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Grafting is a method of asexual plant propagation widely used in agriculture and horticulture where the tissues of one plant are encouraged to fuse with those of another. Pictured here is the root-grafting of a dahlia.

Root-Grafting of Dahlia

Grafting is a method of asexual plant propagation widely used in agriculture and horticulture where…

Grafting is a method of asexual plant propagation widely used in agriculture and horticulture where the tissues of one plant are encouraged to fuse with those of another. Pictured here is the root-grafting of a woody plant.

Root-Grafting of Woody Plant

Grafting is a method of asexual plant propagation widely used in agriculture and horticulture where…

Plant propagation is the process of artificially or naturally distributing plants. Pictured here is the propagation of plants through cutting.

Propagation by Cuttings

Plant propagation is the process of artificially or naturally distributing plants. Pictured here is…

Plant propagation is the process of artificially or naturally distributing plants. Pictured here is the propagation of plants through cutting.

Leaf Cuttings

Plant propagation is the process of artificially or naturally distributing plants. Pictured here is…

The Squirting or Exploding Cucumber (Ecballium elaterium) is a cucumber plant named for squirting a stream of liquid containing its seeds.

Squirting Cucumber

The Squirting or Exploding Cucumber (Ecballium elaterium) is a cucumber plant named for squirting a…

The Coast Barrel Cactus (Ferocactus viridescens) is a cactus seen throughout southern California.

Coast Barrel Cactus

The Coast Barrel Cactus (Ferocactus viridescens) is a cactus seen throughout southern California.

The Southern Globe Thistle (Echinops ruthenicus) is a species of thistles in the Asteraceae or daisy family.

Southern Globe Thistle

The Southern Globe Thistle (Echinops ruthenicus) is a species of thistles in the Asteraceae or daisy…

Edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum) is a European mountain flower of the Asteraceae or daisy family.

Edelweiss

Edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum) is a European mountain flower of the Asteraceae or daisy family.

The Eggplant (Solanum melongena) is a flowering plant in the Solanaceae family of nightshades. Its fruit is a common vegetable in cooking.

Eggplant

The Eggplant (Solanum melongena) is a flowering plant in the Solanaceae family of nightshades. Its fruit…

Fumaria is a genus of about fifty annual herbaceous flowering plants in the family Fumariaceae, native to temperate Europe and Asia, though some species are weedy or adventive in North and South America, Australia, etc. It is closely allied to Corydalis (from which it differs chiefly in having single-seeded fruits), and some botanists combine the two genera. The common name is fumitory.

Fumitory

Fumaria is a genus of about fifty annual herbaceous flowering plants in the family Fumariaceae, native…

An illustration of the side-view of the fumitory flower Fumaria is a genus of about fifty annual herbaceous flowering plants in the family Fumariaceae, native to temperate Europe and Asia, though some species are weedy or adventive in North and South America, Australia, etc. It is closely allied to Corydalis (from which it differs chiefly in having single-seeded fruits), and some botanists combine the two genera. The common name is fumitory.

Fumitory (Side-view)

An illustration of the side-view of the fumitory flower Fumaria is a genus of about fifty annual herbaceous…

An illustration of a longitudinal section of the fumitory flower. Fumaria is a genus of about fifty annual herbaceous flowering plants in the family Fumariaceae, native to temperate Europe and Asia, though some species are weedy or adventive in North and South America, Australia, etc. It is closely allied to Corydalis (from which it differs chiefly in having single-seeded fruits), and some botanists combine the two genera. The common name is fumitory.

Fumitory Flower (Longitudinal Section)

An illustration of a longitudinal section of the fumitory flower. Fumaria is a genus of about fifty…

An illustration of: A, Inflorescence and cauline leaves; B, Radical leaves and root. Cardamine (Car-dá-mi-ne, Bittercress or Bitter-cress), is a large genus in the family Brassicaceae. It contains more than 150 species of annuals and perennials. The genus grows worldwide in diverse habitats, except in the Antarctic. Genus Dentaria is a synonym for Cardamine.

Cardamine

An illustration of: A, Inflorescence and cauline leaves; B, Radical leaves and root. Cardamine (Car-dá-mi-ne,…

An illustration of the a stamen and pistil of the berberis plant. Berberis (Bér-be-ris, barberry, pepperidge bush) a genus of about 450-500 species of deciduous and evergreen shrubs from 1-5 m tall with thorny shoots, native to the temperate and subtropical regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and South America. They are closely related to the genus Mahonia, which is included within Berberis by some botanists.

Pistil and Stamen of Burberis

An illustration of the a stamen and pistil of the berberis plant. Berberis (Bér-be-ris, barberry,…

"Flowering Branch of Oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia). a, fruit; b, section of same." -Whitney, 1911

Oleaster

"Flowering Branch of Oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia). a, fruit; b, section of same." -Whitney, 1911

The Elecampane (Inula helenium) is a flowering plant in the Asteraceae family of daisies.

elecampane

The Elecampane (Inula helenium) is a flowering plant in the Asteraceae family of daisies.

Now known as Ulmus procera, the image shows a "Flowering Branch and Foliage of English Elm (Ulmus campestris), with flower and fruit on larger scale." -Whitney, 1911

English Elm

Now known as Ulmus procera, the image shows a "Flowering Branch and Foliage of English Elm (Ulmus campestris),…

The leaf of Common Box (Buxus sempervirens) showing emarginations.

Common Box

The leaf of Common Box (Buxus sempervirens) showing emarginations.

The flower of a primrose (Primula sinensis) showing emarginations.

Primrose

The flower of a primrose (Primula sinensis) showing emarginations.

An illustration of the inflorescence of the carrot plant. An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Strictly, it is the part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed and which is accordingly modified.

Carrot Flower

An illustration of the inflorescence of the carrot plant. An inflorescence is a group or cluster of…

An illustration of fructification of the carrot flower. Fructification is a term used in the plant morphology to denote the generative parts of the plant (flower and fruit) (as opposed to its vegetative parts: trunk, roots and leaves). Sometimes it is applied more broadly to the generative parts of gymnosperms, ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes, though they produce neither fruit nor flower.

Fructification of Carrot Flower

An illustration of fructification of the carrot flower. Fructification is a term used in the plant morphology…

Valerian is a hardy perennial flowering plant, with heads of sweetly scented pink or white flowers. The flowers are in bloom in the northern hemisphere from June to September. Valerian was used as a perfume in the sixteenth century.

Valerian Inflorescence

Valerian is a hardy perennial flowering plant, with heads of sweetly scented pink or white flowers.…

Valerian is a hardy perennial flowering plant, with heads of sweetly scented pink or white flowers. The flowers are in bloom in the northern hemisphere from June to September. Valerian was used as a perfume in the sixteenth century.

Valerian Flower

Valerian is a hardy perennial flowering plant, with heads of sweetly scented pink or white flowers.…

An illustration of a longitudinal sectional view of the valerian flower. Valerian is a hardy perennial flowering plant, with heads of sweetly scented pink or white flowers. The flowers are in bloom in the northern hemisphere from June to September. Valerian was used as a perfume in the sixteenth century.

Valerian Flower (Longitudinal Section)

An illustration of a longitudinal sectional view of the valerian flower. Valerian is a hardy perennial…

An illustration of the valerian seed with attached pappus. In a composite flower, Pappus is the part of individual disk and ray flowers that surrounds the base, in the same manner as the calyx does in a non-compound flower. The pappus may be like bristles or tiny hairs, teeth, or scales, and is usually too small to see without magnification. Valerian is a hardy perennial flowering plant, with heads of sweetly scented pink or white flowers. The flowers are in bloom in the northern hemisphere from June to September. Valerian was used as a perfume in the sixteenth century.

Valerian Seed with Pappus

An illustration of the valerian seed with attached pappus. In a composite flower, Pappus is the part…

An illustration of the inflorescence of the field scabious. Knautia arvensis, commonly known as Field Scabious, is a species in the genus Knautia. It is a perennial plant that grows between 25 and 100 cm. It prefers grassy places and dry soils, avoiding heavy soils, and flowers between July and September. The flowered head is flatter than similar species Devils bit scabious and Small Scabious. There are 4 stamens in each flower, and 1 notched long stigma. The fruit is nut like, cylindrical and hairy, 5-6mm in size. It has a tap root. The stem has long stiff hairs angled downwards. There are no stipules. The leaves form a basal rosette, are paired on the stem, the lowest typically 300mm long, spear shaped, whereas the upper are smaller.

Inflorescence of Field Scabious

An illustration of the inflorescence of the field scabious. Knautia arvensis, commonly known as Field…

An illustration of the young inflorescence of the field scabious. Knautia arvensis, commonly known as Field Scabious, is a species in the genus Knautia. It is a perennial plant that grows between 25 and 100 cm. It prefers grassy places and dry soils, avoiding heavy soils, and flowers between July and September. The flowered head is flatter than similar species Devils bit scabious and Small Scabious. There are 4 stamens in each flower, and 1 notched long stigma. The fruit is nut like, cylindrical and hairy, 5-6mm in size. It has a tap root. The stem has long stiff hairs angled downwards. There are no stipules. The leaves form a basal rosette, are paired on the stem, the lowest typically 300mm long, spear shaped, whereas the upper are smaller.

Young Inflorescence of Field Scabious

An illustration of the young inflorescence of the field scabious. Knautia arvensis, commonly known as…

An illustration of a ray-floret of the field scabious. Knautia arvensis, commonly known as Field Scabious, is a species in the genus Knautia. It is a perennial plant that grows between 25 and 100 cm. It prefers grassy places and dry soils, avoiding heavy soils, and flowers between July and September. The flowered head is flatter than similar species Devils bit scabious and Small Scabious. There are 4 stamens in each flower, and 1 notched long stigma. The fruit is nut like, cylindrical and hairy, 5-6mm in size. It has a tap root. The stem has long stiff hairs angled downwards. There are no stipules. The leaves form a basal rosette, are paired on the stem, the lowest typically 300mm long, spear shaped, whereas the upper are smaller.

Ray-floret of Field Scabious

An illustration of a ray-floret of the field scabious. Knautia arvensis, commonly known as Field Scabious,…

An illustration of a ray-floret of the field scabious. Knautia arvensis, commonly known as Field Scabious, is a species in the genus Knautia. It is a perennial plant that grows between 25 and 100 cm. It prefers grassy places and dry soils, avoiding heavy soils, and flowers between July and September. The flowered head is flatter than similar species Devils bit scabious and Small Scabious. There are 4 stamens in each flower, and 1 notched long stigma. The fruit is nut like, cylindrical and hairy, 5-6mm in size. It has a tap root. The stem has long stiff hairs angled downwards. There are no stipules. The leaves form a basal rosette, are paired on the stem, the lowest typically 300mm long, spear shaped, whereas the upper are smaller.

Ray-floret of Field Scabious

An illustration of a ray-floret of the field scabious. Knautia arvensis, commonly known as Field Scabious,…

An illustration of the seed of the field scabious. Knautia arvensis, commonly known as Field Scabious, is a species in the genus Knautia. It is a perennial plant that grows between 25 and 100 cm. It prefers grassy places and dry soils, avoiding heavy soils, and flowers between July and September. The flowered head is flatter than similar species Devils bit scabious and Small Scabious. There are 4 stamens in each flower, and 1 notched long stigma. The fruit is nut like, cylindrical and hairy, 5-6mm in size. It has a tap root. The stem has long stiff hairs angled downwards. There are no stipules. The leaves form a basal rosette, are paired on the stem, the lowest typically 300mm long, spear shaped, whereas the upper are smaller.

Seed of Field Scabious

An illustration of the seed of the field scabious. Knautia arvensis, commonly known as Field Scabious,…

An illustration of the inflorescence of the cornflower. Centaurea cyanus ('Cornflower, Bachelor's button, Basket flower, Bluebottle, Boutonniere flower, Hurtsickle) is a small annual flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to Europe.

Inflorescence of a Cornflower

An illustration of the inflorescence of the cornflower. Centaurea cyanus ('Cornflower, Bachelor's button,…

An illustration of a ray-floret of the cornflower. Centaurea cyanus ('Cornflower, Bachelor's button, Basket flower, Bluebottle, Boutonniere flower, Hurtsickle) is a small annual flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to Europe.

Ray-floret of a Cornflower

An illustration of a ray-floret of the cornflower. Centaurea cyanus ('Cornflower, Bachelor's button,…

An illustration of a disk-floret of the cornflower. Centaurea cyanus ('Cornflower, Bachelor's button, Basket flower, Bluebottle, Boutonniere flower, Hurtsickle) is a small annual flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to Europe.

Disk-floret of a Cornflower

An illustration of a disk-floret of the cornflower. Centaurea cyanus ('Cornflower, Bachelor's button,…

An illustration of a longitudinal section view of a disk-floret of the cornflower. Centaurea cyanus ('Cornflower, Bachelor's button, Basket flower, Bluebottle, Boutonniere flower, Hurtsickle) is a small annual flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to Europe.

Disk-floret of a Cornflower (Longitudinal

An illustration of a longitudinal section view of a disk-floret of the cornflower. Centaurea cyanus…

Kalmia latifolia, commonly called Mountain-laurel or Spoonwood, is a flowering plant in the family Ericaceae, native to the eastern United States, from southern Maine south to northern Florida, and west to Indiana and Louisiana.

Mountain-laurel

Kalmia latifolia, commonly called Mountain-laurel or Spoonwood, is a flowering plant in the family Ericaceae,…

Echium vulgare (Viper's Bugloss) is a species of Echium native to most of Europe, and western and central Asia. It is a biennial or monocarpic perennial plant growing to 30-80 cm tall, with rough, hairy, lanceolate leaves. The flowers start pink and turn vivid blue and are 15-20 mm in a branched spike, with all the stamens protruding. Stamens remain red and stand out against the blue flowers. It flowers between May and September. It is found in dry, bare and waste places.

Viper's Bugloss Inflorescence

Echium vulgare (Viper's Bugloss) is a species of Echium native to most of Europe, and western and central…

Echium vulgare (Viper's Bugloss) is a species of Echium native to most of Europe, and western and central Asia. It is a biennial or monocarpic perennial plant growing to 30-80 cm tall, with rough, hairy, lanceolate leaves. The flowers start pink and turn vivid blue and are 15-20 mm in a branched spike, with all the stamens protruding. Stamens remain red and stand out against the blue flowers. It flowers between May and September. It is found in dry, bare and waste places.

Viper's Bugloss Flower

Echium vulgare (Viper's Bugloss) is a species of Echium native to most of Europe, and western and central…

Echium vulgare (Viper's Bugloss) is a species of Echium native to most of Europe, and western and central Asia. It is a biennial or monocarpic perennial plant growing to 30-80 cm tall, with rough, hairy, lanceolate leaves. The flowers start pink and turn vivid blue and are 15-20 mm in a branched spike, with all the stamens protruding. Stamens remain red and stand out against the blue flowers. It flowers between May and September. It is found in dry, bare and waste places.

Viper's Bugloss Corolla and Stamens

Echium vulgare (Viper's Bugloss) is a species of Echium native to most of Europe, and western and central…

An illustration of the Gynaeceum of the viper's bugloss. Fr, ovary; g, base of style; h, honeyglands.

Gynaeceum of Viper's Bugloss

An illustration of the Gynaeceum of the viper's bugloss. Fr, ovary; g, base of style; h, honeyglands.

An illustration of a inflorescence of a potato plant.

Inflorescence of Potato Plant

An illustration of a inflorescence of a potato plant.

An illustration of the leaf of a potato plant.

Potato Plant Leaf

An illustration of the leaf of a potato plant.

An illustration of the tubers on underground branches of a potato plant.

Tubers of a Potato Plant

An illustration of the tubers on underground branches of a potato plant.

"Strawberry False-worm (Emphytus maculatus). 1, 2 pupa, ventral and lateral views (line shows natural size); 3, fly, enlarged (wings on one side detached); 4, larva; 5, fly with wings closed; 6, larva curled up; 7, coccoon; 8, antenna; 9, egg. (4, 5, 6, and 7 natural size; 8 and 9 enlarged.)" -Whitney, 1911

Strawberry Sawfly

"Strawberry False-worm (Emphytus maculatus). 1, 2 pupa, ventral and lateral views (line shows natural…

An illustration of a plantain plant. The plantain is a crop in the genus Musa and is generally used for cooking, in contrast to the soft, sweet banana (which is sometimes called the dessert banana).

Plantain Flower

An illustration of a plantain plant. The plantain is a crop in the genus Musa and is generally used…

An illustration of a plantain plant flower and bract. In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf. Bracts are ordinarily associated with reproductive structures (subtending flowers, inflorescence axes, or cone scales). They are ordinarily reduced in size relative to foliage leaves, or of a different color or texture from foliage leaves, or both.

Plantain Flower and Bract

An illustration of a plantain plant flower and bract. In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized…

An illustration of a section of a plantain flower.

Plantain Flower (Section)

An illustration of a section of a plantain flower.

An illustration of plantain plant fruit bursting.

Plantain Fruit

An illustration of plantain plant fruit bursting.

An illustration of the flower of the mistletoe plant. Mistletoe is the common name for a group of hemi-parasitic plants in the order Santalales that grow attached to and within the branches of a tree or shrub.

Mistletoe Flower

An illustration of the flower of the mistletoe plant. Mistletoe is the common name for a group of hemi-parasitic…

An illustration of one staminate flower in section, magnified twelve times. Mistletoe is the common name for a group of hemi-parasitic plants in the order Santalales that grow attached to and within the branches of a tree or shrub.

Mistletoe Staminate

An illustration of one staminate flower in section, magnified twelve times. Mistletoe is the common…

An illustration of pistillate flowers of mistletoe. Mistletoe is the common name for a group of hemi-parasitic plants in the order Santalales that grow attached to and within the branches of a tree or shrub.

Pistillate Flowers of Mistletoe

An illustration of pistillate flowers of mistletoe. Mistletoe is the common name for a group of hemi-parasitic…

An illustration of one pistillate flower of mistletoe. Mistletoe is the common name for a group of hemi-parasitic plants in the order Santalales that grow attached to and within the branches of a tree or shrub.

One Pistillate Flower of Mistletoe

An illustration of one pistillate flower of mistletoe. Mistletoe is the common name for a group of hemi-parasitic…

An illustration of a mistletoe plant attached to the host plant. Mistletoe is the common name for a group of hemi-parasitic plants in the order Santalales that grow attached to and within the branches of a tree or shrub.

Mistletoe Attached to Host Plant

An illustration of a mistletoe plant attached to the host plant. Mistletoe is the common name for a…

An illustration of the flower of the wheat plant.

Wheat Flower

An illustration of the flower of the wheat plant.

An illustration of the female flower of the sedge plant. Carex is a genus of plants in the family Cyperaceae, commonly known as sedges (although other, related species are also called sedges, those of genus Carex may be called "true" sedges). It is the most species-rich genus in the family. The study of Carex is known as caricology.

Sedge

An illustration of the female flower of the sedge plant. Carex is a genus of plants in the family Cyperaceae,…

Fly orchid (Ophrys insectifera) is a plant of the family Orchidaceae, a native of the British Isles and Europe favouring sites with alkaline soil. The name arises because it resembles a fly, being totally dependent on flies and bees for pollination. However this is fairly unsuccessful as they seldom visit the flower and it forms seed only infrequently. The plants use scent to attract male flies, which pollinate the flowers as they attempt to mate with the flower. The scent released by the flowers mimic female fly sexual pheromones.

Fly Orchid

Fly orchid (Ophrys insectifera) is a plant of the family Orchidaceae, a native of the British Isles…

An illustration of a sedge plant.

Sedge Plant

An illustration of a sedge plant.

Lilium martagon (Martagon or Turk's cap lily) is a species of lily. It has a widespread native region extending from central Europe east through northern Asia to Mongolia and Korea. Several subspecies have been named. The plant is stem-rooting, growing between 1 m and 2 m tall. The flower colour is typically a pink-purple, with dark spots, but is quite variable, extending from near white to near black. The flowers are scented. Numerous flowers are borne on each plant, and up to 50 can be found on vigorous plants.

Turk's Cap Lily

Lilium martagon (Martagon or Turk's cap lily) is a species of lily. It has a widespread native region…

Convallaria majalis, commonly known as the Lily of the Valley or Lily-of-the-Valley, is the only species in the genus Convallaria in the flowering plant family Ruscaceae, formerly placed in the lily family Liliaceae or in its own family called Convallariaceae. This woodland plant is native throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere in Asia and Europe and a limited native population in Eastern USA.

Lily of the Valley

Convallaria majalis, commonly known as the Lily of the Valley or Lily-of-the-Valley, is the only species…

"Fruit of Peach (Prunus persica). En, endocarp; Ep, epicarp; Mes, mesocarp." -Whitney, 1911

Peach

"Fruit of Peach (Prunus persica). En, endocarp; Ep, epicarp; Mes, mesocarp." -Whitney, 1911

The flower of the Flowering Rush (Butomus umbellatus), the sole species in the Butomaceae family.

Flowering Rush

The flower of the Flowering Rush (Butomus umbellatus), the sole species in the Butomaceae family.