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"The religious Order of the Heavenly Annunciation, or of the Nuns of the Annunciation of Mary, was instituted by Victoria Fornare at Genoa in 1682, after the rule of St. Augustine. All the convents of the order in France, Germany, and the Netherlands have disappeared since the French Revolution. Some still exist in Italy." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Order of the Annunciation

"The religious Order of the Heavenly Annunciation, or of the Nuns of the Annunciation of Mary, was instituted…

"After appropriating to national purposes the land belonging to the church, the French National Assembly, instead of bringing it into the market at a time of insecurity, when its value was depreciated, issued bonds on the security of it, which were called assignats, as representing land assigned to the holder. This paper money consisted chiefly of notes for 100 francs each, though many of them were for sums as low as ten or five francs, and even lower; and the first issue amounted to 400 million francs." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Assignat

"After appropriating to national purposes the land belonging to the church, the French National Assembly,…

A roof with almost vertical sides.

French Roof

A roof with almost vertical sides.

"Three center arches, employed in French Flamboyant." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Center Arch

"Three center arches, employed in French Flamboyant." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

"Ogee arches, with curves of counter flexure, found in English Decorated and French Flamboyant." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Ogee Arch

"Ogee arches, with curves of counter flexure, found in English Decorated and French Flamboyant." —…

"Mirror case illustrating storming of the Castle of Love, French, about 14th century, South Kensington museum." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Ivory Carving

"Mirror case illustrating storming of the Castle of Love, French, about 14th century, South Kensington…

French breakfast and olive-shaped radishes

Radishes

French breakfast and olive-shaped radishes

A chief of a Frankish tribe, wearing full battle armor. He stands looking to his right holding a long spear, Germanic spear, in his left hand and a short axe in his right. A decorated shield rest on his left hip and a cape rests on his shoulders. His hair is in long braids and his helmet is tall and pointed, resembling a crown. His sandals wrap around his leg up to his knee.

A Frankish Chief in Full Armor

A chief of a Frankish tribe, wearing full battle armor. He stands looking to his right holding a long…

Courtier of time of Louis XIV

Courtier

Courtier of time of Louis XIV

(1680-1767) Famous colonizer and governor of French Louisiana.

Sieur de Bienville

(1680-1767) Famous colonizer and governor of French Louisiana.

As a kind of joke, John, King Henry's youngest son, had been called Lackland, because he had nothing when his brothers each had some great dukedom. The name suited him only too well before the end of his life. The English made him king at once. Richard had never had any children, but his brother Geoffery, who was older than John had left a son named Arthur, who was about twelve years old, and who rightly the Duke of Normandy and Count of Anjou. King Philip, who was always glad to vex whoever was king of England, took Arthur under his protection, and promised to get Normandy out of John's hands. However, John had a meeting with him and persuaded him to desert Arthur, and marry his son Louis to John's own niece, Blanche, who had a chance of being queen of part of Spain. Still Arthur lived at the French King's court, and when he was sixteen years old, Philip helped him to raise an army and go to try his fortune against his uncle. He laid siege to Mirabeau, a town where his grandmother, Queen Eleanor, was living. John, who was then in Normandy, hurried to her rescue, beat Arthur's army, made him prisoner and carried him off, first to Romen, and then to the strong castle of Falaise. Nobody quite knows what was done to him there. The governor, Hubert de Burgh, once found him fighting hard, though with no weapon but a stool, to defend himself from some ruffians who had been sent to put out his eyes. Hubert saved him from these men, but shortly after this good man was sent elsewhere by the king, and John came himself to Falaise. Arthur was never seen alive again, and it is believed that John took him out in a boat in the river at night, stabbed him with his own hand, and threw his body in the river.

Murder of Prince Arthur

As a kind of joke, John, King Henry's youngest son, had been called Lackland, because he had nothing…

King Henry was a builder of beautiful churches. Westminster Abbey, as it is now, was one. And he was charitable to the poor that, when he had his children weighed, he gave their weight in gold and silver in alms. But he gave to everyone who asked, and so always wanted money; and sometimes his men could get nothing for the king and queen to eat, but by going and taking sheep and poultry from the poor farmers around; so that things were nearly as bad as under William Rufus-because the king was so foolishly good-natured. The Pope was always sending for money, too; and the king tried to raise it in ways that, according to Magna Carta, he had sworn not to do. His foreign friends told him that if he minded Magna Carta he would be a poor creature-not like a king who might do all he pleased; and whenever he listened to them he broke the laws of Magna Carta. Then, when his barons complained and frightened him, he swore again to keep them; so that nobody could trust him, and his weakness was almost as bad for the kingdom as John's wickedness. When they could bear it no longer, the barons all met him at the council, which was called the Parliament, from a French word meaning talk. This time they came in armor, binging all their fighting men, and declared that he had broken his word so often that they should appoint some of their own number to watch him, and hinder his doing anything against the laws he had sworn to observe, or from getting money from the people without their consent.

King Henry and His Barons

King Henry was a builder of beautiful churches. Westminster Abbey, as it is now, was one. And he was…

Washington in the French War at Fort Necessity

Fort Necessity

Washington in the French War at Fort Necessity

General Braddock and Captain Jack

French War

General Braddock and Captain Jack

(1643-1687) A French explorer who explored the Great Lakes region.

Robert de LaSalle

(1643-1687) A French explorer who explored the Great Lakes region.

La Salle, a famous French adventurer who navigated the Mississippi down to the Gulf of Mexico.

La Salle

La Salle, a famous French adventurer who navigated the Mississippi down to the Gulf of Mexico.

George Washington warning General Braddock in his tent.

Washington and Braddock

George Washington warning General Braddock in his tent.

A monument to Generals Wolfe and Montcalm, both slain at the Heights of Abraham.

Monument to Wolfe and Montcalm

A monument to Generals Wolfe and Montcalm, both slain at the Heights of Abraham.

An illustration showing the Battle of Abraham Heights.

Battle of the Heights of Abraham

An illustration showing the Battle of Abraham Heights.

The Marquis de Lafayette, a French citizen who fought on the side of the Americans during the American Revolution.

Marquis de Lafayette

The Marquis de Lafayette, a French citizen who fought on the side of the Americans during the American…

A depiction of Benjamin Franklin in the French royal Court, where he was well-received.

Franklin in French Court

A depiction of Benjamin Franklin in the French royal Court, where he was well-received.

A French Jacobin, born in Province, in 1755, of an ancient family; served as second lieutenant in the regiment of Languedoc until 1775. He made, about this time, a voyage to the Isle-de-France, the governor of which was one of his relations, and entered into the garrison of Pondicherry. On his return, he gave himself up to gambling and women, and dissipated his fortune. The Revolution broke out. He immediately showed himself an opponent of the Court, and had a seat in the <em>tiers-etat</em>, while his brother was sitting in that of the nobility. July 14, 1789, he took part in the attack upon the Bastille, and Aug. 10, 1792, upon the Tuileries. In 1792 he was elected a member of the National Convention, and voted for the unconditional death of Louis XVI. He was sent, in 1793, to the South of France, and commanded the left wing of the besieging army under Dugommier, and it was here that he first met Napoleon Bonaparte, then captain of artillery. The patriotic reputation of Barras was so well established that he abd Freron were the only representatives not denounced by the popular societies. Robespierre, however, was friend of his, and often wished to arrest him. Barras, knowing this, became one of the principle actors of the 9th Thermidor, and put himself at the head of the troops which surrounded Robespierre at the Hotel de Ville. In 1794 he was named one of the Committee of Public Safety, and became a great enemy to the members of the members of the "Mountain." In February, 1795, he was elected President of the Convention, and, in that capacity, declared Paris in a state of siege, when the Assembly was attacked by the populace. Afterward, when the Convention was assailed, Bonaparte, by Barras' advice, was appointed to command the artillery; and that general, on the 13th Vendemaire, decisively repressed the royalist movement. For his services, Barras was now named one of the Directory, and took a prominent part in the changes which that body unerwent until Napoleon's <em>coup d'etat</em> on the 18th Brumaire, which effectually overthrew the power of Barrras and his colleagues. His life, from this date, was, generally speaking, one of retirement. He died in Paris, Jan. 29, 1829. His "Memoirs" appeared in 1895.

Comte de Barras

A French Jacobin, born in Province, in 1755, of an ancient family; served as second lieutenant in the…

A French Phylloxera, slightly distorted.

Phylloxera

A French Phylloxera, slightly distorted.

French Phylloxera, distorted in mounting.

Phylloxera

French Phylloxera, distorted in mounting.

(1647-1706) A famous French philosopher, skeptic, and writer.

Pierre Bayle

(1647-1706) A famous French philosopher, skeptic, and writer.

(1732-1799) Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais was a watch-maker, inventor, musician, politician, invalid, fugitive, spy, publisher, arms-dealer, and revolutionary for both the French and American. He was famous for his theatrical works, especially the three Figaro plays.

Pierre Beaumarchais

(1732-1799) Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais was a watch-maker, inventor, musician, politician,…

The Bergues Clock Tower. Bergues, a town in the Department of Nord, France, on the Colme river.

Clock Tower

The Bergues Clock Tower. Bergues, a town in the Department of Nord, France, on the Colme river.

(1803-1869) A French Romantic composer best known for the <em>Symphonie fantastique</em> and <em>Grande Messe des Morts (Requiem)</em>.

Hector Berlioz

(1803-1869) A French Romantic composer best known for the Symphonie fantastique and Grande…

(1764-1844) Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte was a famous French general.

Bernadotte

(1764-1844) Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte was a famous French general.

Rosine Sarah Bernhardt was a French actress.

Sarah Bernhardt

Rosine Sarah Bernhardt was a French actress.

(1519-1605) A French Protestant theologian and reformer.

Theodore de Beza

(1519-1605) A French Protestant theologian and reformer.

(1636-1711) A French poet.

Nicolas Boileau

(1636-1711) A French poet.

(1769-1821) King of Italy, Mediator of the Swiss Confederation and Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine, born Napoleone di Buonaparte.

Napoleon Bonaparte

(1769-1821) King of Italy, Mediator of the Swiss Confederation and Protector of the Confederation of…

(1822-1899) Marie-Rosalle Bonheur, also called Rosa Bonheur, was a French realist painter and sculptor.

Rosa Bonheur

(1822-1899) Marie-Rosalle Bonheur, also called Rosa Bonheur, was a French realist painter and sculptor.

(1703-1770) French painter and a proponent of Rococo taste, known for idyllic and voluptuous paintings on classical themes, decorative allegories representing the arts or pastoral occupations, and intended as a sort of two-dimensional furniture.

Francois Boucher

(1703-1770) French painter and a proponent of Rococo taste, known for idyllic and voluptuous paintings…

(1827-1906) A 19th-century French Realist painter. Breton is famous for painting <em>The Song of the Lark</em>, <em>The End of the Working Day</em>

Jules Breton

(1827-1906) A 19th-century French Realist painter. Breton is famous for painting The Song of the…

A bronze two-armed candlestick from the French style of Louis XIV.

Candlestick

A bronze two-armed candlestick from the French style of Louis XIV.

(1707-1788) Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon was a French naturalist, mathematician, biologist, cosmologist and author.

Comte de Buffon

(1707-1788) Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon was a French naturalist, mathematician, biologist,…

Decorative clock panel in the style of Louis XIII.

Renascence Trophy

Decorative clock panel in the style of Louis XIII.

Decorative clock panel in the style of Louis XIII.

Renascence Trophy

Decorative clock panel in the style of Louis XIII.

A French wood carved door head from the 18th century.

Door Ornament

A French wood carved door head from the 18th century.

Leaves - simple; indeterminate in position because of their closeness, but arranged along the branches in two-leaved sheathed bunches. Leaf - needle-shape, five to eight inches long; dark, dull, green; rounded and smooth on the outside; on the inside hollowed. Cones - about two to three inches long; rounded at the base; sometimes crowded in large clusters. Scales - not armed with points or knobs. Bark - of the trunk, comparatively smooth and reddish, of a clearer red than that of any other species in the United States. Found - in dry and sandy soil from Newfoundland and the northern shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Winnipeg River, through the Northern States to Massachusetts, in the mountains of Northern Pennsylvania. Rare in the Eastern States, except in the extreme northern parts of New England. General Information - An evergreen tree fifty to eight feet high, or more, with hard and durable wood, useful for all kinds of construction. It is low-branching and regular in shape. In a note give in confirmation of his estimate of the height of the red pine, Michaux says that when the French in Quebec built the war-ship St. Lawrence, fifty guns, they made its main-mast of this pine.

Genus Pinus, L. (Pine)

Leaves - simple; indeterminate in position because of their closeness, but arranged along the branches…

(1818-1893) French composer.

Charles Gounod

(1818-1893) French composer.

Device for beheading during the French Revolution.

Guillotine

Device for beheading during the French Revolution.

(1553-1610) King of France.

Henry IV

(1553-1610) King of France.

(1643-1687) French explorer in America who named Louisiana after Louis XIV.

Sieur René-Robert Cavelier La Salle

(1643-1687) French explorer in America who named Louisiana after Louis XIV.

Memory by French.

Memory

Memory by French.

Death and the Sculptor by French.

Death and the Sculptor

Death and the Sculptor by French.

(1828-1905) French author most famous for Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea, From the Earth to the Moon, and Around the World in Eighty Days.

Jules Verne

(1828-1905) French author most famous for Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea, From the Earth to the…

(1822-1895) Famous French chemist and scientist who invented the process of pasteurizing, which prevents fermentation of milk.

Louis Pasteur

(1822-1895) Famous French chemist and scientist who invented the process of pasteurizing, which prevents…

The monastery of St.-Germain-des-Pres in Paris, France.

Monastery in Paris

The monastery of St.-Germain-des-Pres in Paris, France.

French castle of Coucy-le-Chateau built in the thirteenth century. The parts are: (A) moat, (B) round donjon, (C) inner court, and (D) the residence of the lord.

Coucy le Chateau

French castle of Coucy-le-Chateau built in the thirteenth century. The parts are: (A) moat, (B) round…

Portrait of Louis XI of France.

Louis XI

Portrait of Louis XI of France.

The boy king, Francis II of France.

Francis II

The boy king, Francis II of France.

The Chateau D'If in Marseilles, France.

Chateau D'If

The Chateau D'If in Marseilles, France.

The ship of Jacques Cartier, a French explorer.

Cartier's Ship

The ship of Jacques Cartier, a French explorer.

The French made a settlement called Fort Caroline on St. John's River.

Fort Caroline

The French made a settlement called Fort Caroline on St. John's River.

An old picture of Quebec, Canada where the French were colonizing.

Quebec

An old picture of Quebec, Canada where the French were colonizing.

"La Salle's house (Canada) in 1900." -Perry Jr., 1913

La Salle's House

"La Salle's house (Canada) in 1900." -Perry Jr., 1913

Acadia was a French and then English colony in North America. The image shows the English taking away land and homes from Acadian peasants, accused of disloyalty.

Acadian Peasants

Acadia was a French and then English colony in North America. The image shows the English taking away…