.

Genus Tilia, L. (Basswood)

Leaves - simple/alternate; edge somewhat irregularly very sharp-toothed. Outline - rounded, often very…

Leaves - simple/alternate; edge somewhat irregularly very sharp-toothed. Outline - rounded, often very one-sided. Apex - pointed. Base - strongly heart-shaped. Leaf - five to eight inches long; deep green and shining above, beneath velvety and silvery white with purplish ribs. Bark - of the trunk very thick; on the young branches dark brown. Fruit - gray-downy, ovate, the size of small peas, clustered on a long stem of which the lower half is joined to half the length of a narrow, leaf-like bract, usually with a tapering base. Found - in rich woods, from the mountains of Pennsylvania to Georgia and westward. General Information - A straight-trunked tree, twenty to thirty feet high (often unbranching to half its height) and two to four feet in diameter. Its very tough inner bark is used for mats and coarse rope. The wood is white and soft and clear of knots. It is much used for wooden ware, in cabinet-work, and for the paneling of carriages, though now less esteemed than the tulip tree for these uses, owing to its liability to crack in bending.

Genus Tilia, L. (Basswood)

Leaves - simple/alternate; edge somewhat irregularly very sharp-toothed. Outline - rounded, often very…

Leaves - simple/alternate; edge somewhat irregularly very sharp-toothed. Outline - rounded, often very one-sided. Apex - pointed. Base - strongly heart-shaped. Leaf - two to three inches long; thinner than the T. Americana, deep green and shining above, beneath somewhat downy. Bark - of the trunk very thick; on the young branches dark brown. Fruit - rounded, about one fourth of an inch in diameter, and with the base of the leaf-like bract to which it is attached usually rounded at the base. Found - in rich woods, from New York to Florida and westward.. General Information - A straight-trunked tree, twenty to thirty feet high (often unbranching to half its height) and two to four feet in diameter. Its very tough inner bark is used for mats and coarse rope. The wood is white and soft and clear of knots. It is much used for wooden ware, in cabinet-work, and for the paneling of carriages, though now less esteemed than the tulip tree for these uses, owing to its liability to crack in bending.

Genus Tilia, L. (Basswood)

Leaves - simple/alternate; edge somewhat irregularly very sharp-toothed. Outline - rounded, often very…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge toothed (with the points of the teeth so incurved as to appear blunt), and often finely "crinkled." Outline - usually long oval or long egg-shape. Apex - pointed. Base - rounded or slightly pointed. Leaf/Stem - usually with two to five tooth-like glands near the base of the leaf. Leaf - two to five inches long; thickish; polished, and of a deep shining green above; beneath, lighter and smooth, with the middle rib sometimes downy toward the base. In the autumn the leaves turn to orange and later to pale yellow. Bark - of old trunks, blackish and rough; of young trunks and on the larger branches, reddish or purplish brown; marked with scattered lines; on young shoots, at first green or olive brown, gradually becoming darker, and sprinkled (sic) with small orange dots. Flowers - white, with short stems, closely set in a long, cylinder-shaped cluster. May, June. Fruit - about one and a quarter inches in diameter; with short stems (one and a quarter to one and a third inches ) hanging in long, close clusters from the ends of the twigs. It is nearly black when ripe, and of a pleasant flavor though somewhat bitter; it is eagerly eaten by birds. August. Found - very widely distributed north, south, and west. It reaches its finest growth on the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains. General Information - A tree fifty to eighty feet high. The wood is light and hard, of a brown or reddish tinge, becoming darker with exposure, and of very great value in cabinet work and interior finish. It is now becoming scarce, so that stained birch is often used as a substitute. The bitter aromatic bark is used as a valuable tonic; "cherry brandy" is made from the fruit.

Genus Prunus L. (Cherry, Plum)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge toothed (with the points of the teeth so incurved as to appear blunt),…

Leaves - simple; alternate, or alternate in pairs; edge finely and sharply toothed. Outline - narrow egg-shape. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - rounded or slightly pointed. Leaf/Stem - grooved above. Leaf - two to six inches long, shining and smooth and of about the same shade of green on both sides. Bark - reddish-brown and smooth, with swollen, rusty-colored dots, and usually stripping, like that of the garden cherry, around the trunk. Flowers - white, on stems about one inch or more in length, in nearly stemless clusters. May. Fruit - the size of a large pea, light red, on long stems (about three fourths to one inch long), sour, in clusters of two to five at the sides of the branches, and usually from the base of the leaf-stems; seldom abundant. July. Found - Common in all northern forests. In Northern New England it quickly occupies burned-out pine regions. General Information - A slender tree, usually twenty to twenty-five feet high, of no value as timber.

Genus Prunus L. (Cherry, Plum)

Leaves - simple; alternate, or alternate in pairs; edge finely and sharply toothed. Outline - narrow…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharp-toothed. Outline - long oval to reverse egg-shape. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - pointed or rounded. Leaf/Stem - one fourth to one half inch long, smooth, reddish, usually with two small wart-like glands on the raised border near the base of the leaf. Leaf - two to three inches long; smooth when mature; "net-veined," with distinct furrows over the ribs; somewhat downy on the ribs and in their angles. Bark - of trunk very dark reddish-green or bronze-green, resembling that of a cherry-tree. Fruit - one half to two thirds inch in diameter; broad oval; yellow, orange, or red; with a thick and acid skin and a pleasant flavor. August. Stone - slightly flattened, and with both edges winged and sharp. Found - from Canada southward to Florida and westward, and often in cultivation. General Information - A small tree (sometimes a bush), eight to twenty feet high, with hard, reddish wood. In cultivation it forms an excellent stock on which to graft the domestic plums.

Genus Prunus L. (Cherry, Plum)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharp-toothed. Outline - long oval to reverse egg-shape. Apex - taper-pointed.…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge distinctly toothed when mature; sometimes near three-lobed Outline - egg-shape or oval Apex - pointed. Base - rounded or somewhat heart-shaped Leaf/Stem - one half to one inch long, very slender, downy Leaf - about two to three inches long, two thirds as wide, smooth. Flowers - large; rose-colored and white, in loose clusters of five to ten blossoms, and very fragrant. May. Fruit - round, one to one and a half inches in diameter; yellowish, fragrant, hard, and sour; fit only for preserving. Found - from Ontario to Western New York, Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia; long the Alleghany Mountains, and westward. General Information - A small tree, ten to twenty feet high, rarely thirty feet, gaining its finest growth in the valleys of the lower Ohio. Often its presence is recognized before it is seen by means of the delightful fragrance of its blossoms.

Genus Pyrus L. (Apple, Mt. Ash)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge distinctly toothed when mature; sometimes near three-lobed Outline…