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The turbinated bones are situated one on each side of the outer wall of each nasal fossa. Shown is the internal surface of right turbinated bone.

Internal Surface of Turbinated Bone

The turbinated bones are situated one on each side of the outer wall of each nasal fossa. Shown is the…

The turbinated bones are situated one on each side of the outer wall of each nasal fossa. Shown is the external surface of right turbinated bone.

External Surface of Turbinated Bone

The turbinated bones are situated one on each side of the outer wall of each nasal fossa. Shown is the…

The pisiform may be known by its small size and by its presenting a single articular facet. It is situated on a plane anterior to the other bones of the carpus; it is spheroidal in form, with its long diameter directed vertically. Shown is the left pisiform, showing posterior and lateral surfaces.

Pisiform Bone

The pisiform may be known by its small size and by its presenting a single articular facet. It is situated…

Bones of the right forearm,with their ligaments; volar aspect.

Bones and Ligaments of Forearm

Bones of the right forearm,with their ligaments; volar aspect.

Metacarpal bones and first phalanges of the second to the fifth of the right hand, with ligaments, from the volar surface.

Bones of the Hand

Metacarpal bones and first phalanges of the second to the fifth of the right hand, with ligaments, from…

Metacarpal bones and first phalanges of the third finger of the right hand, with ligaments, from the radial side.

Metacarpal and Phalanges of Finger

Metacarpal bones and first phalanges of the third finger of the right hand, with ligaments, from the…

Joints of the right foot, from the back of the foot.

Joints of the Foot

Joints of the right foot, from the back of the foot.

Oblique section of the foot showing six synovial membranes.

Bones of the Foot

Oblique section of the foot showing six synovial membranes.

Chain of ossicles and their ligaments, seen from the front in a vertical transverse section of the tympanum.

Ossicles of the Tympanum

Chain of ossicles and their ligaments, seen from the front in a vertical transverse section of the tympanum.

The right malleus viewed from in front.

Malleus From in Front

The right malleus viewed from in front.

The right malleus viewed from behind.

Malleus From Behind

The right malleus viewed from behind.

Lateral view of the right incus.

Lateral View of the Incus

Lateral view of the right incus.

Medial and front view of the right incus.

Medial and Front View of the Incus

Medial and front view of the right incus.

The right stapes viewed from above.

Stapes Viewed from Above

The right stapes viewed from above.

Medial view of the right stapes.

Stapes, Medial View of the

Medial view of the right stapes.

The bones of the feet.

Bones of the Feet

The bones of the feet.

The bones of the hand.

Bones of the Hand

The bones of the hand.

Anterior view of the frontal bone.

Anterior View of Frontal Bone

Anterior view of the frontal bone.

The frontal bone viewed from below.

Frontal Bone Viewed From Below

The frontal bone viewed from below.

The outer side of the right parietal bone.

Outer Surface of the Parietal Bone

The outer side of the right parietal bone.

The inner surface of the right parietal bone.

Inner Surface of the Parietal Bone

The inner surface of the right parietal bone.

The inner surface of the right occipital bone.

Inner Surface of the Occipital Bone

The inner surface of the right occipital bone.

The right temporal bone as seen from the outer side.

Outer Surface of the Temporal Bone

The right temporal bone as seen from the outer side.

The right temporal bone as seen from the inner side.

Inner Surface of the Temporal Bone

The right temporal bone as seen from the inner side.

The right temporal bone as seen from below.

Temporal Bone Viewed from Below

The right temporal bone as seen from below.

The anterior half of a vertical transverse section through the left temporal bone.

Anterior Half of Section Through Temporal Bone

The anterior half of a vertical transverse section through the left temporal bone.

The posterior half of a vertical transverse section through the left temporal bone.

Posterior Half of Section Through Temporal Bone

The posterior half of a vertical transverse section through the left temporal bone.

Horizontal section through left temporal bone showing lower half of section.

Horizontal Section of Temporal Bone

Horizontal section through left temporal bone showing lower half of section.

A, The outer surface of the right temporal bone at birth. B, The same with squamozygomatic portion removed. Labels: a, tympanic ring; b, inner wall of tympanum; c, fenestra rotunda; d, foramen ovale; e, mastoid; f, mastoid process; g, mastosquamosal suture, with foramen for transmission of vessels; h, squamozygomatic, removed in figure B to show how its descending process forms the outer wall of the mastoid antrum.

Temporal Bone at Birth

A, The outer surface of the right temporal bone at birth. B, The same with squamozygomatic portion removed.…

Inner surface of right temporal bone at birth. am squamozygomatic; b, petrosquamosal suture and foramen (just above the end of the lead line; c, subarcuate fossa; d, aquaedutcus vestibuli; e, aquaeductus cochlea; f, internal auditory meatus; g, upper end of carotid canal.

Temporal Bone at Birth

Inner surface of right temporal bone at birth. am squamozygomatic; b, petrosquamosal suture and foramen…

The sphenoid as seen from behind.

Sphenoid Viewed from Behind

The sphenoid as seen from behind.

The sphenoid as seen from the front.

Sphenoid Viewed from the Front

The sphenoid as seen from the front.

The ethmoid viewed from behind.

Ethmoid Viewed from Behind

The ethmoid viewed from behind.

The ethmoid viewed from right side.

Ethmoid Viewed from Side

The ethmoid viewed from right side.

Section showing nasal aspect of left lateral mass of ethmoid.

Section of the Ethmoid

Section showing nasal aspect of left lateral mass of ethmoid.

The ethmoid viewed from above.

Ethmoid Viewed from Above

The ethmoid viewed from above.

Shown is norma frontalis, which refers to the front of the skull. Labels: 1, mental protuberance; 2, body of lower jaw; 3, ramus of lower jaw; 4, anterior nasal spine; 5, canine fossa; 6, infraorbital canal; 7, malar canal; 8 orbital surface of superior maxilla; 9, temporal fossa; 10, os planum of ethmoid; 11, sphenoidal fissure; 12, lachrymal bone and groove; 13, optic foramen; 14, orbital foramina; 15, temporal ridge; 16, supraorbital notch; 17, glabella; 18, frontal eminence; 19, superciliary ridge; 20, parietal bone; 21, front-nasal suture; 22, pterion; 23, great wing of sphenoid; 24, orbital surface of great wing of sphenoid; 25, squamous temporal; 26, left nasal bone; 27, malar bone; 28, sphenomaxillary fissure; 29, zygomatic arch; 30, anterior nasal aperture, displaying nasal septum and inferior and middle turbinated bones; 31, mastoid process; 32, incisor fossa; 33, angle of jaw; 34, mental foramen; 35, symphysis.

Front of the Skull

Shown is norma frontalis, which refers to the front of the skull. Labels: 1, mental protuberance; 2,…

Shown is norma lateralis, which refers to the side of the skull. Labels: 1, mental foramen; 2, body of lower jaw; 3, superior maxillary; 4, ramus of lower jaw; 5, zygomatic arch; 6, styloid process; 7, external auditory meatus; 8, mastoid process; 9, asterion; 10, superior curved line of occipital bone; 11, external occipital protuberance; 12, lambdoid suture; 13, occipital bone; 14, lambda; 15, obelion placed between the two parietal foramina; 16, parietal bone; 17, lower temporal ridge; 18, upper temporal ridge; 19, squamous part of temporal bone; 20, bregma; 21, coronal suture; 22, stephanion; 23, frontal bone; 24, pterion; 25, temporal fossa; 26, great wing of sphenoid; 27, malar bone; 28, malar canal; 29, lachrymal bone; 30, nasal bone; 31, infraorbital canal; 32, anterior nasal aperture.

Side of the Skull

Shown is norma lateralis, which refers to the side of the skull. Labels: 1, mental foramen; 2, body…

Shown is norma basalis, which refers to the base of the cranium. Labels: 1, external occipital crest; 2, superior curved line of the occipital bone; 3, foramen magnum; 4, occipital condyle; 5, digastric groove; 6, mastoid process; 7, external auditory meatus; 8, styloid process; 9, glenoid fossa; 10, foramen spinosum; 11, sphenoidal spine; 12, foramen ovale; 13, external pterygoid plate; 14, hamular process of internal pterygoid plate; 15, nasal septum; 16, posterior nasal spine; 17, horizontal plate of palate bone; 18, palatal process of superior maxilla; 19, anterior palatine canal; 20, intermaxillary suture; 21, posterior palatine canal; 22, malar process of superior maxilla; 23, spheno-maxillary fissure; 24, zygomatic fossa; 25, zygomatic arch; 26, posterior openings of left nasal fossa; 27, pterygoid fossa; 28, scaphoid fossa; 29, foramen lacerum medium; 30, opening of osseous Eustachian canal; 31, carotid canal; 32, jugular fossa; 33, stylo-mastoid foramen; 34, jugular process of the occipital bone; 35, groove for occipital artery; 36, mastoid foramen; 37, posterior condylic foramen; 38, inferior curved line of occipital bone; 39, external occipital protuberance.

Base of the Skull

Shown is norma basalis, which refers to the base of the cranium. Labels: 1, external occipital crest;…

Shown is the base of the skull seen from above. Labels: 1, frontal bone; 2, slit for nasal nerve; 3, anterior ethmoidal foramen; 4, posterior ethmoidal foramen; 5, optic foramen; 6, foramen for internal carotid artery formed by anterior and middle clinoid processes; 7, lesser wing of sphenoid; 8, anterior clinoid process, in this case united on its inner side to the middle clinoid process; 9, posterior clinoid process; 10, foramen ovale; 11, groove for middle meningeal artery; 12, foramen spinosum; 13, Hiatus Fallopii; 14, line of petro-squamosal suture; 15, internal auditory meatus; 16, groove for superior petrosal sinus; 17, groove for sigmoid part of lateral sinus; 18, jugular foramen; 19, anterior condylic foramen; 20, groove for lateral sinus; 21, internal occipital protuberance; 22, ridge for attachment of falx cerebri; 23, fossa for the lodgment of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum; 24, ridge for attachment of the falx cerebelli; 25, fossa for the lodgment of the left cerebellar hemisphere; 26, foramen magnum; 27, groove for the sigmoid sinus turning into the jugular foramen; 28, groove for the inferior petrosal sinus running along the line of the suture between the petrous temporal and the basioccipital; 29, depression for the Gasserian ganglion; 30, middle cranial fossa for lodgment of temporal lobe of cerebrum; 31, foramen lacerum medium; 32, carotid groove; 33, dorsum sellae of sphenoid; 34, leads into foramen rotundum; 35, pituitary fossa; 36, olivary eminence of sphenoid; 37, anterior cranial fossa for lodgment of frontal lobes of cerebrum; 38, cribriform plate of ethmoid; 39, crista galli of ethmoid; 40, foramen caecum; 41, crest for attachment of falx cerebri.

Base of the Skull Seen From Above

Shown is the base of the skull seen from above. Labels: 1, frontal bone; 2, slit for nasal nerve; 3,…

Shown is the inner aspect of the left half of the skull sagittally divided. Labels: 1, suture between parietal and temporal bone; 2, remains of subarcuate fossa; 3, grooves for branches of the middle meningeal artery; 4, dorsum sellae; 5, pituitary fossa; 6, anterior clinoid fossa; 7, optic foramen; 8, sphenoidal suture; 9, nasal surface of superior turbinated bone; 10, cribriform plate of ethmoid; 11, nasal surface of middle turbinated bone; 12, frontal sinus; 13, nasal spine; 14, nasal bone; 15, nasal process of superior maxilla; 16, middle meatus of nose; 17, directed towards opening of antrum; 18, nasal surface of inferior turbinated bone; 19, inferior meatus of nose; 20, anterior nasal spine; 21, anterior palatine canal; 22, palatal process of superior maxilla; 23, palatal process of palate bone; 24, posterior nasal spine; 25, hamular process of internal pterygoid plate; 26, external pterygoid plate; 27, superior meatus of nose; 28,sphenopalatine foramen; 29, pterygospinous ligament almost completely ossified to enclose a foramen; 30, styloid process of temporal bone; 31, alar spine of sphenoid; 32, mastoid process; 33, basion (midpoint of posterior border of foramen magnum); 34, internal auditory meatus; 35, anterior condylic foramen; 36, leading into jugular foramen; 37, opisthion (midpoint of posterior border of foramen magnum); 38, groove for sigmoid sinus; 39, opening of mastoid foramen; 40, for lateral sinus and attachment of tentorium cerebelli; 41, fossa for lodgment of cerebellar hemisphere; 42, internal occipital protuberance.

Skull Seen From Side

Shown is the inner aspect of the left half of the skull sagittally divided. Labels: 1, suture between…

Shown is a coronal section passing inferiorly through interval between between the first and second molar teeth. Labels: 1, groove of superior longitudinal sinus; 2,crest for attachment of falx cerebri; 3, crista galli of ethmoid; 4, cristiform plate of ethmoid; 5, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, assisting in the formation of nasal septum; 6, lateral mass of ethmoid consisting of the ethmoidal cells; 7, os planum of ethmoid; 8, middle meatus of nose; 9, middle turbinated bone; 10, opening from the middle meatus; 11, orbital plate of superior maxilla; 12, frontomalar suture; 13, infraorbital groove; 14, antrum or maxillary sinus; 15, canal for anterior dental nerve and vessels exposed; 16, inferior meatus of nose; 17, alveolar process of the superior maxilla; 18, nasal surface of inferior turbinated bone; 19, groove for anterior palatine nerve and vessels; 20, palatal process of superior maxilla; 21, maxillary crest forming part of nasal septum; 22, vomer forming part of nasal septum.

Coronal Section of Skull

Shown is a coronal section passing inferiorly through interval between between the first and second…

The right scaphoid bone.

Scaphoid Bone

The right scaphoid bone.

The right semilunar bone.

Semilunar Bone

The right semilunar bone.

The right cuneiform bone.

Cuneiform Bone

The right cuneiform bone.

The right pisiform bone.

Pisiform Bone

The right pisiform bone.

The right trapezium bone.

Trapezium Bone

The right trapezium bone.

The right trapezoid bone.

Trapezoid Bone

The right trapezoid bone.

The right magnum bone.

Magnum Bone

The right magnum bone.

The right unciform bone.

Unciform Bone

The right unciform bone.

The right astragalus. A, Upper surface. B, Under surface. Labels: 1, groove for flex, long, hallucis; 2, internal tubercle; 3, trochlear surface for tibia; 4, body; 5, for articulation with internal malleolus; 6, head; 7, for articulation with internal malleolus; 8, neck; 9, for articulation with external malleolus; 10, surface against which the inferior tibio fibular ligament rests; 11, external tubercle; 12, external tubercle; 13, posterior, middle, and anterior facets for os calcis; 14, for articulation with navicular; 15, surface resting on inferior calcaneo-navicular ligament; 16, interosseous groove; 17, internal tubercle; 18, groove for the flexor longus hallucis.

Astragalus

The right astragalus. A, Upper surface. B, Under surface. Labels: 1, groove for flex, long, hallucis;…

The right astragalus. A, As seen from the outer side. B, As seen from the inner side. Labels: 1, external tubercle; 2, groove for flexor longus hallucis; 3, internal tubercle; 4, surface against which the inferior tibio-fibular ligament rests; 5, trochlea for tibia; 6, for articulation with external malleolus; 7, neck; 8, head; 9, for articulation with navicular; 10, interosseous groove; 11, anterior, middle, and posterior facets for os calcis; 12, body; 13, surface resting on internal calcaneo navicular ligament; 14, for articulation with navicular; 15, head; 16, neck; 17, trochlea for tibia; 18, for articulation with internal malleolus; 19, body; 20, impression for internal lateral ligament; 21, internal tubercle; 22, groove for flexor longus hallucis; 23, external tubercle; 24, interosseous groove; 25, posterior and middle facets for os calis.

Astragalus

The right astragalus. A, As seen from the outer side. B, As seen from the inner side. Labels: 1, external…

The right os calcis as seen from above.

Os Calcis Viewed from Above

The right os calcis as seen from above.

The right os calcis as seen from below.

Os Calcis Viewed from Below

The right os calcis as seen from below.

The os calcis as seen from the outer side.

Outer Side of Os Calcis

The os calcis as seen from the outer side.

The os calcis as seen from the inner side.

Inner Side of Os Calcis

The os calcis as seen from the inner side.

The right navicular bone as seen from behind.

Navicular Bone Viewed from Behind

The right navicular bone as seen from behind.

The right navicular bone viewed from the front.

Navicular Bone Viewed from the Front

The right navicular bone viewed from the front.

Anterior view of the three cuneiform bones of the right foot.

Cuneiform Bones

Anterior view of the three cuneiform bones of the right foot.

The right internal cuneiform (inner side).

Internal Cuneiform

The right internal cuneiform (inner side).