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This 17th century stoup is made out of silver. It is used to store holy water found in Roman Catholic churches.

17th Century Stoup

This 17th century stoup is made out of silver. It is used to store holy water found in Roman Catholic…

"In Rom. antiq., bundles of rods, usually of birch, with an ax bound in with them, the blade projecting, borne by lictors before the superior Roman magistrates as a badge of their power over life and limb." -Whitney, 1911

Fasces of a Roman Magistrate

"In Rom. antiq., bundles of rods, usually of birch, with an ax bound in with them, the blade projecting,…

"Fenestella. In Roman Catholic churches, a niche on the south side of an altar, containing the piscina, and frequently also the credence." -Whitney, 1911

Fenestella in the Church of Norrey

"Fenestella. In Roman Catholic churches, a niche on the south side of an altar, containing the piscina,…

"Files. a, cotter-file when large, and verge- or pivot-file when small; b, square file (parallel or taper); c, banking or watch-pinion file when parallel, and knife-file when tape; d, half-round, nicking, piercing, or round-off file; e, round, gulleting, or rat-tail file; f, triangular, three-square, or saw file; g, equaling, clock-pinion, or endless-screw file when parallel, and slitting, entering, warding, or barrel-hole file when tape; h, cross- or double-half-round file; i, screw-head, feather-edge, or slitting file." -Whitney, 1911

Types of Files

"Files. a, cotter-file when large, and verge- or pivot-file when small; b, square file (parallel or…

"Forum of Pompeii. A, principal entrance; B, a Corinthian temple; C, the public prison (carcer publicus); D is supposed to have been a horreum, or public granary; E, temple of Venus, the guardian goddess of the city; F, basilica; G, H, I, the curiae, or civil and commercial tribunals; K, a rectangular building which may have served the purpose of a shop for money-changers; L, a portico terminating in an apsis; M, temple of Mercury or Quirinus; N, a building with a large semicircular tribune, which probably constituted the residence of the priests called Augustales." -Whitney, 1911

Forum of Pompeii

"Forum of Pompeii. A, principal entrance; B, a Corinthian temple; C, the public prison (carcer publicus);…

An illustration of the Roman Colosseum.

Colosseum

An illustration of the Roman Colosseum.

The column of Duilius, Rome.

Column of Duilius

The column of Duilius, Rome.

The Gate of Spoleto, Rome.

Gate of Spoleto

The Gate of Spoleto, Rome.

Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus was a general in the Second Punic War and statesman of the Roman Republic.

Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus

Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus was a general in the Second Punic War and statesman of the Roman…

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing five o'clock (5:00).

Clock 5:00

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing five o'clock (5:00).

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing 5:10.

Clock 5:10

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing 5:10.

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing 7:30.

Clock 7:30

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing 7:30.

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing 2:50.

Clock 2:50

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing 2:50.

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing 11:15.

Clock 11:15

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing 11:15.

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing 11:50.

Clock 11:50

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing 11:50.

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing 2:30.

Clock 2:30

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing 2:30.

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing 6:40.

Clock 6:40

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing 6:40.

Bathing was an important part in Ancient Roman culture and society. In Germany there are These Roman baths varied from simple to exceedingly elaborate structures. In taking a Roman bath, the bather induced sweating by gradually exposing himself to increasing temperatures. To accommodate this ritual, all Roman bathhouses contained a series of rooms which got progressively hotter. Most contained a room just inside the entrance where the bather stored his clothes. After taking a series of sweat and/or immersion baths, the bather returned to the cooler tepidarium (a warm room) for a massage with oils and final scraping with metal implements. Today ruins of Roman baths remain in three German cities, Trier, Baden-Baden, and Baden-Württemberg.

Ancient Roman Baths

Bathing was an important part in Ancient Roman culture and society. In Germany there are These Roman…

Archaeological artifacts show that Simonswald was home to farmers as early as 6000 to 3000 BC. Roman settlements date back to 5th century AC, near St. Peter's Barn. Establishing settlements in Simonswald occurred first in the New Stone Age, then was left deserted for 3 thousand years (some suggest cold climate as reason) and re-discovered in the 11th century. Official record first mention dates back to 5. August 1178 when Pope Alexander III confirmed "Sigmanswald" as property of Monastery St Margarethen, Waldkirch; until the 16th century Simonswald was called Sigmanswald.

Simonswald

Archaeological artifacts show that Simonswald was home to farmers as early as 6000 to 3000 BC. Roman…

A church of both Roman and Gothic architectural design. From the wall of the presbytery and extending the height of the first story, is an octagonal projection known as The Choir of St Sebald.

Choir of the Church of St. Sebald

A church of both Roman and Gothic architectural design. From the wall of the presbytery and extending…

St. Sebald is a church of both Roman and Gothic architectural design. On the northern side is the Bride's Door, a work attributed to the fifteenth century. The beauty and the design of this doorway delights us with its various carvings.

Bride's Door at Church of St. Sebald

St. Sebald is a church of both Roman and Gothic architectural design. On the northern side is the Bride's…

The Glyptothek is a museum in Munich, Germany, which was commissioned by the Bavarian King Ludwig I to house his collection of Greek and Roman sculptures (hence Glypto-, from the Greek root glyphein, to carve). It was designed by Leo von Klenze in the Neoclassical style, and built from 1816 to 1830.

Glyptothek

The Glyptothek is a museum in Munich, Germany, which was commissioned by the Bavarian King Ludwig I…

Salzburg was a city state in the Roman empire until 1805, when it was conquered by the Austrian army. The city is filled with churches, palaces, burgher houses, and a cathedral displaying every style and modification of architecture from Romanesque to neo-classical.

View of Salzburg

Salzburg was a city state in the Roman empire until 1805, when it was conquered by the Austrian army.…

Ramparts or limes, defensive walls or fortifications constructed for defense of ancient cities or settlement from aggressors. Some constructed as early as the 1st century A.D. when the Romans conquered the land and defended their position there by constructing a rampart (limes). A limes (or the Limes Romanus) was a border defense of Ancient Rome. It marked the boundaries of the Roman Empire. In ancient to modern times, they were used to enclose settlements. Generally, these are referred to as city walls or town walls.

Ramparts of Ulm

Ramparts or limes, defensive walls or fortifications constructed for defense of ancient cities or settlement…

A picturesque view of Lintz (Linz) on the Danube with a small number of buildings on the river banks. There are a few boats on the river.

Lintz on the Dabube

A picturesque view of Lintz (Linz) on the Danube with a small number of buildings on the river banks.…

Passau is one of the oldest cities in Germany, a village of Gauls in early days; and later, a Roman camp. Known also as the Dreiflüssestadt (City of Three Rivers), because the Danube is joined there by the Inn from the South, and the Ilz coming out of the Bavarian Forest to the North. The position of the city, at the junction of the Inn, Ilz, and Danube rivers, justifies its importance.

City, Passau

Passau is one of the oldest cities in Germany, a village of Gauls in early days; and later, a Roman…

A picturesque view of the Lintz (Linz) city center. Lintz was founded by the Romans, who called it "Lentia." It was a provincial and local government city, an important trading point connecting several routes, on either side of the river Danube from the East to the West and Bohemia and Poland from north to the Balkans and Italy to the south. Linz is the third largest city of Austria and capital of the state of Upper Austria. It is located in the north centre of Austria on both sides of the river Danube.

View of Lintz

A picturesque view of the Lintz (Linz) city center. Lintz was founded by the Romans, who called it "Lentia."…

It is four o'clock in the afternoon when a messenger rides up to the house of Captain Knott V. Martin. The captain has killed a pig and is ready to dress it, when the messenger hands him a slip of paper. With knife in hand he reads it: "You are ordered to appear with your company on Boston Common at the earliest possible moment." He throws down his knife to put on the uniform. Mrs. Martin asks what he will do with the pig and Captain Martin says the pig isn't important anymore. Not an instant does he wait; the members of his company must be summoned, his knapsack packed.

Captain Knott V. Martin's Pig

It is four o'clock in the afternoon when a messenger rides up to the house of Captain Knott V. Martin.…

The Capitoline Hill, between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the seven hills of Rome. By the 16th century, Capitolinus had become Campidoglio in the Roman dialect. The English word capitol derives from Capitoline. The Capitoline contains few ancient ground-level ruins, as they are almost entirely covered up by Medieval and Renaissance palaces (now housing the Capitoline Museums) that surround a piazza, a significant urban plan designed by Michelangelo.

Capitoline Hill in Rome

The Capitoline Hill, between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the seven hills of Rome. By…

An illustration of two lictors, members of a special class of Roman civil servants. Lictors had special tasks of attending and guarding magistrates of the Roman Republic and Empire who held imperium; essentially, a bodyguard. The origin of the tradition of lictors goes back to the time when Rome was a kingdom, perhaps acquired from their Etruscan neighbours.

Roman Civil Servants

An illustration of two lictors, members of a special class of Roman civil servants. Lictors had special…

Illustration of a Roman soldier, also called a legionary, carrying a shield, short sword, and a short javelin for throwing. He is wearing sandals, traditional armor, and a helmet.

A Roman Soldier, or Legionary, with a Short Javelin and Shield

Illustration of a Roman soldier, also called a legionary, carrying a shield, short sword, and a short…

An illustration of Marcellus coins.

Marcellus Coins

An illustration of Marcellus coins.

Publius Cornelius Scipio (died 211 BC) was a general and statesman of the Roman Republic. A member of the Cornelia gens, Scipio served as consul in 218 BC, the first year of the Second Punic War, and sailed with an army from Pisa to Massilia (today Marseille), with the intention of arresting Hannibal's advance on Italy. Failing to meet his enemy he returned to Cisalpine Gaul by sea, and sent his army on to Hispania under the command of his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus with instructions to hold the Carthaginian forces there in check.

Publius Cornelius Scipio

Publius Cornelius Scipio (died 211 BC) was a general and statesman of the Roman Republic. A member of…

An illustration of a coin with the face of Philip V of Macedonia. Philip V was King of Macedonia from 221 BC to 179 BC. Philip's reign was principally marked by an unsuccessful struggle with the emerging power of Rome.

Philip V of Macedonia Coin

An illustration of a coin with the face of Philip V of Macedonia. Philip V was King of Macedonia from…

An illustration of a coin with the face of Perseus of Macedonia. Perseus the legendary founder of Mycenae and of the Perseid dynasty there, was the first of the mythic heroes of Greek mythology whose exploits in defeating various archaic monsters provided the founding myths in the cult of the Twelve Olympians. Perseus was the hero who killed Medusa and claimed Andromeda, having rescued her from a sea monster.

Perseus of Macedonia Coin

An illustration of a coin with the face of Perseus of Macedonia. Perseus the legendary founder of Mycenae…

Gaius Marius was a Roman general and politician elected consul an unprecedented seven times during his career. He was also noted for his dramatic reforms of Roman armies, authorizing recruitment of landless citizens and reorganizing the structure of the legions into separate cohorts.

Bust of Marius

Gaius Marius was a Roman general and politician elected consul an unprecedented seven times during his…

A sculpture of the head of Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Lucius Felix. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, or simply Sulla, was a Roman general and politician, holding the office of consul twice as well as the dictatorship.

Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix

A sculpture of the head of Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Lucius Felix. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, or simply…

Marcus Antonius, known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and General. He was an important supporter and the best friend of Gaius Julius Caesar as a military commander and administrator, being Caesar's second cousin, once removed, by his mother Julia Antonia. After Caesar's assassination, Antony formed an official political alliance with Octavian (Augustus) and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, known to historians today as the Second Triumvirate.

Bust of Mark Antony

Marcus Antonius, known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and General. He was an important…

Gaius Julius Caesar was a Roman military and political leader. He played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.

Bust of Julius Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar was a Roman military and political leader. He played a critical role in the transformation…

Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Vespasian (November 17, 9 – June 23, 79), was a Roman Emperor who reigned from 69 A.D. until his death in 79 A.D. Vespasian was the founder of the short-lived Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 A.D. and 96 A.D. He was succeeded by his sons Titus (79–81) and Domitian (81–96).

Coin of Vespasian

Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Vespasian (November 17, 9 – June 23, 79), was a Roman…

An illustration of the streets of Pompeii. Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples in the Italian region of Campania, in the territory of the comune of Pompei. Along with Herculaneum, its sister city, Pompeii was destroyed, and completely buried, during a long catastrophic eruption of the volcano Mount Vesuvius spanning two days in AD 79.

Streets of Pompeii

An illustration of the streets of Pompeii. Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city…

Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (31 August 161 – 31 December 192) was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 180 to 192 (also with his father, Marcus Aurelius, from 177 until 180). The name given here was his official name at his accession to sole rule; see Changes of name for earlier and later forms. His accession as emperor was the first time a son had succeeded his father since Titus succeeded Vespasian in 79. Commodus was the first emperor "born to the purple"; i.e., born during his father's reign.

Bust of Commodus

Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (31 August 161 – 31 December 192) was a Roman Emperor who ruled…

Caracalla (April 4, 188 – April 8, 217. Caracallus ), born Lucius Septimius Bassianus and later called Marcus Aurelius Antoninus and Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus, was the eldest son of Septimius Severus and Roman Emperor from 211 to 217. He was one of the most nefarious of Roman emperors.

Bust of Caracalla

Caracalla (April 4, 188 – April 8, 217. Caracallus ), born Lucius Septimius Bassianus and later called…

An illustration of the Roman Forum as in 1885. The Roman Forum, sometimes known by its original Latin name, is located between the Palatine hill and the Capitoline hill of the city of Rome. It is the central area around which the ancient Roman civilization developed. Citizens referred to the location as the "Forum Magnum" or just the "Forum

Roman Forum in 1885

An illustration of the Roman Forum as in 1885. The Roman Forum, sometimes known by its original Latin…

An illustration of the bust of Seneca the Elder. Lucius or Marcus Annaeus Seneca, known as Seneca the Elder and Seneca the Rhetorician (ca. 54 BC – ca. 39 AD), was a Roman rhetorician and writer, born of a wealthy equestrian family of Cordoba, Hispania.

Bust of Seneca the Elder

An illustration of the bust of Seneca the Elder. Lucius or Marcus Annaeus Seneca, known as Seneca the…

An illustration of the sarcophagus of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus. Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus (died c. 280 BC) was one of the two elected Roman consuls in 298 BC. He led the Roman army to victory against the Etruscans near Volterra. A member of the noble Roman family of Scipiones, he was the father of Lucius Cornelius Scipio and Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina and great-grandfather of Scipio Africanus.

Sarcophagus of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus

An illustration of the sarcophagus of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus. Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus…

A sculpture of John Wycliffe, an English theologian, lay preacher, translator and reformist. Wycliffe was an early dissident in the Roman Catholic Church during the 14th century. His followers are known as Lollards, a somewhat rebellious movement which preached a legalistic Gospel. He is considered the founder of the Lollard movement, a precursor to the Protestant Reformation (for this reason, he is sometimes called "The Morning Star of the Reformation"). He was one of the earliest opponents of papal authority influencing secular power.

Sculpture of John Wycliffe

A sculpture of John Wycliffe, an English theologian, lay preacher, translator and reformist. Wycliffe…

Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death. The fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty, she is remembered for restoring England to Roman Catholicism after succeeding her short-lived half brother, Edward VI, to the English throne. In the process, she had almost 300 religious dissenters burned at the stake in the Marian Persecutions, earning her the sobriquet of "Bloody Mary". Her re-establishment of Roman Catholicism was reversed by her successor and half-sister, Elizabeth I.

Mary I of England

Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19…

"MITRE. A sacerdotal ornament for the head, worn by Roman Catholic archbishops and bishops on solemn occasions. " -Hall, 1862

Mitre

"MITRE. A sacerdotal ornament for the head, worn by Roman Catholic archbishops and bishops on solemn…

"Mitre. A sacerdotal ornament for the head, worn by Roman Catholic archbishops and bishops on solemn occasions." -Hall, 1862

Mitre

"Mitre. A sacerdotal ornament for the head, worn by Roman Catholic archbishops and bishops on solemn…

"Azure, on a pall argent, four crosses fitchy sable, in chief a cross pattee of the second. PALL. A scarf in the shape of the letter Y, forming part of the vesture of a Roman Catholic prelate. It is introduced as the principal bearing of the archbishops of Canterbury, Armagh, and Dublin." -Hall, 1862

Pall

"Azure, on a pall argent, four crosses fitchy sable, in chief a cross pattee of the second. PALL. A…

"Specimens of Ancient Roman Glass." -Whitney, 1911

Roman Glass

"Specimens of Ancient Roman Glass." -Whitney, 1911

"Ancient Roman Cameo-Glass. Amphora from Pompeii, Museo Nazionale, Naples." -Whitney, 1911

Roman Cameo-Glass

"Ancient Roman Cameo-Glass. Amphora from Pompeii, Museo Nazionale, Naples." -Whitney, 1911

The Kiss of Judas is an engraving by Albrecht Dürer in 1508. It is part of a series of engravings called the "Passion". It depicts when Judas identifies Jesus to the Roman soldiers by means of a kiss.

The Kiss of Judas

The Kiss of Judas is an engraving by Albrecht Dürer in 1508. It is part of a series of engravings…

Christ Taken Prisoner is a woodcut by German artist Albrecht Dürer in 1510. It is part of a series called the "Great Passion". It shows Jesus being taken by Roman soldiers after the betrayal of Judas. This woodcut was created by carving an image on a wooden block and rolling ink over that surface and then printing it on paper.

Christ Taken Prisoner

Christ Taken Prisoner is a woodcut by German artist Albrecht Dürer in 1510. It is part of a series…

St. Jerome in his Cell is an engraving that was created by German artist Albrecht Dürer in 1514. It shows St. Jerome writing amongst a lion, dog and a skull. St. Jerome was a Roman Catholic priest who was known for translating the Bible into Latin during the 5th century.

St. Jerome In His Cell

St. Jerome in his Cell is an engraving that was created by German artist Albrecht Dürer in 1514.…

This is an engraved portrait of Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg, Germany. He was a cardinal priest of the Holy Roman Church. This portrait was created by German artist Albrecht Dürer.

Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg

This is an engraved portrait of Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg, Germany. He was a cardinal priest…

"Guttae in Doric Architecture. A, form of gutta beneath regula; G, G, guttae beneath mutules and regulae. GUTTA. A drop; specifically, in architecture, one of a series of pendent ornaments, generally in the form of the frustum of a cone, but sometimes cylindrical, attached to the under side of the mutules and regulae of the Doric entablature." -Whitney, 1911

Gutta in Doric Architecture

"Guttae in Doric Architecture. A, form of gutta beneath regula; G, G, guttae beneath mutules and regulae.…

This vase with lid is an antique design, Greek or Roman. It was designed by famous potter Josiah Wedgwood.

Vase

This vase with lid is an antique design, Greek or Roman. It was designed by famous potter Josiah Wedgwood.

This vase with handle has an antique design, Greek or Roman. It was designed by famous potter Josiah Wedgwood.

Vase

This vase with handle has an antique design, Greek or Roman. It was designed by famous potter Josiah…